Pollution 오차를 이용한 요소생성에 관한 연구

유형선(Yoo Hyeong Seon),편수범(Pyun Soo Bum) 한국철도학회 1999 철도저널 Vol.2 No.3

In this paper, made was a study on a mesh generation method based on the pollution error. This method is designed for the control of the pollution error in any patch of elements of interest. It is a well-known fact that the pollution error estimates are much more than the local one. When the pollution error is significant, nothing can be said about the reliability of any estimator based on local computations in the patch. Reliable a posteriori error estimation is possible by controlling the pollution error in the patch through proper design of the mesh outside the patch. This design is possible by equally distributing the pollution error indicators over the mesh outside the patch. The mesh generated from the conventional feedback pollution-adaptive mesh generation algorithm needs many iterations. Therefore, the solution time is significant. But the remeshing scheme in the proposed method was used here. It was shown that the pollution-adaptive mesh improves the E.I., simply denoted as Effectivity Index, on the patch of interest, and the pollution error reduces less than the local error.

아상블라주 기법을 활용한 네일 디자인 연구

이지용 한국휴먼이미지디자인학회 2023 한국휴먼이미지디자인 Vol.5 No.2

최근 환경오염에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 환경오염에 대한 사람들의 인식이 높아지고 있다. 환경오염은 크게 수질오염, 대기오염, 토양오염으로 나누어 볼 수 있으며 우리의 삶에 매우 밀접한 관계가 있다. 하지만 아직까지 뷰티산업에서는 적극적으로 환경오염에 대한 인식개선이나 참여가 부족한 편이다. 특히 네일분야는 환경오염에 있어 분진이나 사용되는 재료의 폐기 등 구체적이고 안전하게 폐기하는 방법이나 노력을 기울여야 하지만 그에 따른 적극적인 방안을 찾고 있지 못하다. 이에 본 연구는 선행연구를 바탕으로 환경오염의 형태에 따라 주제를 정하여 각 오염 별로 환경을 오염시키는 주된 재료를 수집하였다. 그리고 폐품을 활용한 미술기법인 아상블라주 기법을 사용하여 실제 네일 팁에 적용하여 네일 디자인을 완성하였다. 그 결과 환경오염의 주된 재료를 통해 네일팁에 적용함으로서 환경에 대한 경각심을 보여주고 알리는 계기를 제공하였다. 또한 일상에서 사용되는 재료가 네일아트의 재료로서도 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 하지만 실제 네일샵에서 소비자들에게 디자인을 적용하고 소비자들의 인식을 바꾸기 위해서는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요해 보인다. 이에 조금 더 소비자에게 쉽게 다가갈 수 있는 재료개발과 환경오염에 인식개선과 관련한 연구가 이루어지길 바란다. Recently, as interest in environmental pollution increases, people's awareness of environmental pollution is increasing. Environmental pollution can be largely divided into water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution, and is very closely related to our lives. However, the beauty industry still lacks active awareness or participation in environmental pollution. In particular, the nail sector should make specific and safe disposal methods or efforts, such as dust or disposal of materials used in environmental pollution, but it is not looking for active measures accordingly. Therefore, this study collected the main materials that pollute the environment for each pollution by selecting a topic according to the type of environmental pollution based on previous studies. In addition, the nail design was completed by applying it to the actual nail tip using the art technique, an ensemble technique using waste products. As a result, it was applied to the nail tip through the main material of environmental pollution, providing an opportunity to show and inform the environmental awareness. It was also confirmed that the material used in everyday life can be used as a material for nail art. However, it seems that it takes a lot of time and effort to apply designs to consumers and change consumers' perceptions in actual nail shops. Accordingly, it is hoped that research on developing materials that can be more easily reached to consumers and improving awareness of environmental pollution will be conducted.

빛공해 저감을 위한 원격탐사 데이터를 활용한 서울시 빛 방사량 변화양상 모니터링

김정아 ( Junga Kim ),천상현 ( Sanghyun Cheon ) 한국공간디자인학회 2018 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.13 No.6

(연구배경 및 목적) 과도한 인공조명의 사용은 생태계와 도시민의 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 이는 공해의 한 형태인 빛공해로 인식되고 있다. 환경부는 빛공해 방지법 제정을 시작으로 빛공해 피해 방지를 위하여 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 현재 빛공해 관리를 위한 자료수집에 있어 많은 시간과 노력을 필요로 하고 있는 실정이다. 지속적인 빛공해 관리를 위하여 도시전역 차원에서의 빛공해 변화를 고찰하고 수치화할 수 있는 빛공해 진단 방법의 고찰이 필요하다. 본 연구는 서울시 전역에 대해 빛 방사량 현황과 변화양상을 정량적으로 진단하고 각 지역의 빛 방사량 과도지역 및 빛 방사량 증감현상의 지역적 특징을 판단하고자 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구에서는 인공위성 데이터를 활용하여 수치적으로 빛 방사량을 진단할 수 있는 데이터베이스를 제작한다. 이를 활용하여 2012년부터 2016년까지 서울시 전역의 정량적 빛 방사량 현황 및 변화 양상을 파악한다. 또한, Getis Ord Gi* 통계량을 사용하여 서울시 빛공해 핫 스팟 지역을 도출하고 행정구역 별 변화를 고찰한 후, 빛공해 증감이 뚜렷한 지역들의 특징을 파악한다. (결과) 서울시 빛 방사량 지도에 기초한 결과, 지난 4년여 동안 서울시 총 빛 방사량은 약간 감소하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 주로 구산-역촌-녹번-응암-수색-가좌의 은평구 일대, 목동-일상 일대, 신길-신대방-신림-서울대 일대, 기존 중심지인 강남-압구정-청담 및 논현-선릉 지역에서 벨트를 형성하며 빛 방사량이 감소하는 패턴을 보였다. 그러나, 홍대-이태원-종로 등 활성화된 상권 지역과 마곡지구-세곡지구 등 신규 개발 지역을 중심으로 빛 방사량이 크게 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. (결론) 본 연구는 빛공해 관리를 위해 지속적이고 경제적인 방법론을 제안했다는 것에 그 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 결과물은 최근 중요한 환경문제로 언급되고 있는 빛공해를 지속적으로 관리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하며, 이는 정책적 근거자료로 활용할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 ‘빛공해 유발 가능성이 높은 지역’을 도출함으로써 현재 서울시에서 시행중인 ‘빛공해 관리방안’ 및 현재 용도지역을 기반으로 3~4종으로 운영되고 있는 조명관리지역의 지정기준을 보완할 수 있는 중요한 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. (Background and Purpose) Excessive artificial nightlight is considered a pollutant that adversely affects human health and ecosystems. Since the enactment of the Light Pollution Prevention Law in Korea, central and local governments have made efforts to monitor exposure to night pollution and mitigate its damage. Monitoring nightlight emission levels and night pollution damage takes a substantial amount of time and effort in collecting data that are useful for designing light pollution mitigation policies. Various methods for diagnosing light pollution must be developed to manage and control light pollution effectively. In particular, the monitoring of light pollution in urban space is crucial since urban areas are night pollution hotspots. The purpose of this study is to diagnose light emission levels and systematically and quantitatively identify changing patterns in Seoul. This study also evaluates local characteristics of sub regions in Seoul that show rapid changes in their nightlight emission levels. (Method) This study uses satellite nightlight data to quantify and measure urban light emission levels from 2012 to 2016. We use the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and Day and Night Band (DNB) data from the Earth Ovsercation Group (EOG) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). We create yearly composite data to calculate the light intensity of Seoul to evaluate the city’s light pollution status and change patterns. We also use Getis- Ord-Gi* statistics to identify nightlight hotspot areas. (Results) The results show that the total nightlight emission amounts in Seoul slightly decreased between 2012 and 2016 due to reductions in the following areas: (1) the Gusan-Yeokchon-Nokbeon-Eungam-Susaek-Gajwa areas in the Eunpyeong District, (2) the Mokdong-Ilsang areas, (3) the Singil-Sindaebang-Sillim-Seoul National University areas, and (4) aged business districts in the Gangnam areas: Gangnam-Apgujeong-Cheongdam-Nonhyeon-Seolleung areas. The proportion of highly polluted urban spaces has increased over time due to two main reasons: (1) the development of existing and new commercial areas (e.g., Hongdae, Itaewon, Jong-ro) and (2) new urban land development projects organized for mass housing-supply projects (e.g., Magok and Segok district). (Conclusions) The results of this study provide basic evidence for current nightlight emission changes in Seoul and methodologies to monitor light emissions and manage light pollution. Finally, this study can also be used to supplement the criteria for designation of the current four categories of lighting management zones. The results of this study (1) present methodologies to monitor nightlight emissions at a macro urban scale; (2) provide basic understanding and evidence for current and changing nightlight emission patterns; and (3) identify areas that have a high probability of light pollution exposure.

대기오염확산모델을 이용한 유동인구의 대기오염 노출에 관한 연구

박진우,박진홍,최진무 국토지리학회 2018 국토지리학회지 Vol.52 No.2

Recently, much attention has been given to air pollution such as particulate matter (PM10). However, existing studies on air pollution still uses low-resolution data interpolated from the air pollution monitoring network. This study focused on two goals. First, we have derived high-resolution air pollution distribution from the air pollution dispersion model (CALINE4) using micro traffic volume and weather data. Secondly, we analyzed the correlation between the derived air pollution distribution and the estimated floating population data provided by SKT Geovision. The results of the analysis showed that elderly people rather than younger ones, and males rather than females were more influenced by air pollution in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the locational characteristics and the distribution of elderly people; vulnerable to diseases in air pollution. In addition, it is also necessary to conduct in-depth research using high-resolution air pollution dispersion results when making policies on air pollution. 최근 미세먼지 등 대기오염에 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 하지만 대기오염에 관한 기존 연구에서는 아직도 대기오염측정망을 사용하여 보간한 낮은 해상도의 데이터를 사용하고 있다. 본 연구는 두 가지 목표를 중점으로 수행하였다. 첫째, 미시적인 교통량 및 기상 데이터를 사용하여 선형 대기오염확산모델(CALINE4)로 부터 높은 해상도의 대기오염 분포를 도출하였다. 둘째, 도출된 대기오염 분포와 SKT Geovision에서 제공하는 유동인구 추정데이터의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 높은 해상도를 가지는 대기오염 데이터를 사용함으로써 미시적 수준의 분석이 가능하였다. 분석결과로써 연구지역에서는 여성보다는 남성이, 젊은 층보다는 노년층의 유동인구가 대기오염에 더 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 따라서 향후 대기오염관리 정책에 있어서 지역적 특성과 질병에 취약한 고령 인구의 분포를 고려할 필요가 있다. 또한 기존의 낮은 해상도의 측정망 데이터를 사용하기보다는 고해상도의 대기오염확산 결과를 활용한 심층적인 연구가 필요하다.

Have Rules of Major Maritime Conventions Led to a Reduction in Ship-source Accidental Pollution? A Correlation Issue

방호삼 한국해양수산개발원 2011 해양정책연구 Vol.26 No.1

Accidental pollution disasters from ships, e.g. the Amoco Cadiz, the Erika, and the Exxon Valdez incidents, periodically worry the international community. Oil pollution catastrophe happened yet again off Taean in South Korea on 7 December 2007 after the Sea Prince disaster in 1995. The super tanker Hebei Spirit was hit by a crane-carrying barge and holed on its hull plate and spilled a large amount of oil into the sea, and the accident was labelled as the country’s worst ever oil-spill disaster since 1995. Vessel accidents are considered to be prone to accidental pollution which, in the worst case, results in astronomical clean-up cost and compensation for damages to fisheries. With regard to the current catastrophe, some basic questions are asked; can the international community concerned about ship-source oil pollution not crack down on those vessel accidents? Are existing international maritime conventions to deal with maritime accidents and accidental pollution well-performing?The aim of this article is to re-examine whether major international maritime conventions have improved shipping safety and have led to a reduction in accidental pollution and to find out what role Port State Control (PSC) can play. In fact, there is always a correlation problem. It is difficult to be certain that the decrease in accidental pollution is due to IMO Conventions, and to prove this. Given that discussion deals with the observation of safety conventions, it is best to deal with a possible correlation in this article. It is stated that in order to deal with vessel accidents and accidental pollution more effectively, the international community has periodically reviewed rules and standards for the prevention of accidental pollution and has modified them accordingly. It is arguable that those modifications have had the effect of increasingly encouraging port States to be more involved in a crackdown on sub-standard ships. The regularly-happening changes to international rules and standards suggest that the international community is devoted to the enhancement of shipping safety and minimization of accidental pollution. It is difficult to assess the exact extent to which international maritime conventions have improved the safety of ships at sea and reduced accidental pollution from ships, but no one can deny that such maritime conventions have played a vital role in enhancing shipping safety and in reducing accidental pollution. It is argued that if vessel accidents causing pollution are something that cannot be eradicated, thorough enforcement by flag States of rules and standards of international maritime conventions and, if not, by the port State authorities is something that can reduce possibilities of such accidents.

서울시 거주자 중심의 체감 빛공해 평가 및 인식조사

박재은 ( Jaeeun Park ),천상현 ( Sanghyun Cheon ) 한국공간디자인학회 2018 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.13 No.6

(연구배경 및 목적) 도시공간에서 야간조명은 치안 목적뿐만 아니라 심미적 요소로써 다양하게 활용되면서 사람들의 야간활동성을 높여주었다. 그러나 도시 내 야간 조명의 사용이 증가 한만큼 과도한 빛이나 의도와 다르게 누출되는 빛으로 인한 빛공해 피해 또한 늘고 있다. 서울시의 특성상 야간활동이 활발함에 따라 인공조명이 필수적인 만큼, 조명환경의 공간적 특성을 고려한 빛공해 측정 및 해석기준을 마련하고 이를 관리해야 할 필요성이 있다. 기존의 빛공해 평가는 조명기구에 대한 정량적인 측정 및 평가에 머물러있던 한계가 있었으며, 이에 본 연구에서는 도시민의 경험을 기반하여 빛공해를 파악하고 이를 활용하여 기존의 빛공해 관리체계를 보완할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구는 서울시 거주민 500명을 대상으로 자택의 외부 조명환경으로 인한 빛공해 피해경험을 설문하였다. 설문 내용은 (1) 빛공해에 대한 인지 및 의식, (2) 체감빛공해에 대한 경험 (3) 빛공해 관리방안에 대한 의견으로 구성하였으며, 빈도분석 및 교차분석을 통하여 해석하였다. (결과) 설문조사 결과, 응답자의 약 66.6%는 수면방해로 인한 빛공해 피해를 겪고 있었으며, 수면방해를 유발한 조명환경요인으로는 가로등에 의한 피해가 22.5%로 가장 높았고, 주변 건축물 장식조명(22.2%)과 상업가로의 밝기(21.9%)가 뒤를 이었다. 주거지 층수에 따라 수면방해를 유발하는 조명요인은 상이하게 나타났으며, 저층부는 가로등과 자동차불빛, 고층은 건물장식조명으로 인한 빛공해 피해가 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 야간조명으로 인한 피해에 대한 대처는 다소 소극적인 편이었으며, 응답자의 51%는 빛공해 피해에 대한 대처 필요성을 인식하지 못하거나 자체적으로 해결하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 서울시에서 빛공해 문제가 심각하다고 생각하는 지역의 유형은 상권강화지역과 주거와 상업이 복합화 된 지역으로 나타났다. (결론) 본 연구는 시민들이 체감하는 빛공해를 설문조사함으로써 빛공해 관리를 위한 측정을 다각화했다는 것에 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 결과물은 그동안 조명 및 광원중심적으로 측정·관리 되어왔던 빛공해 관련 정책을 시민들의 경험과 의견을 통해 보완하고 관리할 필요성이 있음을 시사하고 있다. (Background and Purpose) Night lighting is an essential aesthetic element and enhances security in urban areas, which substantially contribute to improving conditions for human nighttime activities. However, as the use of artificial lighting in cities has significantly increased, so has the effects of light pollution on human and natural systems caused by excessive light usages and unintended light leakage. Light pollution, as a result, becomes a serious environmental issue that must be managed urgently. Because Seoul is one of the most vibrant cities at night in the world, roles of artificial lighting are crucial for the city, while recent research also raises serious concerns for potential light pollution damage. Seoul’s current nighttime light conditions call for a systematic and diverse approach to measure various light pollution damages and manage artificial lights by considering the city’s spatial characteristics of urban and lighting environments. The existing approach to evaluate light pollution has been mainly based on measuring the intensity of light radiance emitted from lighting sources and equipment. However, there has been few approach to evaluate light pollution from the perspective of citizens’ actual experience. The purpose of this study is to identify experience of Seoul’s residents, which can be useful to complement the current light pollution mitigation approach and develop sustainable light pollution management system. (Method) This study investigates light pollution experience of 500 residents in Seoul. Survey questionnaires were designed to identify the residents’ light pollution experience in their houses, affected by external lighting environments and equipment. The survey consists mainly of the three parts in the following: (1) perception of light and lighting, (2) experience on light pollution, and (3) opinions on light pollution policy. (Results) Approximately, sixty-six percent (66%) of the respondents have experienced light pollution damages such as sleeping disturbance. Street lighting, decorative lighting of buildings, and brightness of commercial streets are major sources that lead the residents to experience light pollution. More specifically, the residents living in low level floors (1st-5th fl.) have suffered due mainly to street lights and automobile lights, whereas the residents living in high level floors are mainly affected by decorative lighting of neighboring buildings and apartments. Finally, the residents’ experience on light pollution in both commercializing areas and (commercial-residential) mixed land use areas is evaluated critical. (Conclusions) The results of the study generate an implication in diversifying methodologies to evaluate light pollution damages based mainly on real experience of people. Additionally, the results provide important evidence and data to reconsider the current light pollution standards by incorporating the citizens' perception, experience, and opinions about artificial lighting and light pollution in Seoul.

토양오염피해에 대한 손해배상청구 - 「환경정책기본법」과 「토양환경보전법」을 중심으로 -

이지원 중앙법학회 2017 中央法學 Vol.19 No.4

What is recently being highlighted as legal issue in both academic and executive circles is the problem of soil pollution. Soil pollution means losing function of soil’s original state as various substances that are harmful for soil become accumulated. The soil pollution damage through soil pollution can be classified as the damage of soil itself and the secondary damage of life, physical body and property due to such damage. The claim for damages on such soil pollution damage can only be solved with the legal theory on the responsibility of compensation for damages according to the civil lawsuit. In case soil pollution has occurred, first of all, the sufferer may claim compensation for damages due to the illegal activities in accordance with the Article 750 of the Civil Code. In other words, the sufferer may claim for damages on the occurred damage by proving the conditions of general illegal activities. But in order to claim compensation for damages pursuant to the Article 750 of the Civil Code, the sufferer has to prove deliberation and negligence of assailant, illegality of harmful act or the causal relationship between harmful act and occurrence of damage. Accordingly, the sufferer claiming compensation for damages by proving all these things reveal limitations on the protection of sufferer. Therefore, a special legal theory is being developed in proving deliberation and negligence of assailant or causal relationship in order to protect the sufferer in theories and legal precedents. Even in our recent legal precedents, there is an example of acknowledging the compensation for damages liability on the soil pollution damage based on the liability of structure. As the Framework Act on Environment Policy Article 44 provides the ‘strict liability of polluter’ on the environmental pollution, one would be able to claim compensation for damages based on the Framework Act on Environment Policy Article 44 in case the soil pollution damage has occurred. As the Soil Environment Conservation Act Article 10-3 Paragraph 1 provides that “When there has been a damage due to soil pollution, the applicable polluter must compensate the damages and purify the contaminated soil”, the strict liability and liability of purification are provided on the soil contamination damages. The strict liability provision of polluter in accordance with the Soil Environment Conservation Act Article 10-3 can become very useful means for the sufferer. Therefore, damages caused by pollution at workplace are eligible for compensation as long as the causal relationship between the harmful act and the causal damage are proven. However, as mentioned before, this causes many problems. Even if the existing regulations are amended as Article 44 of the “Revision for EPA,” submitted as government bill in May of 2009, it only adds problem on top of another one. Enactment of this Environmental Responsibility Act mainly focuses on compensation to victims for damage, but also has preventive function for infringement. Strengthening environmental responsibility through strict liability in Environmental Responsibility Act not only entrusts environmental protection to regulations, but also corresponds with the general tendency that inserts the market economic measures. That is, through rigorous environmental responsibility, the burden in environment-hazardous production process eventually will lead to development of environmental-friendly production and process. 토지오염은 통상적으로 토양오염을 의미하는 것이 일반적이다. 토양오염이란 토양에 해로운 각종 물질이 누적됨으로써 토양 본래 상태의 기능을 상실케 하는 것이다. 이러한 토양오염피해의 손해배상청구는 기본적으로 민사상의 손해배상책임법리로 해결할 수밖에 없다. 먼저 피해자는 토양오염이 발생한 경우 민법 제750조에 의한 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구를 할 수 있다. 그러나 민법 제750조에 기하여 손해배상을 청구를 하기 위해서는 피해자가 가해자의 고의⋅과실, 가해행위의 위법성, 가해행위와 손해발생간의 인과관계를 증명하여야 한다. 이에 따라 피해자가 이를 모두 증명하여 손해배상을 청구한다는 것은 피해자보호에 한계를 보여준다. 또한 토양오염피해가 발생한 경우에 환경정책기본법 제44조가 환경오염에 대한 ‘원인자의 무과실책임’을 규정하고 있으므로, 토양오염피해가 발생한 경우에 환경정책기본법 제44조에 근거하여 손해배상청구를 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 토양환경보전법상으로는 피해에 대하여 과실책임이 아닌 무과실책임을 지우고 있으며, 공동의 책임인 경우에는 연대책임(부진정연대책임)을 지우고 있다. 이것은 피해자의 구제를 용이하게 하기 위한 것이다. 그리고 토양정화책임과 그에 따른 비용책임에 대하여도 소급책임, 엄격책임, 연대책임을 지게하고 있다. 다만 천재지변과 전쟁으로 인한 경우에는 면책하고 있다. 책임당사자는 오염유발자와 토양오염시설의 소유 또는 점유자 및 운영자, 그리고 그 시설을 양수한 자 및 인수자로 규정하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 책임당사자가 불명하거나 무자력 등으로 인하여 책임을 질 수 없는 경우가 있어 책임당사자의 범위를 확대시킬 필요성이 있다. 이에 대해 2011년 4월의 개정에서는 그 동안 미비한 제도들을 획기적으로 보완하는 규정을 신설 또는 개정하여 한층 진일보하였다. 즉 오염원인자의 범위를 확대하여 원인자책임의 원칙을 더욱 보완하였고, 토양환경평가를 구체화하여 양도·양수당시에 실시된 토양환경평가 결과에 대한 증거가치를 부여함으로써, 토양오염의 책임소재에 따른 분쟁을 해결하고 토양환경평가를 자율적으로 실시하도록 하였다. 이러한 환경책임법의 제정은 피해자에 대한 피해의 보상을 주목적으로 하나, 또한 이것을 넘어서 침해의 예방목적도 가지고 있다고 할 것이다. 무과실책임에 의한 환경책임법을 통한 환경책임의 강화는 환경의 보호를 규제법에만 맡기지 않고, 시장경제적인 장치를 삽입하는 일반적인 경향에 상응하는 것이다. 즉 엄격한 환경책임으로 환경위험적인 생산과정에 대한 부담은 환경 친화적인 생산과 생산과정을 개발하도록 유도하는 것이 된다.

Public-health impact of outdoor air pollution for 2<SUP>nd</SUP> air pollution management policy in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea

Jong Han Leem,Soon Tae Kim,Hwan Cheol Kim 대한직업환경의학회 2015 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.27 No.-

Objectives: Air pollution contributes to mortality and morbidity. We estimated the impact of outdoor air pollution on public health in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea. Attributable cases of morbidity and mortality were estimated. Methods: Epidemiology-based exposure-response functions for a 10 μg/m3 increase in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were used to quantify the effects of air pollution. Cases attributable to air pollution were estimated for mortality (adults ≥ 30 years), respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions (all ages), chronic bronchitis (all ages), and acute bronchitis episodes (≤18 years). Environmental exposure (PM2.5 and PM10) was modeled for each 3 km × 3 km. Results: In 2010, air pollution caused 15.9% of total mortality or approximately 15,346 attributable cases per year. Particulate air pollution also accounted for: 12,511 hospitalized cases of respiratory disease; 20,490 new cases of chronic bronchitis (adults); 278,346 episodes of acute bronchitis (children). After performing the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> Seoul metropolitan air pollution management plan, the reducible death number associated with air pollution is 14,915 cases per year in 2024. We can reduce 57.9% of death associated with air pollution. Conclusion: This assessment estimates the public-health impacts of current patterns of air pollution. Although individual health risks of air pollution are relatively small, the public-health consequences are remarkable. Particulate air pollution remains a key target for public-health action in the Seoul metropolitan area. Our results, which have also been used for economic valuation, should guide decisions on the assessment of environmental health-policy options.

Comparison of Pollution Indicies in Assessing the Heavy Metal(loid)s Pollution of Arable Soils Adjacent to Industrial Complex in Gyenggi-do

Seok Soon Jeong,Hyuck Soo Kim,Sang-Phil Lee,Si Young Choi,Ji Eun Lee,Sung Chul Kim,Jae E. Yang 한국토양비료학회 2020 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.53 No.4

Soils adjacent to the industrial complexes are known to be vulnerable to pollution with the diverse pollutant sources. This research assessed pollution level in the arable soils located nearby industrial complexes using different pollution indices. Both surface (0 - 15 ㎝) and subsurface (15 - 30 ㎝) soil samples were taken from 150 agricultural fields located nearby 15 industrial complexes. Total concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg in soils were determined after extracting with aqua regia and mostly were lower than the pollution threshold criteria for the agricultural soil designated by the Korean Soil Environment Conservation Act. The calculated PI values for As indicated the unpolluted status but those for all other metals were in the ranges of low to moderately polluted. The Igeo values for Cd and Zn indicated soils were in the unpolluted to moderately polluted ranges, but those for other metals were unpolluted. The Igeo evaluated the pollution level lower than PI due to the geochemical correction factor. The average PINemerow values for surface soil and subsurface soils were 1.26 and 0.73, respectively, indicating a higher pollution in surface soil than subsurface soil. Ranges of PINemerow values showed a wide spectrum of pollution level from clean to heavy pollution, depending on soil sampling sites. All pollution indices indicate that levels of pollution for Cd were higher than other metals. Also four pollution indices exhibited different levels of pollution, even though they are equally based on the total concentrations of heavy metals in soil. This discrepancy might be derived from the fact whether a pollution index considers the geochemical background level, an individual metal or overall metals. The results suggest that a suitable pollution index for the pollution assessment cannot be specified based on the total concentrations of metal in the arable soil.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risk of suicide death: A population-based cohort study

Min, Jin-young,Kim, Hye-Jin,Min, Kyoung-bok Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.628 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Suicide is a major public health problem. Previous studies have reported a significant association between acute exposure to air pollution and suicide; little attention has been paid to the long-term effects of air pollution on risk of suicide. We investigated whether long-term exposure to particulate matter of ≤10μm in diameter (PM<SUB>10</SUB>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<SUB>2</SUB>), and sulfur dioxide (SO<SUB>2</SUB>) would be associated with a greater risk of death by suicide. The study sample comprised 265,749 adults enrolled in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (2002−2013) in South Korea. Suicide death was defined as per ICD-10 code. Data on air pollution exposure used nationwide monitoring data, and individual exposure levels were assigned using geographic information systems. Air pollution exposure was categorized as the interquartile range (IQR) and quartiles. Hazards ratios (HRs) were calculated for the occurrence of suicide death after adjusting for potential covariates. During the study period, 564 (0.2%) subjects died from suicide. Increases in IQR pollutants (7.5μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> for PM<SUB>10</SUB>, 11.8ppb for NO<SUB>2</SUB>, and 0.8ppb for SO<SUB>2</SUB>) significantly increased HR for suicide death [PM<SUB>10</SUB>: HR=3.09 (95% CI: 2.63–3.63); NO<SUB>2</SUB>: HR=1.33 (95% CI: 1.09–1.64); and SO<SUB>2</SUB>: HR=1.15 (95% CI: 1.07–1.24)]. Compared with the lowest level of air pollutants (Quartile 1), the risk of suicide significantly increased in the highest quartile level (Quartile 4) for PM<SUB>10</SUB> (HR=4.03; 95% CI: 2.97–5.47) and SO<SUB>2</SUB> (HR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.29–2.11) and in the third quartile for NO<SUB>2</SUB> (HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.17–1.96). HRs for subjects with a physical or mental disorder were higher than that those for subjects without the disorder. Subjects living in metropolitan areas were more vulnerable to long-term PM<SUB>10</SUB> exposure than those living in non-metropolitan areas. Long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with a significantly increased risk of suicide death. People having underlying diseases or living in metropolitan areas may be more susceptible to high air pollution exposure.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Air pollution is associated with mental health problems. </LI> <LI> We investigated the risk of suicide death on exposure to air pollution. </LI> <LI> Adults exposed to high air pollution had an increased likelihood for suicide death. </LI> <LI> Adults having an underling disease and living in metropolitan areas were more susceptible to air pollution exposure. </LI> <LI> Air pollution may be a risk factor for completed suicide. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>