7학년 학생의 과학 태도 수준에 따른 광합성 관련 개념의 근접성 변화 분석

이희정 ( Hee Jeong Lee ),김영신 ( Young Shin Kim ) 한국과학교육학회 2012 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.32 No.10

과학 태도는 학습의 질 향상에 영향을 미치며 과학 교육에서 중요한 관심사 중의 하나이다. 과학 태도 수 준에 따라서 인지적 영역의 구조적 측면, 특히 개념 간의 근접성 분석이 필요하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 과학 태도 수준에 따라서 광합성 관련 개념의 근접성 이 수업 후에 어떻게 변하는지를 분석하는데 그 목적 이 있다. 이를 위하여 7학년 학생 270명을 대상으로 수업 전과 수업 후의 과학 태도와 광합성 개념에 대한 조사를 실시하였다. 광합성 개념은‘광합성이 일어나 는장소’,‘ 광합성에 필요한 물질’,‘ 광합성결과생성 되는 물질’,‘ 광합성에 영향을 미치는 요인’으로 구성 하였다. 광합성 개념의 근접성은 다차원척 도법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 이 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 수업을 통해 학생 들은 구체적인 개념을 습득함으로써 개념의 근접성을 변화시키는 것으로 나타났다. (2) 학습을 통해 과학 태도 상집단이 중하집단에 비해 과학적 개념의 근 접성이 가까워지는 경향이 있다. (3) 과학 태도의 모 든 수준의 학생에서 비과학적 개념이 수업 후에도 계 속 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 비과학적 개념이 광 합성과 관련된 과학적 개념 사이의 근접성을 방해하는 것으로 판단된다. (4) 학생들은 광합성과 관련된 4 개 영역에서 서로 관련된 개념은 가깝게 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학생들은 광합성에서 광합성 장 소와 필요 물질을, 광합성 결과 생성되는 물질과 필요 물질을 가깝게 인식하고 있다고 할 수 있다. Science attitudes affect the quality of learning, and they are considered as one of the major concerns in science education. It is necessary to analyze the proximity between concepts with science attitudes. Accordingly, this study was designed to analyze the proximity of the concept related to photosynthesis as it changed after class according to the levels of science attitudes. A survey on the concept of photosynthesis and science attitudes before and after class was conducted on 270 7th-grade students. The concept of photosynthesis was composed of ``the place of photosynthesis,`` ``products of photosynthesis,`` ``reactants of photosynthesis,`` and ``environmental factors.`` The proximity of the concept of photosynthesis was analyzed through the utilization of multidimensional scaling (MDS). The research results were as follows: (1) Students changed the proximity between concepts by acquiring concrete concepts through class. (2) The upper group in science attitudes tends to be closer to the proximity between scientific concepts through class, compared to the intermediate and lower groups. (3) In all students with entire levels of science attitudes, non-scientific concepts continued to exist even after class, and the non-scientific concepts were deemed to interfere with the proximity between scientific concepts related to photosynthesis. (4) Students turned out to be aware of the concepts related to each other in four areas associated with photosynthesis. That is, it can be said that students are closely aware of the place where photosynthesis can occur and the materials needed as well as materials generated as a result of photosynthesis and the materials needed in terms of concepts related to photosynthesis.

생태 지위적 접근을 통한 5학년의 광합성 개념 분석

정재훈 ( Jae Hoon Jeong ),김영신 ( Young Shin Kim ) 한국과학교육학회 2011 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.31 No.4

학습자의 개념 형성 요인을 심층적으로 분석하는 개념 생태 관련 연구들이 많이 진행되어 오고 있다. 학습자의 인지 구조를 생태계로 비유한다면, 인지 구조 속에 존재하는 개념은 생태계의 종으로 비유할 수 있다. 따라서 생태계 내 종이 생태 지위를 가지듯이, 학습자의 개념 생태 내 개념도 생태 지위를 가질 수 있다. 이 연구는 개념의 다양성, 개념의 관련성과 빈도율 변화, 개념 간 경쟁관계로 구성된 생태 지위적 접근을 통하여, 광합성 학습 전?후에 5학년들이 인식하는 광합성 개념 간 관계를 분석하였다. 설문지는 광합성 장소, 광합성 생성물질, 광합성 필요물질, 광합성 환경요인 네 영역으로 구성되어 있으며, 각 영역별로 알고 있는 개념과 그 개념의 관련성 정도를 점수(1~30점)로 기입하도록 제작되었다. 5개 도시 소재 11개 초등학교의 5학년 11학급 총 310명의 학생들을 대상으로 설문하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생들은 광합성에 ``빛``과 ``물``을 공통적으로 많이 인식하면서 다양한 개념들을 지니고 있었다. 둘째, 학습 후에도 학생들은 ``뿌리``, ``바람``등과 같은 오개념이 여전히 나타나고 있었으며, 광합성 영역별로 오개념과 과학 개념이 공존하고 있었다. 셋째, 학습을 통하여``빛``에 대한 학생들의 인식이 높아지고 있지만, 광합성 영역에 따른 적절한 개념을 인식하지 못하고 있기 때문에 교사들의 지속적이면서 효율적인 교수 전략이 필요하다. 넷째, 학생들이 인식하는 개념들은 개념 생태내에서 위상을 갖고 복잡하게 얽혀져 있는 것으로 보아 생태 지위를 갖고 있는 것으로 판단된다. There have been studies about conceptual ecology making a profound study of conceptual changes in learners` cognitive structure. Because learners` cognitive structure have been compared to ecology, it is natural to think that conception in learner`s cognitive structure have a niche as species in ecology have niches. Therefore, it is necessary to study niche approach about conception that learners recognize in their cognitive structure. The purposes of this study were to identify relationships among conceptions that 5th grade elementary school students recognize about photosynthesis and to identify how these relationships among conceptions about photosynthesis change before and after a class of photosynthesis in curriculum in terms of an approach of ecological niche which are composed of 3 domains-diversity of conceptions, relevance and frequency rate of conceptions, and competition among conceptions. Open ended questionnaire was developed by 4 fields: photosynthetic place, photosynthetic products, photosynthetic materials needed and environment factors of photosynthesis. The subjects sampled in this study were 310 5th grade elementary students in 5 cites. Before and after classes in photosynthesis in science curriculum, students were asked to write down conceptions that they knew about the 4 fields of photosynthesis of questionnaire and to write down scales of relevance from 1 to 30 about how they think the conceptions are related to the field of photosynthesis. The results of this study showed the following: First, most students have had a variety of conceptions and commonly recognized ``light`` and ``water`` as concepts in photosynthesis. Second, students still recognized their preconceptions like ``soil`` and ``root,`` etc. that were far from scientific conceptions of photosynthesis although they took classes in photosynthesis. Third, students needed to take the various strategies of teachers because they did not recognized scientific conceptions appropriately aboutphotosynthetic fields. Fourth, it appeared that photosynthetic conceptions recognized by students had status in terms of relevance and frequency rate of conceptions, and competition among conceptions, and that they looked like the niche of conceptions in their conceptual ecologies.

Improvement of photosynthesis in changing environment: approaches, achievements and prospects

Suboktagin Sultan,Khurshid Ghazal,Bilal Misbah,Abbassi Anum Zeb,Kwon Suk-Yoon,Ahmad Raza 한국식물생명공학회 2024 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.18 No.1

Photosynthesis is responsible for sustained plant productivity and ensures food supply. The change in global climatic pat- terns affects photosynthesis that subsequently reduces plant yield and poses threat to food security. Photosynthesis relies on a dual nature enzyme ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco), which can fix CO2 as well as O2. The fixation rate of CO2 to O2 depends upon the relative concentration of CO2 inside chloroplast. Higher level of CO2 results in improved photosynthesis, however, its concentration depends upon environmental conditions. Under adverse climate condi- tions, the CO2 level drops down that leads to increased oxygenation which impedes the photosynthesis and reduces plant productivity. The impact is more significant and apparent specifically in C3 plants. Attempts have been made to address the loss in photosynthesis and multiple strategies have been adapted to date that focus on improvement of photosynthesis in C3 plants. In this review, we have discussed the multiple strategies being employed by different researchers to date for improvement of photosynthesis. The strategies discussed in this review include: improving the performance of Rubisco, engineering CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis into C3 species, transformation of bicarbonate transport- ers from cyanobacteria into chloroplasts of C3 plants, and establishment of photorespiratory bypasses to catabolise toxic glycolate in shortest possible pathway.

환경요소가 차나무 광합성에 미치는 영향

이선하(Seonha Lee),배창휴(Chang Hyu Bae),임준택(June Taeg Lim) 한국차학회 2003 한국차학회지 Vol.9 No.2

The effects of irradiance, temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration on the rate of photosynthesis of one year tea plants were studied using Gas Exchange Measuring Station. The rate of photosynthesis was estimated by the CO₂ concentration in a sealed chamber containing a tea plant. The rate of photosynthesis of tea plants being cultivated in a greenhouse was also measured under full irradiating and 40% shading conditions using a portable photosynthesis tester. The light compensation point was 20-40 PPF(photosynthetic Photon Flux) and the light saturation point was higher than 900 PPF. The rate of photosynthesis of tea plants increased as temperature went up to 25˚C, and decreased at temperatures above 30˚C. The increase in decreased rate of photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide compensation point was 200ppm and the CO₂ saturation point was 1300ppm. Meiryoku showed the highest rate of photosynthesis among the 6 tea cultivars cultivated in a greenhouse. The rate of photosynthesis under 40% shading condition was 20% lower than the rate under full irradiating condition.

초등 교사들의 과학사 기반 광합성 개념 유형에 따른 PCK 분석

박지영 ( Ji Young Park ),차희영 ( Hee Young Cha ) 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 2014 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.20 No.1

In this study, we classified PCK characteristics of teachers following concept types of science history based photosynthesis. For this study, 6 teachers were selected as subjects who taught photosynthesis session for 5thgraders and belonged to 3 steps of concept types of science history based photosynthesis excluding vitalism model. PCK was compared and analyzed through data such as pre-questionnaire, recording classes and interviews with selected teachers. Results of this study are as follows. First, there was difference in teaching orientation depending on the concept types of science history based photosynthesis. Second, there was difference in knowledge and beliefs about curriculum depending on the concept types of science history based photosynthesis. Third, there was no difference in knowledge and beliefs about students and understanding about students depending on the concept types of science history based photosynthesis. Fourth, there was no significant association between the concept types of science history based photosynthesis and the knowledge and beliefs about teaching strategies. Teachers had various teaching strategies regardless of the concept types of photosynthesis. Based on the results of this study, we suggest that a variety of education and training is required for teachers and a place is systematically required for varied communication where fellow teachers can exchange ideas.

What is global photosynthesis? History, uncertainties and opportunities

Ryu, Youngryel,Berry, Joseph A.,Baldocchi, Dennis D. Elsevier 2019 Remote sensing of environment Vol.223 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Quantifying global terrestrial photosynthesis is essential to understanding the global carbon cycle and the climate system. Remote sensing has played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of photosynthesis from leaf to global scale; however, substantial uncertainties still exist. In this review, we provide a historical overview of theory, modeling, and observations of photosynthesis across space and time for decadal intervals beginning in the 1950s. Then we identify the key uncertainties in global photosynthesis estimates, including evaluating light intercepted by canopies, biophysical forcings, the structure of light use efficiency models and their parameters, like photosynthetic capacity, and relationships between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and canopy photosynthesis. Finally, we review new opportunities with big data and recently launched or planned satellite missions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Reviewed history of global photosynthesis since 1950s </LI> <LI> Reviewed uncertainties in remote sensing of global photosynthesis </LI> <LI> Reviewed emerging opportunities with recent and new satellite missions </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

교육과정 개정에 따른 7, 8학년 광합성 개념의 이해수준 차이 분석

임수민,윤인애,김영신 韓國生物敎育學會 2012 생물교육 Vol.40 No.2

The purpose of this study was to verify the validity of shifting the unit of photosynthesis between grades by analyzing students' level of understanding on the fundamental concepts related to photosynthesis. These concepts were selected from literature review. The test items included photosynthesis, chloroplast, chlorophyll, glucose, oxygen, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and respiration. The questionnaire was composed with 8 open-ended questions. The student's responses were classified into 5 levels such as Sound Understanding (SU), Partial Understanding (PU), Partial understanding with Misunderstanding (PM), Complete Misunderstanding (CM) and No Response (NR). The results of this study were as follows. Level of understanding on the photosynthesis concepts were generally increased through the lesson. The results indicated that the new curriculum and the lesson about photosynthesis had an impact on improvement of understanding level. And 7th grade students were better understanding level revealed the higher level of understanding on photosynthesis than 8th grade students. This study will be used as a critical source on developing instruction strategies on photosynthesis, and provide a validity of curriculum revision.

과학사 기반 광합성 개념 유형 분석 도구 개발

이진이 ( Jin Ei Lee ),차희영 ( Heeyoung Cha ),박혜민 ( Hyemin Park ) 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 2015 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.21 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 학생들에게 형성되어 있는 과학사적인 광합성에 대한 개념 유형을 분석하기 위한 검사도구를 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해서 과학사 기반 광합성에 대한 개념 유형을 네 가지 모형인 생기론적 모형, 물질전환 모형, 분자수준 물질대사 모형, 전자전달 탄소동화 모형으로 구분하였으며, 문헌조사를 실시하여 8개의 광합성 개념을 추출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 광합성 개념 유형 분석틀을 개발한 후, 분석틀을 바탕으로 하여 과학사 기반 광합성 개념 검사도구를 개발하였다. 검사도구의 각 문항은 광합성 개념을 나타내는 것으로 구성하였고, 각 답지는 광합성 개념 모형을 나타내는 것으로 구성하였다. 개발된 도구는 네가지의 답지 중 하나를 선택하는 선택형 문항으로 예비 검사를 통해 수정, 보완하여 완성하였다. 최종적으로 완성된 검사도구를 초, 중, 고, 대학생에게 투입한 결과 학생들의 개념 유형을 분석할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 초등학생의 경우 광합성 개념 발달 단계 중 고대의 관점인 생기론적 모형이 중학생의 경우 물질 전환 모형과 분자수준 물질대사 모형의 중세 혹은 근대의 관점이 고등학생과 대학생의 경우 전자전달 탄소 동화 모형의 현대적 관점이 나타남을 확인하였다. 이는 과학사에 나타나는 광합성 개념 발달 과정이 학생들의 개념 발달 과정과 유사하므로 과학사적인 광합성 개념 발달과정을 교육과정에 반영하는 것이 필요함을 시사한다. 이 연구에서 개발한 과학사에 기반 한 광합성 개념 유형 분석 도구는 광합성 수업모듈 구성에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이며, 학생들의 광합성 개념 유형을 파악할 수 있는 학습 전후의 진단평가로 이용되어 수업의 효율성을 높일 것으로 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument to analyze students`` conception of photosynthesis based on history of science. To develop an instrument, the types of photosynthesis based on history of science were divided into four types that were the vitalism model, the decomposition exchange model, the molecular metabolism model, and the electron transport carbon dioxide model. According to the differences of explanations of these four models, eight factors for analyzing conception types about photosynthesis were listed by three materials. These were the special features of each model, the contents of respiration used in textbooks from elementary school students to college levels, and data responded by elementary, middle and high school students with the specially designed open-ended survey questions to identify students conceptions about respiration. Finally, we have developed an instrument to identify students`` conception patterns of photosynthesis of the eight questions including the four choices in terms of the four explanations based on the history of science. The instrument was tested 710 elementary, middle and high school students and junior in universities. In the results, their conceptions were classified by the four different explanation about photosynthesis based on history of science. We expect that the instrument developed by the four different explanations on the history of science can be a useful tool to identify students`` conceptions about photosynthesis.

Solar spectral management for natural photosynthesis: from photonics designs to potential applications

Shen Lihua,Yin Xiaobo 나노기술연구협의회 2022 Nano Convergence Vol.9 No.36

Photosynthesis is the most important biological process on Earth that converts solar energy to chemical energy (biomass) using sunlight as the sole energy source. The yield of photosynthesis is highly sensitive to the intensity and spectral components of light received by the photosynthetic organisms. Therefore, photon engineering has the potential to increase photosynthesis. Spectral conversion materials have been proposed for solar spectral management and widely investigated for photosynthesis by modifying the quality of light reaching the organisms since the 1990s. Such spectral conversion materials manage the photon spectrum of light by a photoconversion process, and a primary challenge faced by these materials is increasing their efficiencies. This review focuses on emerging spectral conversion materials for augmenting the photosynthesis of plants and microalgae, with a special emphasis on their fundamental design and potential applications in both greenhouse settings and microalgae cultivation systems. Finally, a discussion about the future perspectives in this field is made to overcome the remaining challenges.

광합성 실험에서 BTB 용액의 변색에 대한 교과서 분석 및 예비 교사의 화학적 이해 조사

윤희숙,김지명 한국교원대학교 교육연구원 2013 敎員敎育 Vol.29 No.3

Although ‘photosynthesis of plant’ is a concept studied in the area of life science, theexperiment that identifies the gas going in and out the plant should be based on chemicalunderstanding of the change in the color of BTB solution. This study aims to find problemsand supply implications for improvement of the experimental practice on 'photosynthesisexperiment'. To conduct the survey, we reviewed the contents of 8 textbooks of middle school“Science 1” of 2007 revised science curriculum and 8 textbooks of middle school “Science 2”of 7th science curriculum, and then surveyed 202 pre-service teachers with questionnaires. Theresult of the textbook review shows that the initial colors of BTB solution used in theexperiment of ‘photosynthesis’ are blue or green and the colors of BTB solution afterphotosynthesis was different according to the textbook. And also, the chemical explanationsuggested in textbook was insufficient for chemical understanding about the color change ofBTB solution in photosynthesis. The answer of the pre-service teachers was categorized by 3types; the color returns back to blue regardless of the original color of the solution(type 1),the color returns back to green(type 2), and the color returns back to the original color of thesolution(type 3). But some of type 1 cited the reason for the color change that the generationof oxygen changes the liquid property of the solution into being ‘basic’. In the meantime,some of type 2 responded that the disappearance of carbon dioxide results in being ‘neuter’without consideration of the original water property. To clarify the confusion and improve thepartial understating on the color change of BTB solution, it is necessary to develop themethod to make standard BTB solution to be used in photosynthesis experiment and addmore detailed explanation of the reasons why BTB solution changes its color in the textbooks. ‘식물의 광합성'은 생명 과학 영역에서 다루는 개념이지만, 실험을 통해 출입하는 기체를 확인하기 위해서는 BTB 용액의 색변화에 대한 화학적 이해가 바탕이 되어야 한다. 이 연구의 목적은 BTB 용액을 사용한 광합성 실험에서 BTB 용액의 변색 과정과 관련하여 ’광합성' 실험의 문제를 살펴보고, 이를 개선하기 위한 자료를 제공하는 것이다. 이를 위해『2007 개정 과학과 교육과정』에 따른 중학교 「과학 1」 교과서 8종과 『7차 과학과 교육과정』에 따른 중학교 「과학 2」 교과서 8종을 대상으로 실험에 사용된 BTB 용액의 색변화와 이에 대한 설명을 분석하였고, 예비 교사 202명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 교과서 분석 결과, ‘광합성’ 실험에 사용한 BTB 용액의 초기 색깔은 청색과 녹색 두 가지로 나타났으며, 색깔이 같은 BTB 용액을 사용하였음에도 불구하고 광합성 이후의 색변화에 있어서 교과서 별로 다르게 제시하고 있어 적절한 BTB 용액의 선정과 색변화를 판단하는데 혼동의 여지가 있었다. 또한 BTB의 변색에 대한 교과서의 설명은 이산화탄소의 양에 따른 색을 제시하는 방식, 액성에 따른 색을 제시하는 방식 등으로 분류할 수 있었으나, 각 방식은 화학적 이해를 돕기에 미흡한 점이 있었다. 예비 교사들의 BTB 용액의 변색에 대한 응답은 초기 BTB 용액의 색깔이 청색이거나 녹색인 것과 상관없이 광합성 후에 청색으로 된다는 유형 1, 모두 녹색으로 돌아간다는 유형 2, 처음 사용한 BTB 용액의 색깔 즉, 청색은 청색으로 녹색은 녹색으로 돌아간다는 유형 3으로 나눌 수 있었다. 이들의 구체적인 변색 이유를 분석한 결과, 유형 1의 경우, 산소의 발생으로 인해 용액의 액성이 염기성이 된다고 생각하는 비율이 높았으며, 유형 2의 경우, 초기 용액의 액성에 대한 고려 없이 이산화탄소가 사라지면 중성이 되기 때문이라고 인식하고 있었다. 유형별로 화학적 이해의 수준이 다르게 나타났으며, 예비교사의 전공에 따라 유형별 비율은 차이가 있었다. BTB 용액의 색변화에 대한 혼동과 불완전한 이해를 개선하기 위해서는 광합성 실험에 적합한 표준 BTB 용액의 제조 방법을 개발하고, 교과서에서 BTB 용액의 변색 이유에 대한 화학적 설명이 추가적으로 제시될 필요가 있다.