An Investigational Approach for the Modelling of Infiltration Process in a Clay Soil

Chandrakant L. Jejurkar,Milind P. Rajurkar 대한토목학회 2015 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.19 No.6

Prediction of soil infiltration rate is of prime importance in irrigation and drainage studies. Infiltration seems to be very simple, but field determination of soil infiltration is very tedious and time consuming task. This investigation was employed to predict the soil infiltration rate and estimate the soil infiltration model parameters. Two infiltration models namely, Kostiakov and Modified Kostiakov were studied to assess the predictability of water infiltration into a clay soil in Kopargaon of Maharashtra region. The double ring Infiltrometer was used to measure soil infiltration rate in the field. The soil infiltration measurements were made at 10 points over the study area. The infiltration model parameters were determined graphically and analytically using Davis method. Results of the investigation shows that the cumulative infiltrations predicted by Kostiakov and Modified Kostiakov models were very close to the field measured cumulative infiltration. The soil physical properties like moisture content, textural analysis and electrical conductivity exhibit the effect on soil infiltration rate and the amounts of infiltration model parameters for both the models. The statistical parameters, coefficient of determination (R2) reported very high values for both the models, while values of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were low, which reflected accuracy in estimation of infiltration. Absolute Mean Difference (AMD) between field measured and predicted by models were also very low.

Comparison of Infiltration Induced in Veins of Rabbit's Ear and Human's Forearm by Using Bioelectrical Impedance: Pilot Study

Kim, Jae-Hyung,Hwang, Young-Jun,Kim, Gun-Ho,Shin, Beum-Joo,Kim, Yong-Jin,Lee, Eun-Joo,Jeon, Gye-Rok The Korean Sensors Society 2017 센서학회지 Vol.26 No.5

An early detection of infiltration in veins is essential to minimize the injuries caused during infusion therapy, which is one of the most important tasks for nurses in clinical settings. We report that bioelectrical impedance analysis is useful in the early detection of infiltration at puncture sites. When infiltration was intentionally induced in the vein of a rabbit's ear, impedance parameters showed significant difference before and after infiltration. In particular, the relative resistance at 20 kHz in the vein of rabbit's ear reduced largely at infiltration, decreased slowly, and then stayed at a constant value. This indicates that the vein in the ear of the rabbit is small, and hence the infiltrated intravenous (IV) solution no longer accumulates after 3 minutes of infiltration. However, when infiltration was induced in the vein of a human's forearm, the relative resistance at 20 kHz decreased gradually over time. In the $R-X_c$ graph, the positions in infiltration induced in the rabbit's ear rapidly shifted before and after infiltration whereas the positions in infiltration induced in the human's forearm changed gradually during infiltration. Our findings suggest that bioelectrical impedance analysis is an effective method to detect the infiltration early in a noninvasive and quantitative manners.

Analysis of the Main Factors Influencing the Permeability-Reducing Effect of Cement Infiltration in a River Sediment Matrix

Jinlan Ji,Guisheng Fan 대한토목학회 2017 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.21 No.3

This research discusses the main factors effecting the permeability reduction due to cement infiltration or top soil masking when cement infiltrates in a river sediment matrix. This is relevant to the migration of pollutants to the groundwater through surface water infiltration, which is an important and urgent problem to resolve. A series of indoor infiltration simulations were performed to measure the infiltration reduction when the cement infiltrate in a selected soil matrix under different conditions (e.g. dry density, postponing time and waterhead, etc.). The infiltration in the cement-treated samples was compared with a reference infiltration with no cement masking or infiltrating. It was found that the infiltration rates of the cement-treated soils were consistently lower than the control sample, indicating an infiltration reduction due to cement infiltration. The average reduction ranged 3.59-44.33% depending on different processing methods. In this paper, some main factors affecting the permeability-reducing effect of cement infiltration in a river sediment matrix, such as the soil texture, dry density, postponing time of water supply, initial waterhead, and cement addition quantity, are discussed, and theories regarding cement infiltration mechanisms are presented

Early Detection of Infiltration Induced in the Veins of Pig's Ear and Human's Forearm By Using Bioimpedance: Pilot Study

김재형,황영준,김건호,정인숙,전계록 한국멀티미디어학회 2018 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.21 No.1

An early detection of intravenous infiltration is essential to minimize the injuries during infusion therapy, one of the most important tasks for nurses in nursing settings. We report that bioelectrical impedance analysis is useful in the early detection of infiltration at puncture sites. When infiltration was intentionally induced in the vein of a pig's posterior ear, impedance parameters (R, XC, Cm) showed significant differences before and after infiltration. In particular, the relative resistance (R/RBI) decreased significantly at infiltration and then slowly decreased. This indicates that the vein in a pig's ear is thin and the amount of surrounding subcutaneous tissue, and hence the infiltrated (IV) solution accumulates slowly after infiltration. However, when infiltration was induced in the vein of a human's forearm, the relative resistance at 20 kHz decreased gradually over time. In the R-XC graph, the positions in the case of infiltration induced in the pig' ear shifted rapidly before and after infiltration, whereas the positions in the case of infiltration induced in the human's forearm moved gradually during infiltration. Our findings suggest that the impedance parameters (R, R/RBI, XC, R vs. XC, and Cm) are effective indicators to detect the infiltration early in a noninvasive and quantitative manners.

Understanding the Performance and Applicability of Low Impact Development Structures under Varying Infiltration Rates

Heidi B. Guerra,김영철 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.24 No.5

With the increasing effect of urbanization becoming more apparent through flooding and decline in downstream water quality especially from heavy rainfalls, stormwater runoff management solutions have focused on treatment and infiltration. However, there are areas with low infiltration soils or are experiencing more dry days and even drought. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare the applicability of high infiltration and low infiltration soils as a base layer in gravel-filled infiltration systems with emphasis on runoff capture and suspended solids removal. Findings showed that infiltration rates increased with the water depth above the gravel-soil interface indicating the available depth for water storage affects this parameter. Runoff capture in high infiltration systems are more affected by rainfall depth and inflow rates as compared to low infiltration systems. Based on runoff capture and pollutant removal analysis, a media depth of 0.4 − 1 m and maximum infiltration rate of 200 mm/h were recommended. Moreover, it was revealed that low infiltration systems are more susceptible to horizontal flow and that the length of the structure may be more critical than depth in this condition.

Effects of the Injection Temperature of N₂ Gas on Pressureless Infiltration for Fabricating Al-Mg/Al₂O₃ Composites

이동윤,S. W. Park,이동복 대한금속·재료학회 2008 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.14 No.4

Pressureless infiltration of molten Al-Mg alloys into particulate Al2O3 preforms has been known to occur only in a nitrogen atmosphere. In order to understand the pressureless infiltration mechanism of Al-Mg alloys into particulate Al₂O₃ preforms, nitrogen was injected at 25℃ , 300℃, and 600℃. The higher the injection temperature of the nitrogen gas was, the lower the infiltration temperature of the molten Al-Mg alloys into the particulate Al₂O₃ preform was. Pressureless infiltration of the Al-6Mg alloy occurred at 700℃ when the nitrogen gas was injected at 600℃. The formation of an Mg-N compound (Mg₃N₂) on Al₂O₃ particles, which improves wettability by decreasing the interfacial energy between the Al-Mg alloys and the Al₂O₃particles, enabled the formation of the Al-Mg alloy/Al₂O₃ composite via pressureless infiltration. Increasing the injection temperature close to the melting point of the Al-Mg alloys appeared to enhance the formation of Mg₃N₂ on the surface of the Al₂O₃ particles. Pressureless infiltration of molten Al-Mg alloys into particulate Al2O3 preforms has been known to occur only in a nitrogen atmosphere. In order to understand the pressureless infiltration mechanism of Al-Mg alloys into particulate Al₂O₃ preforms, nitrogen was injected at 25℃ , 300℃, and 600℃. The higher the injection temperature of the nitrogen gas was, the lower the infiltration temperature of the molten Al-Mg alloys into the particulate Al₂O₃ preform was. Pressureless infiltration of the Al-6Mg alloy occurred at 700℃ when the nitrogen gas was injected at 600℃. The formation of an Mg-N compound (Mg₃N₂) on Al₂O₃ particles, which improves wettability by decreasing the interfacial energy between the Al-Mg alloys and the Al₂O₃particles, enabled the formation of the Al-Mg alloy/Al₂O₃ composite via pressureless infiltration. Increasing the injection temperature close to the melting point of the Al-Mg alloys appeared to enhance the formation of Mg₃N₂ on the surface of the Al₂O₃ particles.

Early Detection of Intravenous Infiltration Using Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters: Pilot Study

( Jae-hyung Kim ),( Beum-joo Shin ),( Seung-wan Baik ),( Gye-rok Jeon ) 한국센서학회 2017 센서학회지 Vol.26 No.1

In this study, bioelectrical impedance analysis, which has been used to assess an alteration in intracellular fluid (ICF) of the body, was applied to detect intravenous infiltration. The experimental results are described as follows. Firstly, when infiltration occurred, the resistance gradually decreased with time and frequency i.e., the resistance decreased with increasing time, proportional to the amount of infiltrated intravenous (IV) solution. At each frequency, the resistance gradually decreased with time, indicating the IV solution (also blood) accumulated in the extracellular fluid (ECF) (including interstitial fluid). Secondly, the resistance ratio started to increase at infiltration, showing the highest value after 1.4 min of infiltration, and gradually decreased thereafter. Thirdly, the impedance (Z_C) of cell membrane decreased significantly (especially at 50 kHz) during infiltration and gradually decreased thereafter. Fourthly, Cole-Cole plot indicated that the positions of (R, X_C) shifted toward left owing to infiltration, reflecting the IV solution accumulated in the ECF. The resistance (R₀) at zero frequency decreased continuously over time, indicating that it is a vital impedance parameter capable of detecting early infiltration during IV infusion. Finally, the mechanism of the current flowing through the ECF, cell membrane, and ICF in the subcutaneous tissues was analyzed as a function of time before and after infiltration, using an equivalent circuit model of the human cell. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the infiltration could be detected early using these impedance parameters during the infusion of IV solution.

침투형 우수유출 저감시설의 저감효과 개선에 관한 실험 연구 : 누가침투량 분석에 의한 침투-저류시스템 제안

임장혁(Im Janghyuk),송재우(Song Jaiwoo),박영진(Park Youngjin) 한국지반환경공학회 2009 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.10 No.4

최근 지속적이고 건전한 물 관리를 위하여 침투형 우수유출 저감시설이 고려되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 침투형 우수유출 저감시설의 실제 적용에는 많은 문제점에 대한 개선이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 침투형 우수유출 저감시설에 대한 개선 방법으로 침투-저류 시스템(ISS)을 제안하고, 수리모형 실험에 의해 우수유출 저감효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 새로 제안된 우수유출 저감시설의 침투 특성을 분석하기 위해 다양한 강우 조건과 택지 개발 및 도시화를 고려하기 위해 실제 택지 개발시 이용되는 표면재료를 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 수리모형 실험결과에 따라, 하부층의 누가 침투량에 의해서 침투-저류 시스템(ISS)은 부가적인 저감효과를 나타냈으며, 강우강도가 증가함에 따라 누가 침투율도 증가하였다. 그러므로 침투-저류 시스템(ISS)은 침투율이 증가하므로 기존 우수유출 저감시설보다 더 효과적으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 침투-저류 시스템(ISS)의 우수유출저감시설로써 적용에 대한 타당성을 확보할 수 있으며, 향후 관련 연구가 수행되면 침투-저류시스템(ISS)은 실제 우수유출 저감시설로써 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The runoff-reducing facilities using infiltration was considered for the sustainable and sound water management. However, for practical utilization, many problems are attended and therefore effort on improvements are required. In this study, methods of improvement for infiltration facilities proposed by Infiltration-Storage System (ISS) and the effect of runoff reduction were analyzed by hydraulic experimental study. In order to analyze the infiltration characteristics of proposed runoff reduction facilities in this study, it was applied to various rainfall condition and surface material considering development and urbanization influences. As a results of hydraulic model experiment, Infiltration-Storage System (ISS) made addition to effect of reduction by lower layer of accumulative infiltration quantities. And then as rainfall-intensity was increased, accumulative infiltration rates were increased in this study. Thus, Infiltration-Storage system (ISS) was more efficient than existing runoff reduction facilities because of increasing infiltration rate. Such a result was guaranteed application of ISS as runoff-reducing facilities. Therefore, ISS is expected to be capable for practical application if subsequent research for improvements are followed. Additionally, results of this study are expected to provide fundamental research data on infiltration facilities.

불포화투수계수를 이용한 지반의 연속 침투능 산정

한희수 ( Heui Soo Han ),이정식 ( Jung Sik Lee ),장진욱 ( Jin Uk Jang ),양남용 ( Nam Young Yang ) 대한지질공학회 2010 지질공학 Vol.20 No.2

강우시 침투량 산정을 위하여 일반적으로 기존의 침투능 산정식인 Horton 공식 및 Green-Ampt 공식으로 지반 내 침투능을 산정해 왔다. 하지만, 실제 강우로 인한 지반 침투는 연속적으로 침투가 이루어지므로, 이와 같은 불연속적인 침투량산정공식의 단점을 보완하고자 연속적인 침투능 산정공식을 새로이 유도하여, 침투능 및 침투량을 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 유도된 식 및 기존의 침투공식을 검증하기 위한 침투실험을 행하여 각 식의 결과들을 비교분석하였다. 함수비 혹은 포화도의 함수인 불포화투수계수는 직접적으로 침투능 및 침투량에 영향을 끼치므로, 새로이 유도된 식은 침투과정에 따른 불포화투수계수의 변화를 이용하여 보다 정확한 침투능 및 침투량을 산정하고자 하였으며, 침투로 인한 구조물의 안정 및 지하수 거동을 보다 정확히 해석하기 위한 것이다. To estimate the accumulated infiltration, Horton`s and Green-Ampt`s equations are usually applied. Because the real infiltration is penetrated into the soil continuously, to cover the problems of the conventional equations derived from the discontinuous infiltration system, new infiltration equation is derived from the concepts of continuous infiltration system. Furthermore, infiltration tests were done to compare the results from the conventional Horton`s and Green-Ampt`s equations and newly derived equation. Unsaturated permeability is the function of water content ratio or saturation degree, which affects directly to the infiltration capacity and accumulated infiltration. Therefore, the variation term of unsaturated permeability is inserted into the new equation to estimate the proper infiltration capacity and accumulated infiltration. It will make the more accurate analysis for the safety of structure and the behavior of groundwater.

The Effect of Intravenous Infiltration Management Program for Hospitalized Children

Park, S.M.,Jeong, I.S.,Kim, K.L.,Park, K.J.,Jung, M.J.,Jun, S.S. Grune Stratton 2016 Journal of Pediatric Nursing Vol.31 No.2

<P>Purpose This study aimed to identify the effect of IV infiltration management program among hospitalized children. Design and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with history comparison group design with 2,894 catheters inserted during 3 months comparison phase and 3,651 catheters inserted during 4 months experimental phase. The intervention was composed of seven activities including applying poster, documentation of catheter insertion, parents education, making infiltration report, assessment of vein condition before inserting catheter, appropriate site selection, and documentation of catheter insertion, and assessment of peripheral catheter insertion site every shift. Data were analyzed using of X2-test, Fisher's exact test. Results: The infiltration incidence rate was 0.9% for experimental group and 4.4% for comparison group, which was significantly different (x2 = 80.42, p < .001). The catheter maintenance period (p = .035) and infiltration state (p = .039) were significantly different among participants with infiltration between comparison and experimental groups. Conclusions: IV Infiltration management program was founded to be effective in reducing the IV infiltration incidence rate and increasing early detection of IV infiltration. Practice Implications: Considering the effect of IV Infiltration management program, we recommend that this infiltration management program would be widely used in the clinical settings. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>