DIRECT PRODUCTED W^*-PROBABILITY SPACES AND CORRESPONDING AMALGAMATED FREE STOCHASTIC INTEGRATION

Cho, Il-Woo Korean Mathematical Society 2007 대한수학회보 Vol.44 No.1

In this paper, we will define direct producted $W^*-porobability$ spaces over their diagonal subalgebras and observe the amalgamated free-ness on them. Also, we will consider the amalgamated free stochastic calculus on such free probabilistic structure. Let ($A_{j},\;{\varphi}_{j}$) be a tracial $W^*-porobability$ spaces, for j = 1,..., N. Then we can define the corresponding direct producted $W^*-porobability$ space (A, E) over its N-th diagonal subalgebra $D_{N}\;{\equiv}\;\mathbb{C}^{{\bigoplus}N}$, where $A={\bigoplus}^{N}_{j=1}\;A_{j}\;and\;E={\bigoplus}^{N}_{j=1}\;{\varphi}_{j}$. In Chapter 1, we show that $D_{N}-valued$ cumulants are direct sum of scalar-valued cumulants. This says that, roughly speaking, the $D_{N}-freeness$ is characterized by the direct sum of scalar-valued freeness. As application, the $D_{N}-semicircularityrity$ and the $D_{N}-valued$ infinitely divisibility are characterized by the direct sum of semicircularity and the direct sum of infinitely divisibility, respectively. In Chapter 2, we will define the $D_{N}-valued$ stochastic integral of $D_{N}-valued$ simple adapted biprocesses with respect to a fixed $D_{N}-valued$ infinitely divisible element which is a $D_{N}-free$ stochastic process. We can see that the free stochastic Ito's formula is naturally extended to the $D_{N}-valued$ case.

한국의 대외 무역자유도 분석

김재경 ( Jae Kyung Kim ),정혜선 ( Hye Sun Jung ),김한호 ( Han Ho Kim ) 한국경제학회 2013 經濟學硏究 Vol.61 No.2

본 연구는 신 무역이론(New Trade Theory) 및 신경제지리학(New Economic Geography) 등에서 이론적 모수(parameter)로서 활용되고 있는 ‘무역자유도 (trade freeness)’를 한국경제의 교역 자료를 통해 경험적으로 추정하고, 여기서 통관과 무관한 외생적 요인을 제거하여, 순수한 의미로서의 무역 자유도를 나타내는 국경통관 자유도(border effect)를 추정하는 2단계 분석을 시도하였다. 그리고 이를 기반으로 1990년부터 2008년까지 한국경제의 대외 무역자유도의 궤적을 파악하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 우선 지리적으로 인접한 아시아 국가들과의 무역자 유도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한편 임의혼합모형(Random Mixed Model)을 이용해 무역자유도로부터 외생적 요인을 제거한 국경통관 자유도를 추정하는 과정에서는 지리적 인접성과 함께 해당국과의 긴밀한 인적 관계망이 교역비용이 낮출 가능성이 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이렇게 도출한 통관 상의 순수한 무역자유도를 나타내는 국경통관 자유도를 통해 한국경제는 연평균 2.3%의 정도 대외시장과의 통합을 지속적으로 이루어 왔으며, 통합의 방향은 주로 신흥수출시장 중심으로 이루어져 왔음을 확인할 수 있었다. This study estimates the degree of trade freeness based on trade costs between Korea and 80 trading partners from 1990 to 2008. The approach follows two stage: first, to introduce a trade freeness parameter from New Economic Geography literatures; second, to estimate border effects by eliminating the effects resulted from exogenous variables such as geographic distances, languages, religions and human network effects from trade freeness parameters. The results show that trade freeness parameters tend to be high with Asian countries which implies geographic proximity lowers transaction costs. While eliminating exogenous effects from trade freeness parameters using Random Mixed Model, we found that human network also lowers the trade cost as geographic proximity does. Based on the estimated border effects, the degree of trade freeness between Korea and trading partners has increased 2.3% yearly on average and especially freeness with emerging exporting countries is relatively higher than with others.

부분고해에 의한 저평량 종이의 강도 및 투기저항성 조절

이철우,이원재,류정용 한국펄프.종이공학회 2022 펄프.종이기술 Vol.54 No.1

This paper reports a method for improving the air permeation resistance and strength of low basis weight paper by applying separated beating. Sw-BKP was beaten to prepare three pulp stocks with three freeness levels (713, 500, and 300 mL CSF), and the fiber properties and one pass retention of the handsheet were analyzed. In addition, using Scheffe’s three-component simplex design, this study investigated the change in the physical properties of paper according to the mixing of the three types of the pulp. The freeness of the pulp, air permeation resistance, and tensile strength of the paper were evaluated. When the freeness of the Sw-BKP decreased, the average fiber length decreased while external fibrillation and WRV increased. When 400 mL CSF pulp was prepared by mixing 300 mL CSF pulp with unbeaten pulp (713 mL CSF), the tensile strength of the handsheet was slightly lower as compared with the case when the same freeness was obtained by mixing 300 mL CSF pulp with 500 mL CSF pulp. However, the air permeation resistance was improved. The formation of the handsheet was improved when 713 mL CSF pulp and 300 mL CSF pulp were blended, and the air permeation resistance increased significantly as the fines increased. However, the tensile strength decreased because of the incorporation of unbeaten pulp, which weakened the bonds between the fibers of the handsheet. Blending pulp with low freeness and unbeaten pulp is advantageous if separate beating is applied during the manufacturing of the low basis weight paper to improve the air permeation resistance regardless of the decrease in tensile strength under certain freeness conditions. .

Effects of Fiber Characteristics on the Greaseproofing Property of Paper

YUAN-SHING PERNG,EUGENE I-CHEN WANG,LAN-SHENG KUO,YU-CHUN CHEN 한국펄프·종이공학회 2006 한국펄프종이학회 기타 간행물 Vol.- No.-

Grease barrier food containers are commonly used for packaging of fast food, cooked food, and food in general. Greaseproofing is also used for certificate paper and label paper etc. Different pulp raw materials, due to their different fiber morphology and chemical compositions, produce papers of varying characteristics. We used optical photomicroscopy and fiber analysis data to evaluate fiber morphology and traits under various beating conditions in order to understand which pulp raw materials produced superior greaseproofing property when a fluorinated greaseproofing agent was added internally. The experiment studied 9 species of pulps, including 2 softwood (northern pine and radiata pine) bleached kraft pulps which were beaten to 550 and 350 mL CSF, respectively; 3 hardwoods (eucalypts, acacia, mixed Indonesian hardwoods) bleached kraft pulps which were beaten to 450 and 250 mL CSF, respectively; and nonwood fibers of reed, bagasse, and abaca. A fluorinated greaseproofing chemical at 0.12% dosage with respect to dry pulp was added to each pulp preparation and formed handsheets. A total of 67 sets of handsheets were prepared, and their basis weights, thickness, bulks, opacities, wet opacities, air resistance, water absorption and degrees of greaseproofing were measured for an overall evaluation of pulp and freeness on greaseproofing papers. The experimental fiber length, coarseness and distribution characteristics and the greaseproofing results suggest that softwood pulps (radiate pine < northern pine) were superior to hardwood pulps (eucalypts > acacia > mixed Indonesian hardwoods). The unbeaten pulps gave papers with high porosities and nearly devoid of greaseproofing property. Greaseproofing is proportional to air resistance. Among the nonwood fibers, bagasse had the best greaseproofing property, followed by reed and abaca was the poorest. With regards to waterproofing property, hardwood pulps (mixed Indonesian hardwoods > acacia > eucalypts) were better than softwood pulps (northern pine > radiate pine). Among the Nonwood fibers, reed had the highest waterproofing property, and it was followed by abaca, while bagasse had the poorest waterproofing characteristic. In summary, bleached kraft northern pine, eucalypts and reed pulps were best suited for making greaseproofing papers, Freeness of the pulps should be kept at 200~280 mL CSF for optimal performance.

전자선 전처리에 따른 침엽수 미표백 크라프트 펄프의 특성평가

김은혜,이지영,전준표,김선영,김철환,박종혜 한국펄프·종이공학회 2015 펄프.종이技術 Vol.45 No.3

Electron beam irradiation is also an eco-friendly treatment compared to other physical and chemical treatments. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the possibilities of energy savings by applying electron beam irradiation to the refining process. After softwood unbleached kraft pulp (UKP) was irradiated with electron beams at 50 and 100 kGy, it was beaten in a laboratory beater, and then its freeness and fiber properties were analyzed. The physical properties of their fiber handsheet were also and measured. As the irradiation dose of the electron beam and the beating time increased, lower freeness and fiber lengths of the UKP were observed. Handsheets made from UKP that was irradiated by electron beam and beaten showed a reciprocal relationship with the irradiation dose of the electron beam, in particular, the strength of the handsheets decreased dramatically at 100 kGy of irradiation. Therefore, it was confirmed that electron beam irradiation is effective in reducing the beating time or beating energy. But the irradiation dose must be controlled under 50 kGy to minimize the loss of paper strength.

Effects of Enzymatic Actions on Cellulosic Pulp Fibres

조병묵 강원대학교 부설 창강제지 기술연구소 2002 제지기술 Vol.- No.17

During the last two decades the industrial use of enzymes has rapidly expanded. In some industries. enzyme applications are new alternatives or possibilities for their growths. The pulp and paper industry is also a good example for the effectiveness in several processes. In this paper the beating behavior of unbleached kraft pulp by enzyme hardwood species. Two kinds of commercial enzymes. consisting of cellulase and xyanase were considered for the modification of fibre properties during stock preparation process. With the simple treatment of enzymes to cellulosic fibres, some important physical factor, like freeness development, better dewatering ability, were remarkably improved without any losses in the mechanical strength of paper. These are consequently resulted in better sheet formation, higher machine speed. usage of low-graded fibre sources and better strength upgrade. etc. Therefore, in this study, the basic bio-beatin techniques using commercial enzymes were experimentally designed for the future production of enzyme and freeness development and dewaterability improvement.

전자선 전처리에 따른 침엽수 미표백 크라프트 펄프의 특성평가

김은혜(Eun Hea Kim),이지영(Ji Young Lee),전준표(Joon Pyo Jeun),김선영(Sun Young Kim),김철환(Chul Hwan Kim),박종혜(Jong Hye Park) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2015 펄프.종이기술 Vol.47 No.5

Electron beam irradiation is also an eco-friendly treatment compared to other physical and chemical treatments. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the possibilities of energy savings by applying electron beam irradiation to the refining process. After softwood unbleached kraft pulp (UKP) was irradiated with electron beams at 50 and 100 kGy, it was beaten in a laboratory beater, and then its freeness and fiber properties were analyzed. The physical properties of their fiber handsheet were also and measured. As the irradiation dose of the electron beam and the beating time increased, lower freeness and fiber lengths of the UKP were observed. Handsheets made from UKP that was irradiated by electron beam and beaten showed a reciprocal relationship with the irradiation dose of the electron beam, in particular, the strength of the handsheets decreased dramatically at 100 kGy of irradiation. Therefore, it was confirmed that electron beam irradiation is effective in reducing the beating time or beating energy. But the irradiation dose must be controlled under 50 kGy to minimize the loss of paper strength.

Syntactic Parsing and the Syntax of Verbal Endings in Korean

우순조 사단법인 한국언어학회 2002 언어학 Vol.0 No.34

Even though the Korean language is referred as an agglutinative language, there has been no adequate analysis capturing the agglutinative nature. This paper argues that we can make a breakthroughin describing Korean syntax by abandoning the so-called phonological freeness condition and setting up phonologically bound syntactic units. We call the newly established category marker. This paper shows that thereby we can organize a proper syntactic model of Korean, which in turn provides a firm ground for developing Korean syntactic parser.

왕겨섬유의 물성에 미치는 물리적 개질 영향

김형민(Hyung Min Kim ),성용주(Yong Joo Sung),박영석(Young Seok Park),신재철(Jea Chul Shin) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2016 펄프.종이기술 Vol.48 No.5

The changes in the properties of the rice husk fibers by the mechanical treatment were evaluated in order to increase the usability of the rice husk fiber as an alternative wood fiber. The additional mechanical treatment of the flake fraction after the rice husk digestion resulted in the increase of the rice husk fiber portion. The fibers obtained by the additional treatments of the flake fraction showed no significant difference between the rice husk fibers directly originated from the rice husk digestion. The mechanical treatment of the rice husk fibers with PFI mill showed the bigger decrease in the freeness than those of softwood unbleached fibers treated with same method. The larger changes in the shape such as fiber length, fiber width and fine contents were found in the rice husk fiber than those in the softwood unbleached fibers. Especially, the lower level of mechanical treatment such as 5,000 revolution of PFI mill resulted in the significant changes of rice husk fiber properties unlike softwood fibers. Those results showed the rice husk fibers were more susceptible to the mechanical treatment such as refining process.

KOCC의 고해 후 침지에 의한 팽윤이 펄프 및 종이 물성에 미치는 영향

김진모(Jin Mo Kim),황임정(Im Jeong Hwang),한준규(Jun Kyu Han),이용규(Yong Kyu Lee),원종명(Jong Myoung Won) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2018 펄프.종이技術 Vol.50 No.4

KOCC is used as a very important raw material in industrial paper manufacturing in Korea. However, as KOCC is repeatedly used as a raw material, the aging and hornification of the pulp becomes more severe, making it difficult to produce industrial paper of excellent strength. In order to solve these problems, various methods such as addition of virgin pulp, enzyme treatment, mechanical treatment and polymer additive have been applied. This study was carried out to evaluate the applicability of swelling treatment by soaking after beating in order to improve the quality of KOCC by environmentally friendly method. As a result of this study, the WRV of KOCC and UKP increased with increasing soaking time, while the freeness tended to decrease. The air permeability of KOCC handsheet showed a tendency to decrease by swelling due to soaking, but the opacity and bulk did not show any significant changes. The tensile index was slightly improved by soaking, but no significant changes were observed in the tear index and Taber stiffness. Considering the above results, although swelling due to soaking helps somewhat to improve some physical properties, it is difficult to expect the significant improvement of physical properties of paper only by a single swelling treatment.