타협의 과정으로서의 번역: Sula 번역을 중심으로

김애주 한국통역번역학회 2009 통역과 번역 Vol.11 No.2

This paper aims to suggest the way of translation by discussing the actual process of translating Toni Morrison's Sula. The process of translation is that of compromise in which the translator is obliged to modify the original intentionality in order to solve translation problems. My goal of translation is to fully retrieve ‘the Foreign’ of Sula and to do so is the strategy of foreignization considered the best way. However, the intentionality has been often limited by two kinds of translation problems; untranslatability and receptiveness. Untranslatability is categorized of three levels; cultural, semantic, and linguistic and stylistic. As the three levels show, untranslatability is mainly due to the absence in the target text for the source text or differences of the two texts. My decision to find a solution is the change of intentionality from foreignization to domestication, which sometimes leads to deformation of the source text with interpolation and footnote. Although such solutions vary, it is clearly that they involve the principle, the receptiveness and readiness of the target audience. What I recognize through a painful experience of translating Sula is that the process of compromise is to deepen understanding of black literature. In addition, it is a way to discover how to get into what Berman calls ‘a good translation’ which is to receive ‘the Foreign as Foreign.’

베누티의 이국화로 본 김지영의 번역 텍스트 Please Look After Mom : 문화특정어를 중심으로

조숙희 ( Cho¸ Sookhee ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2015 영어권문화연구 Vol.8 No.3

Shin Kyoung-Sook's Please Look After Mom translated by Kim Chi-Young has been well received in the Western countries for its fluency in English translation as well as its universal theme, being a mother for ‘the inequitable relationship between a mother and her children.’ In addition, the story also has been well reviewed for retaining “a strong Korean feel, filled with beguiling pariculars of a culture alien to most Western readers” (Weibezahl 2011). For its fluency in English, the translated text has been analyzed as if it was translated by domestication translation strategy (김영신 2012, 박철 우 2014). However, in this paper, it will be shown that the English translated text has many foreignizing aspects which are cultural pressures on the Western readers, being dérive of Western discourse. The translated text contains Korean archaic forms such as ‘ri’ and culture specific items like ‘makgoli,’ ‘pyoung’ and ‘panchan.’ According to Venuti (1995), if marginal literary works are translated into English, being translated to resemble the Western canonical discourse forms, it is taken to be a foreignization translation strategy. The Korean original 『엄마를 부탁해』 is not a canon from the Western perspective; it is marginal to the Western literary world. But it has been known its being fluent in English. It is concluded that being fluent in English translation does not entail that the translated text is a result of domestication. The transated text Please Look After Mom by Kim Chi-Young is a hybrid of domestication and foreignization.

(Un)translatability and Aesthetic Equivalence: Translating James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man into Chinese

Kun-liang Chuang 한국제임스조이스학회 2019 제임스조이스저널 Vol.25 No.2

This paper aims to present how the idea of untranslatability is played upon in my translating A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man into Chinese. Following Lawrence Venuti’s translation principles, I try to walk between the two poles of “domestication” and “foreignization,” and manage to bridge the lexical gaps between Joyce’s original expressions and their possible Chinese counterparts. I also refer to Walter Benjamin’s article of “The Task of the Translator,” which assumes some “sacred” meaning in the source language is in fact untranslatable, and Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive concept of différance, which highlights the need and impossibility of translation at the same time. With these theoretical supports, I will address the issues of (un)translatability and aesthetic equivalence in my translating A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man into Chinese. The issue of (un)translatability is conspicuous in this semi-autobiographical novel. Joyce’s literary innovation and linguistic experiments have posed great challenges to the translator. For the scope of this paper, I focus my discussions on the following three points: (1) The necessary evil of annotation, (2) Language games across cultures, and (3) Domestication or foreignization. Examples will be offered to discuss how I manage to create some sort of “aesthetic equivalence” in my Chinese translation. Going beyond the simple dichotomy between betrayal and faithfulness, I emphasize the necessity of cross-cultural creativity in translating A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man into Chinese.

외국 화장품 브랜드의 중국어 네이밍 기법 고찰

김현태 한중인문학회 2014 한중인문학연구 Vol.44 No.-

본고에서는 중국 화장품 시장의 80%를 차지하는 외국 유명 화장품 브랜드를 텍스트로 삼아 이들이 중국어로 어떻게 새롭게 네이밍(Naming) 되는지 그 유형과 기법을 고찰하고 나아가 그 음성적, 형태적, 의미적, 문화적 특징도 분석하고자 한다. 본고에서 다룬 화장품 브랜드는 중국에서 현재 판매되고 있고 보편적 인지도가 있는 168개의 브랜드를 분석 대상으로 삼았다. 브랜드 네임은 소비자로부터 브랜드 연상 및 이미지를 이끌어 낼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 궁극적으로는 시장 성 과로 연결될 수 있기 때문에 매우 중요한 고려사항이다. 특히 고배경(High context) 문화의 중국시장에 진출 하는 기업의 경우에는 브랜드 네이밍 전략이 전체 브랜드 전략의 가장 기본적이며 핵심적인 요건이기 때문이 다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 번역 기법 중 음역이 107개(63.6%)로 가장 많았다. 이는 외국 화장품 브랜드 네임 자체가 주로 창시자의 이름과 지역명이 대부분이고 이를대부분 음역하는 언어습관 때문이다. 둘 째, 2, 3, 4개의 글자 수 브랜드가 152개(94%)로 절대다수를 차지하였다. 이는 원 브랜드 네임이 대부분 명사 형으로 되어 있고 발음을 중국어로 음역하면 2-4 글자로 되기 때문이다. 셋째, 여성을 상징하는 단어들이 주 로 쓰였고 서구 여성과달리 동양 여성을 상징하는 문화 요소가 반영되어 있다. 넷째, 브랜드 네이밍을 하면서 중국의시장 요건과 중국인의 기호에 맞추어 네이밍을 하는 자국화 기법(Domestication)과 이국적이고 생소한 것을 그대로 받아들이라는 이국화 기법(Foreignization)을 적절하게 사용하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 향후 중국 ‘화장품 시장’에 진출하는 한국의 화장품 기업과 뷰티관련 기업에 좋은 참고 자료가 될 것이다. This research aims to examine thetechniques of re-naming brand names offoreign cosmetic products in the Chinese language by looking at non-Chinesebrand names of well-known cosmetic products, which account for approximately80% of the Chinese cosmetics market. In addition, this research seeks tofurther analyze the phonetic, morphologic, semantic and cultural aspects of thenaming process. One hundred sixty eight cosmetic brand names wereinvestigated in this study, which are currently put on the market in China andare gaining nationwide recognition. Generally, brand names can not only drawbrand association and images from consumers but, more importantly, arerelated to market performance. In this sense, brand names are a highlysignificant factor . Particularly for enterprises entering the Chinese marketwith the cultural characteristic of high context, brand naming is one of the mostessential and fundamental strategies for the whole brand lines. This research found the followings. First, among the translation techniques,phonetic translation was found in 107 cases (63.6%), accounting for the largestpart. This is because most of the foreign-branded cosmetics in China have theircreator or region names and they have been frequently transcribed based onsound. Second, 152 cases (94%), the absolute majority, had 2, 3 and 4 lettersin the brand names. This is because most of the original brand names are inthe noun form and if their pronunciation is transcribed in Chinese, it makes2-4 letters. Third, female-symbolizing words are often used and unlike thewest, the country reflected cultural elements symbolizing oriental females. Forth, in the brand naming, it was found that the country was appropriatelyutilizing both the domestication method, which renames products consideringChinese market factors and preferences of the Chinese people and theforeignization method, which accepts exotic and unfamiliar things as they are. The current study is expected to serve as a reliable reference for Koreancosmetic enterprises and beauty-related companies which are planning toadvance into the Chinese cosmetics market in the future.

전통 영상번역과 팬자막 비교 연구 : 문화 관련 어휘 번역을 중심으로

이지민 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2015 통번역학연구 Vol.19 No.2

This paper explores how culture-bound terms are translated in fansubs in comparison with conventional audio-visual translations. To do this, translations of TED talks performed by TED Open Translation Project participants were compared with those by professional translators of EBS, a state-owned broadcasting company in Korea. The two translation agencies –namely TED translators and professional EBS translators- used different strategies for different types of culture-bound terms. For units of measurement, EBS translators domesticated all the words while TED translators used combination strategies. Borrowing, literal translation, and borrowing+explanation were common for proper nouns, but EBS used chunking sideways while TED used the 'borrowing+(explanation)' strategy. Regarding general cultural terms, TED translators preferred literal translation while EBS used the free translation strategy more often. However, when it came to metaphors, surprisingly, TED translators used the free translation strategy more often than EBS did. This presents a stark contrast to the known features of fan subtitling ― literal translation and foreignization. This indicates that netizens are differentiating their strategies according to the skopos of their translation.

베누티의 ‘이국화(foreignization)’의 중한번역 적용을 위한 소고(小考): ‘소수 문학’의 ‘낯섦’ 드러내기

최지영 ( Choi Ji Young ),高雲 ( Gao Yun ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2021 비교문화연구 Vol.63 No.-

이 글은 번역을 ‘자국화 작업이자 결과’로 간주하는 베누티(Lawrence Venuti)의 시각 하에, ‘이국화(foreignization)’를 자국의 동화주의적 윤리에 저항하기 위해 타문화의 낯섦을 드러내는 번역 전략으로 보고, 중한번역에 적용해 보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 티베트계 중국 소설가 아라이(阿来)의 작품 『格拉长大』에서 소수민족의 인명을, 『格拉长大』와 『尘挨落定』 에서 티베트 ‘문화 어휘’인 ‘火塘’과 ‘寨’를 사례로 발췌하였다. 중국의 소수민족 3세대 작가군에 속하는 아라이의 작품은 들뢰즈(Deleuze)와 가타리(Guattari)가 ‘소수문학’이라 규정한 ‘소수가 다수 언어 속에서 만들어 낸 문학 텍스트’에 속한다. 이에 ‘혼질적 담화(heterogeneous discourses)’를 양성할 수 있는, 이국화 번역에 적합한 텍스트라 할 것이다. 이를 통해 주류(한족) 문화 속 ‘소수 문학(티베트)’이 또 다른 세계인 한국어 독자들과 만날 때, 도착어 독자들에게 ‘문화적 낯섦’ 드러낼 수 있는 이국화의 전략적 방식을 제안하겠다. This article views “foreignization” as a translation strategy to confront domestic assimilation ethics by revealing the unfamiliarity of foreign culture, under the Lawrence Venuti’s perspective considering translation as “the works and result of domestication.” In this sense, this article aims to adapt foreignization in Chinese to Korean translation, and it uses names of ethnic minorities from Tibetan decent Chinese writer Alai’s work, “格拉长大,” and culture vocabulary, “火塘,” “寨” from the “格拉长大,” “尘挨落定,” by the same author. The works written by a third-generation ethnic minority in China are included in the “literature written by a foreign writer in his/her mother tongue,” defined as “minor literature” by Deleuze and Guattari. His works are suitable texts for translation using foreignization that has the possibility of fostering heterogeneous discourses. The authors propose a foreignization strategy that can reveal cultural unfamiliarity for target language readers when minor literature (Tibetan) in the mainstream culture (Han Chinese) meets the needs of Korean readers who live in another world.

동일 원문에 대한 러시아어와 한국어 번역 사례 비교 분석 - 자국화와 이국화를 중심으로

이혜승 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2013 통번역학연구 Vol.17 No.1

Domestication is the translation strategy in which a transparent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target text readers. Foreignization is a term used to designate the type of translation in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This article purports to analyze the differences found in translation of the same source text into Russian and Korean from the perspective of domestication and foreignization, which is related to such issues like literal vs. semantic translation, fidelity vs. readability, source text vs. target text oriented approaches. The source text is Lectures on Russian literature, which is written by Vladimir Nabokov and translated into Russian and Korean. Domestication and foreignization is not merely a matter of preserving or changing of the original text, but a way to adopt or resist dominant values in the receiving culture. Concrete routes by which domestication and foreignization theories in late 20th century are evolved, the meaning of this evolvement in translational act would be studied in detail. Further, the differences between Russian and Korean translation would be examined from domestication vs. foreignization point of view.

Appropriating Foreignization for Culturally Responsive Readers

Seoung Yun LEE 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2015 탈경계인문학 Vol.8 No.1

This study explores the possibility of applying foreignization on Gwon Jeong-Saeng’s Mongsil Eonni. Many scholars of literary translation encourage domestication over foreignization, so there exists insufficient finding on the process of foreignized translation of children’s book and the responses of child and adult readers of such translation. Distancing or alienating the target readers from the Source Text (ST) is considered as undesirable by the supporters of domestication. However, despite the widespread notion of domesticating literary texts, Lawrence Venuti offers ways of applying foreignization when translating literary texts of marginalized culture. He argues that alienation is necessary rather than assimilation when reading texts that contain elements of the marginalized culture. Foreign textual elements found in the foreignized text allow the target readers to acknowledge the cultural differences that are easily overlooked when the ST is domesticated. Translation is known to be a medium or tool in exchanging two cultures but the translation fails to play this role when domestication is used. By applying foreignizing translation strategy on Mongsil, the translation delivers the message that Gwon wishes to tell his readers. The confusion and sorrow felt by Koreans of the North and the South due to sudden division and war are key sentiments that the ST author emphasizes throughout his work. Hence, by preserving the foreignness of the political, ideological and cultural terms and notions from the ST, the translation enables a bidirectional interaction between the target readers and the unfamiliar.

자국화와 이국화에 대한 이론적 고찰

이혜승 한국통번역교육학회 2013 통번역교육연구 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this article is to study the problem of domestication and foreignization in translation by focusing on theoretical aspects. Domestication is one of the translation strategies which purports to minimize foreignness of the source text and produce a natural, fluent target text. Foreignization is a strategy which is used to preserve foreignness of the original and break conventions of the target culture. This article purports to study the problem of domestication and foreignization in translation, which is related to such issues like literal vs. semantic translation, fidelity vs. readability, source text vs. target text oriented approaches.

두 시공간을 잇는 작업, 헤로도토스 『역사』의 번역

김봉철 ( Kim Bong-cheol ) 한국서양고대역사문화학회 ( 구 한국서양고대사학회 ) 2018 서양고대사연구 Vol.52 No.-

이 논문은 서양고대 역사문헌의 번역 문제를 헤로도토스의 『역사』 번역을 중심으로 논의하고자 한다. 먼저 2장에서는 『역사』 번역의 방법론에 대해 논의한다. 번역의 방법론은 대개 번역의 목적, 원천 텍스트의 유형과 성격에 따라 달라진다. 그에 따라 『역사』 번역에도 다양한 방법론이 적용될 수 있지만, 이 논문에서는 『역사』를 전문 학술서와 역사고전으로 읽는 독자들을 위해 원문 위주의 학술번역이 요구된다는 점, 텍스트 유형에 따른 방법론으로 원천텍스트의 내용과 형식에 충실한 번역이 필요하다는 점, 그리고 역사서로서의 성격에 부합되도록 저자와 원천 텍스트 위주의 번역이 필요하다는 점이 강조된다. 이런 번역방식은 넓게 보면, 베누티가 제시한 이국화 번역에 해당한다. 이국화 번역은 원천 텍스트 특유의 이국적인 언어적·문화적 요소를 수용하는 입장이므로, 학술번역과 역사서 번역에 적합한 방법이라 할 수 있다. 3장에서는 그런 이국화 번역방식이 『역사』 번역과정에서 어떻게 적용되는지를 검토하고자 한다. 여기서는 『역사』에 담긴 시간·공간적인 이국적 요소, 저자의 이국적 요소, 텍스트의 이국적 요소가 여러 번역본에서 어떻게 다루어지는지를 점검한다. 시간·공간적인 이국적 요소로는 『역사』에 사용된 특수한 명칭과 개념 용어를 드는데, 당시의 고유명사, 의복 및 악기에 관한 명칭, 에트노스와 폴리스 같은 개념 용어가 대표적인 예라 할 수 있다. 이런 용어들은 시대착오적인 번역 용어로 대체하기보다 헤로도토스가 표현한 말을 그대로 전달할 필요가 있다. 저자의 이국적 요소는 저자 특유의 개성과 습관, 관점, 가치관 등에 관계된 것인데, 헤로도토스의 그리스 중심적 관점과 다문화 인식을 예로 들 수 있다. 그의 그리스 중심적 관점은 그리스인 위주의 방향 표현, 그리스식의 이방인 서술에서 잘 나타난다. 한편 헤로도토스의 개방적인 다문화 인식은 바르바로이와 그들의 문물을 존중하는 서술에서 잘 드러난다. 『역사』 번역에서는 헤로도토스의 이런 양면적인 관점이 반영된 독특한 표현들을 원문 그대로 충실히 전할 필요가 있다. 헤로도토스 텍스트의 이국적 요소는 그의 텍스트 구문상 독특한 관행을 말하는데, 자타 견해가 분명히 구분된다는 점, 동일한 술어가 반복 표현된다는 점, 예고적 문장이 자주 사용된다는 점, γaρ 구문을 자주 사용된다는 점을 들 수 있다. 이 점들은 헤로도토스 서술의 기본 방침과 통일적 연계성을 잘 보여주기 때문에, 축약이나 누락되지 않고 원문 그대로 전해질 필요가 있다. 이상의 이국적 요소들은 『역사』의 이국화 번역을 이루기 위한 구체적인 지향점들이라 할 수 있다. This article aims to discuss the problems of translating ancient Western historical writings, focusing on Herodotus’ Historiai. In chapter 2, it deals with the translation method of Herodotus’ Historiai. Herodotus’ Historiai needs to be faithfully translated as an academic book for readers who are concerned with ancient Western history. The text type and character of Historiai as a historical source demand source text oriented translation. These translation methods for Historiai almost accord with the concept of foreignization proposed by L. Venuti, one of the most influential theorists in translation studies. I think the concept of foreignization could be a most suitable translation theory for the academic and faithful translation of some historical writings such as Herodotus’ Historiai. In chapter 3, this article intends to examine how the foreignizing translation could be applied in translating Herodotus’ Historiai. Here the source-text foreign elements of Herodotus’ Historiai are divided into three categories, that is, the foreign elements in Herodotus’ world, those in Herodotus himself, and those in Herodotus’ text. Names(such as proper names, names of musical instruments) and conceptions(such as ethnos, polis) used by Herodotus in his Historiai belong to the foreign elements in Herodotus’ world. These names and conceptions should be translated faithfully to Herodotus’ own words in order to retain the foreign elements in Herodotus’ world. The foreign elements in Herodotus himself include some ideas, habits, and characters of Herodotus. In this article, Herodotus’ two opposing viewpoints, i.e. his Greek-centric mindset and multicultural awareness are treated as foreign elements in Herodotus himself. Some words and sentences showing those viewpoints also should be retained in translating the source text. The foreign elements in Herodotus’ text mean some peculiarities occurring frequently in his text. These are the division between the opinions of Herodotus’ and any other’s, use of introductory participles that repeat the main verb of the previous sentence, use of prospective sentences accompanied by forward-looking demonstratives(such as oδε, wδε, τοιoσδε), and use of γaρ sentences introducing the reason or cause of what precedes. These peculiarities are important for preserving the characteristic form of Herodotus’ text, and therefore should be retained unless they severely impair readability in the target language text.