녹나무과 상록활엽수 자생지 기후특성과 기후변화에 따른 분포 변화

유승봉 ( Seung-bong Yu ),김병도 ( Byung-do Kim ),신현탁 ( Hyun-tak Shin ),김상준 ( Sang-jun Kim ) 한국환경생태학회 2020 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.34 No.6

기후변화는 생물계절반응 변화와 식물 자생지 이동을 초래한다. 우리나라 상록활엽수림도 과거 20년에 비해 분포역이 넓어지고 있으며, 자생지 범위가 북상하고 있다. 이에 따른 녹나무과 상록활엽수의 자생지 변화 예측을 위해 먼저, 식생의 분포와 관련이 깊은 온량지수와 한랭지수, 최한월 최저기온, 연평균기온 등 기후지표를 분석하였다. 그 변화량과 공간분포분석을 통해 우리나라 난온대 지역에 분포하는 녹나무과 상록활엽수 8종의 자생지 기후지표특성을 파악하였다. 또한, 기후지표특성을 바탕으로 MaxEnt 종 분포모형을 적용하여 기후변화 시나리오(RCP 4.5/8.5)에 따른 21세기 자생지 변화를 예측하였다. 녹나무과 상록활엽수 8종의 자생지 월 평균 기후지표 특성은 온량지수 116.9±10.8℃, 한랭지수 3.9±3.8℃, 연강수량 1495.7±455.4㎜, 건습지수 11.7±3.5, 연평균 기온 14.4±1.1℃, 동계 평균 최저기온 1.0±2.1℃로 나타났다. 기후변화 시나리오 RCP 4.5에 근거한 녹나무과 상록활엽수의 분포는 전라남도와 경상남도를 포함하는 도서지방과 서·남해안의 인접지역, 동해안의 강원도 고성까지 분포가 확대되는 것으로 분석되었다. 기후변화 시나리오 RCP 8.5에 근거한 분포의 경우 전라남도와 경상남도의 전 지역과 전라북도, 충청남도, 경상북도, 수도권의 일부 지역을 제외한 대부분 지역으로 분포가 확대될 것으로 분석되었다. 기후변화에 대비한 녹나무과 상록활엽수의 보전을 위해서는 자생지 내·외 보전 기준설정 및 다양한 자생지 특성 분석이 수행되어야 한다. 또한, 기후지표를 기반으로 한 생물계절정 자료를 통해 기후변화에 따른 녹나무과 상록활엽수의 분포, 이동, 쇠퇴 등의 미세변화를 선제적으로 감지하고 보전관리 방안을 수립하여야 할 것이다. Climate change leads to changes in phenological response and movement of plant habitats. Korea's evergreen broad-leaved forest has widened its distribution area compared for the past 20 years, and the range of its native habitats is moving northward. We analyzed climate indices such as the warmth index, the cold index, the lowest temperature in the coldest month, and the annual average temperature, which are closely related to vegetation distribution, to predict the change in the native habitat of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees. We also analyzed the change and spatial distribution to identify the habitat climate characteristics of 8 species of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees distributed in the warm temperate zone in Korea. Moreover, we predicted the natural habitat change in the 21st century according to the climate change scenario (RCP 4.5/8.5), applying the MaxEnt species distribution model. The monthly average climate index of the 8 species of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees was 116.9±10.8℃ for the temperate index, the cold index 3.9±3.8℃, 1495.7±455.4㎜ for the annual precipitation, 11.7±3.5 for the humidity index, 14.4±1.1℃ for the annual average temperature, and 1.0±2.1℃ for the lowest temperature of winter. Based on the climate change scenario RCP 4.5, the distribution of the Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees was analyzed to expand to islands of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, adjacent areas of the west and south coasts, and Goseong, Gangwon-do on the east coast. In the case of the distribution based on the climate change scenario RCP 8.5, it was analyzed that the distribution would expand to all of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, and most regions except for some parts of Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and the capital region. For the conservation of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees to prepare for climate change, it is necessary to establish standards for conservation plans such as in-situ and ex-situ conservation and analyze various physical and chemical characteristics of native habitats. Moreover, it is necessary to preemptively detect changes such as distribution, migration, and decline of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees following climate change based on phenological response data based on climate indicators and establish conservation management plans.

Evaluation of Photosynthetic Ability in Two Representative Evergreen Broad-leaved Tree Species in Korea

( Dong-hak Kim ),( Yong Mok Park ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.10

To maintain a rich biological diversity is important to develop for biomaterial resources such as Korean evergreen broad-leaved tree species, the distribution of which is restricted to the southern part of Korean peninsula. We assessed photosynthetic characteristics of Quercus acuta and Castanopsis sieboldii, the representative evergreen broad-leaved trees in Korea, in order to establish a basis for conservation strategy related to distributional change in evergreen broad-leaved tree species according to climate change. Photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated in the sun and shade leaves of the two species. Sun leaves in both species revealed higher light compensation point and maximum photosynthetic rate compared to the shade leaves. In addition, photosynthetic rate was higher in Q. acuta than C. sieboldii, which was supported by a higher leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area. Water use efficiency was also higher in Q. acuta as compared to that in C. sieboldii. Similar photosynthetic rate, however, was shown in photosynthetic response to CO₂ concentration in the intercellular space. These results suggest that both species could respond differently to the changing environmental factors including climate change, suggesting the possibility of distributional changes resulting from a differential growth rate.

한라산 남사면 계곡 모새나무 자생지 일대의 식생구조

송정민,김윤정,선병윤,김철환,도선길,송관필 한국자원식물학회 2013 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.26 No.5

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. is an evergreen plant that belongs to the Genus Vaccinium distributed in Korea,and its fruit has been used for food by the common people and thus has a high possibility of commercialization. Therefore,the habitat environment and individual characteristics of V. bracteatum in Jeju Island were investigated to obtain the basicdata for commercialization and preservation. The results showed that V. bracteatum is mostly distributed on the southernslope of Mt. Halla at an altitude of 100 to 500 m. V. bracteatum that occurred in the quadrat were total 30 individuals, whichhad an average height of 6.0 m, an average DBH of 7.8 cm, and an average number of trunk of 4.3. As for the communitystructure of the habitat, the average percentage of vegetation cover for the tree layer was 36%, while that for the subtree layerwas 78%, which emphasized the importance of the subtree layer. The total number of species that occurred in the quadratwas 76. For the tree layer, total 10 species occurred, which include 2 species of evergreen coniferous trees, 3 species ofevergreen broad-leaved trees, and 5 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. For the subtree layer, total 24 species occurred,which include 1 species of evergreen coniferous tree, 11 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 10 species ofdeciduous broad-leaved trees. Among these, Eurya japonica Thunb. was the species with a high relative contribution, whichthreatened V. bracteatum For the shrub layer, 27 species occurred including Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold, and for theherbaceous layer, 64 species occurred including Ardisia crenata Sims. The similarity between the habitats of V. bracteatumwas very low, and it did not prefer a characteristic community. The V. bracteatum community around Shinrei stream wasdistributed on the surrounding area adjacent to the slope of the stream rather than the slope. There were a lot of basins, butthe branches, which did not receive sunlight, had withered. It is thought that V. bracteatum would decline if the forestformation continues. 모새나무는 국내 분포 정금나무속(Genus Vaccinium)식물중 상록성이며 민간에서 열매를 식용으로 사용했던 종으로 산업화 가능성이 매우 높다. 따라서 제주도내 모새나무의 자생지환경 및 개체특성 등을 조사하여 산업화 및 보호의 기초자료로삼고자 실시하였다. 조사한 결과, 모새나무는 한라산 남사면에 많이 분포하였고,해발 100∼500 m에 주로 분포하였다. 조사방형구내 출현한 모새나무는 총 30개체로 평균수고 6.0 m, 평균흉고직경 7.8 cm로, 평균분지수 4.3개였다. 자생지의 군락 구조는 교목층의 평균식피율이 36%로 낮은 반면 아교목층이 평균식피율은 78%로높게 나타나 아교목층이 중요한 위치를 차지하였다. 조사구내총 출현한 종수는 76종으로 교목층에 상록침엽수 2종, 상록활엽수 3종, 낙엽활엽수 5 종 등 총 10종이 출현하였고, 아교목층은 상록침엽수 1종, 상록활엽수 11종, 낙엽활엽수 10종 등 총 24종이 출현하였다. 이 중 상대기여도가 높은 종은 사스레피나무로서 모새나무를 위협하는 종이였다. 관목층은 생달나무 등 27종이 출현하였고, 초본층은 백량금 등 64종이 출현하였다. 모새나무 자생지간 유사성은 매우 낮아 특징적인 군락을 선호하지않았고, 신례천의 모새나무 군락은 하천 사면이 아니라 사면과연결된 주변에 분포하였으며, 분지가 많이 이루어졌으나 햇볕을 받지 못하는 가지들이 고사된 상태였고, 숲의 형성이 지속적으로 이루어질 경우 모새나무는 쇠퇴할 것으로 판단되었다.

Sound Absorption Property of the Leaves of Two Evergreen Broad-Leaved Tree Species, Dendropanax morbiferus and Fatsia japonica

( Su Young Jung ),( Da-hye Yeom ),( Ree-keun Kong ),( Gab Gyun Shin ),( Kwang Soo Lee ),( Hee Seop Byeon ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.5

In this study, the effect of specimen size and layer thickness on the sound absorption of the leaves of two evergreen broad-leaved tree species, Dendropanax morbiferus and Fatsia japonica, was investigated. The specimen sizes of 0.5 × 0.5, 1.0 × 1.0, and 2.0 × 2.0 cm² and layer thicknesses of 1.00, 1.75, and 2.50 cm were considered. At the layer thickness of 2.5 cm, the leaf of the D. morbiferus showed no significant difference in sound absorption coefficients (SACs) as the sample size varied, however, a significant change in SACs was recorded in that of the F. japonica. At 1.0-cm thickness, the SACs of the F. japonica leaf varied more remarkably with the sample size. The 2.50-cm-thick F. japonica leaf with the specimen size 0.5 × 0.5 cm² exhibited the highest sound absorption effect among all samples investigated.

Effects of Air-Dried Leaves of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Trees on Sound Absorption Property

( Su-young Jung ),( Ree-keun Kong ),( Kwang-soo Lee ),( Hee-seop Byeon ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.5

This research was conducted to analyze the sound absorption effect of air-dried leaves from two evergreen tree species found in Korea's warm-temperate and subtropical regions. As eco-friendly sound absorption materials, Dendropanax morbiferusa, and Fatsia japonica leaves were prepared in three specimen units sizes 0 .5 × 0 .5㎠, 1 .0 × 1 .0㎠, and 2 .0 × 2 .0 ㎠, and each of them was formed at a thickness of 1.00 cm, 1.75 cm, and 2.50 cm. The measured sound absorption coefficients (SAC) for 18 conditions were comparatively analyzed in this study. The SAC of both tree species was significantly improved by increasing the dried leaf layer thickness. These results showed a more consistent and distinct trend for both tree species under the condition of 0.5 ㎠ in dried leaf size compared to other leaf specimen sizes. However, as the thickness increased, the difference in sound absorption effect according to the leaf size tends to decrease overall. In the case of D. morbiferus, there was no significant difference in SAC based on leaf size under the condition of 2.5 cm thickness (p < 0.05). The highest mean SAC was found in a 2.5 cm thick condition with a leaf size of 0.5 × 0.5㎠, 0.549 for D. morbiferusa, and 0.594 for F. japonica, respectively.

남부지역 도시녹지의 난대상록활엽수 동해피해 특성

정수영 ( Su Young Jung ),이광수 ( Kwang Soo Lee ),유병오 ( Byung Oh Yoo ),박용배 ( Yong Bae Park ),주남규 ( Nam Gyu Ju ),김형호 ( Hyung Ho Kim ),박준형 ( Joon Hyung Park ) 한국산림과학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.4

The aim of this study was to investigate the damage characteristics induced by winter freezing ofevergreen broad-leaved trees distributed in urban area of warm temperate forest zone, which are gainingincreased interest recently as climate change. The results of the study indicated that, as for ‘stem injury’,Camellia japonica Linne (59.6%) had the weakest damage, while Ternstroemia gymnanthera Sprague (83.3%)had the most severe damage. By the visual evaluation of freezing injury according to the characteristics ofplantations environment, the observations of single planting (p<0.01) in planting method had weaker damagethan those of group planting, the observations of under tree (p<0.001), plain (p<0.001), and organic matterplenty (p<0.05) in plantations characteristics had significant differences with relatively weaker damage than theobservations of open space, slop, and scarcity, respectively. Tree height (-0.432) and crown width (-0.470)among growth factors were negatively correlated with the severity of damage, respectively. Therefore, theselection of tree species is vital for the successful creation of these urban forested area by making considerationsof planting environment, and further research on evergreen broad-leaved trees is needed in this aspect.

기후변화에 따른 난대상록활엽수의 적지예측 평가 모델 개발

강진택,김정운,김철민 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2012 농업생명과학연구 Vol.46 No.3

This study was carried out to develop assessment model for the optimal site prediction of Dendropanax morbifera, Evergreen broad-leaved trees in warm temperate zone according to climate change. It was created criterion for assessment model of the optimal site prediction by quantification method to possible analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, through study relationship between growth of tree and site environmental factors. A program of the optimal site prediction was developed using program version 3.2, an Avenue and Dialog Designer tool of ESRI as GIS(geographic information system) engine. Developed program applied to test accuracy of the optimal site prediction in study area of Wando, Jeollanam-do, having a various evergreen broad-leaved trees of warm temperate zone. In the results from analysis of the optimal site prediction on Dendropanax morbifera, the characteristics of optimal site were analyzed site environmental features with 401~500m of altitude, 15° of slope, hillside of local topography, alluvium of deposit type, convex of slope type and south of aspect. The mapping area per grade of the optimal site prediction in the Dendropanax morbifera showed 1,487.2ha(25.4%) of classⅠ, 1,020.3ha(17.4%) of classⅡ, 2,231.8ha(38.2%) of class Ⅲ and 1,110.5ha(19.0%) of class Ⅳ. 본 연구는 기후변화에 따른 난대상록수종인 황칠나무의 적지예측모델을 개발하기 위하여 수행하였다. 생장 및 입지환경 인자들간의 관계 구명을 통하여 양적·질적 자료 분석이 가능한 수량화 분석 방법에 의하여 황칠나무의 적지예측 평가기준을 도출하였다. 적지예측 프로그램은 ESRI, ArcView GIS 프로그램을 이용하여 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램은 적지예측의 정확성 검토를 위하여 다양한 난대 상록활엽수가 분포하고 있는 전남 완도 지역에 적용하였다. 황칠나무의 적지예측 분석 결과, 최적지 표고 401~500 m, 경사도 15°이하, 국소지형은 산복 계곡부위, 퇴적양식 붕행토, 방위가 남쪽인 요철사면으로 나타났다. 완도지역의 황칠나무 최적지 등급별 맵핑 면적은 Ⅰ등급 1,487.2ha(25.4%), Ⅱ등급 1,020.3ha (17.4%), Ⅲ등급 2,231.8ha(38.2%), Ⅳ등급 1,110.5ha(19.0%)로 나타났다.

Characteristics of vegetation succession on the Pinus thunbergii forests in warm temperate regions, Jeju Island, South Korea

홍용식,김의주,이응필,이승연,조규태,Youngkeun Lee,정상훈,정헌모,유영한 한국생태학회 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.4

Background: To investigate the trends of succession occurring at the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowlands of Jeju Island, we quantified the species compositions and the importance values by vegetation layers of Braun- Blanquet method on the Pinus thunbergii forests. We used multivariate analysis technique to know the correlations between the vegetation group types and the location environmental factors; we used the location environment factors such as altitudes above sea level, tidal winds (distance from the coast), annual average temperatures, and forest gaps to know the vegetation distribution patterns. Results: According to the results on the lowland of Jeju Island, the understory vegetation of the lowland Pinus thunbergii forests was dominated by tall evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum showing a vegetation group structure of the mid-succession, and the distribution patterns of vegetation were determined by the altitudes above sea level, the tidal winds on the distance from the coast, the annual average temperatures, and the forest gaps. We could discriminate the secondary succession characteristics of the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowland and highland of Jeju Island of South Korea. Conclusions: In the lowland of Jeju Island, the secondary succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica (mid-successional species)→Machilus thunbergii (late-successional species) sequence in the temperate areas with strong tidal winds. In the highland of Jeju Island, the succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Neolitsea sericea, Eurya japonica (mid-successional species)→Castanopsis sieboldii (late-successional species) sequence in the areas where tidal winds are weak and temperatures are relatively low. However, local differences between lowland and highland of Jeju Island will be caused by the micro-environmental factors resulting from the topographic differences and the supply of tree seeds. From the characteristics of succession study, we could properly predict and manage the Pinus thunbergii forest ecosystem on lowland and highland of Jeju Island.

난대상록활엽수종 조림지 활착률과 영향인자

박준형,정수영,이광수,이호상 한국산림과학회 2019 한국산림과학회지 Vol.108 No.4

With rapid climate change and increasing global warming, the distribution of evergreen broad-leaved trees (EBLTs) is gradually expanding to the inland regions of Korea. The aim of the present study was to analyze the survival rate of 148 EBLT plantations measuring 180 ha and to determine the optimal plantation size that would help in coping with climate change in the warm, temperate climate zone of the Korean peninsula. For enhancing the reliability of our estimated survival model, we selected a set of 11 control variables that may have also influenced the survival rates of the EBLTs in the 148 plantations. The results of partial correlation analysis showed that the survival rate of 67.0±26.9 of the EBLTs in the initial plantation year was primarily correlated with plantation type by the crown closure of the upper story of the forest, wind exposure, and precipitation. For predicting the probability of survival by quantification theory, 148 plots were surveyed and analyzed with 11 environmental site factors. Survival rate was in the order of plantation type by the crown closure of upper story of the forest, wind exposure, total cumulative precipitation for two weeks prior to planting, and slope stiffness in the descending order of score range in the estimated survival model for the EBLTs with the fact that survival rate increased with shade rate of upper story to some extent. 본 연구는 전국 난대상록활엽수종의 조림지에 대한 생육환경 및 입지환경 특성과 활착률간의 관계특성으로부터 조림적지 의사결정 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 1997년부터 후박나무(Machilus thunbergii), 구실잣밤나무(Castanopsis sieboldii) 등 난대상록활엽수 10종의 신규 조림지 180ha의 148개 조사구에 대한 활착률을 모니터링 한 결과 평균 활착률은 67.0±26.9%이었다. 활착률 편차가 크게 나타난 원인은 조림 적지에 관한 실증적 현지 검증이 부족한 상황에서 다양한입지를 대상으로 시험 조림이 이루어진 결과로 판단된다. 각 조사구별 11개 생육환경 및 입지환경 특성, 조림전후 강수 등의 정성적 설명요인과 활착률의 정량적 요인 간의 관계특성으로부터 수량화 이론 I에 따른 활착률에 대한 기여도를 분석한결과, 조림지 상층임분 울폐도, 풍노출도, 조림 전 누적 강수량, 경사도 등의 순으로 높게 나타났다.

Characteristics of vegetation succession on the Pinus thunbergii forests in warm temperate regions, Jeju Island, South Korea

Hong, Yongsik,Kim, Euijoo,Lee, Eungpill,Lee, Seungyeon,Cho, Kyutae,Lee, Youngkeun,Chung, Sanghoon,Jeong, Heonmo,You, Younghan The Ecological Society of Korea 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.4

Background: To investigate the trends of succession occurring at the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowlands of Jeju Island, we quantified the species compositions and the importance values by vegetation layers of Braun-Blanquet method on the Pinus thunbergii forests. We used multivariate analysis technique to know the correlations between the vegetation group types and the location environmental factors; we used the location environment factors such as altitudes above sea level, tidal winds (distance from the coast), annual average temperatures, and forest gaps to know the vegetation distribution patterns. Results: According to the results on the lowland of Jeju Island, the understory vegetation of the lowland Pinus thunbergii forests was dominated by tall evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum showing a vegetation group structure of the mid-succession, and the distribution patterns of vegetation were determined by the altitudes above sea level, the tidal winds on the distance from the coast, the annual average temperatures, and the forest gaps. We could discriminate the secondary succession characteristics of the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowland and highland of Jeju Island of South Korea. Conclusions: In the lowland of Jeju Island, the secondary succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica (mid-successional species)→Machilus thunbergii (late-successional species) sequence in the temperate areas with strong tidal winds. In the highland of Jeju Island, the succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Neolitsea sericea, Eurya japonica (mid-successional species)→Castanopsis sieboldii (late-successional species) sequence in the areas where tidal winds are weak and temperatures are relatively low. However, local differences between lowland and highland of Jeju Island will be caused by the micro-environmental factors resulting from the topographic differences and the supply of tree seeds. From the characteristics of succession study, we could properly predict and manage the Pinus thunbergii forest ecosystem on lowland and highland of Jeju Island.