재난관리(災難管理)의 주요(主要) 요소(要素)로서의 취약성(脆弱性) (vulnerability) 패러다임 변화(變化)와 평가접근(評價接近)

( Ye Xingyi ),이종열 ( Lee Jong-youl ) 인천대학교 사회과학연구원 2013 사회과학연구 Vol.3 No.-

All kinds of disasters are increasing over 21st century. One important management component is the concept of vulnerability. The first task for disaster management is to identify the vulnerability. The vulnerability includes social, economic, and physical aspects. The vulnerability varies according to the approaches which are taken. There are vulnerability indicators of varied aspects. The vulnerability paradigm consists of scientific management approach, disaster Governance approach, local knowledge and real response approach, and vulnerability and crisis evaluation Matrix. Disaster science and management approach is a main approach which puts an emphasis on the controllability of nature which is separate from society. This approach focuses on the technology development which makes monitoring physical process possible. This approach is challenged by structural approach which argues that the disasters of developing countries are caused by such social structure as domestic war, foreign debts, unplanned urbanization, unsafe building structures. This is closely related to local knowledge and community participation. Disaster governance approach identifies the social priority regarding disasters and vulnerability and suggests disaster response areas Local disaster response approach puts an emphasis on local residents and their customs and knowledge, tries to upbuild their ability, resources, and social networks. Vulnerability evaluation Matrix includes capability in addition to disaster and vulnerability and tries to measure the disaster probability in quantity. Finally, social vulnerability evaluation approach includes demographic, typology, situational, contextual approaches. Especially the contextual approach suggests crisis evaluation Matrix for scientific disaster management.

북한의 기후변화 취약성과 기후변화 대응을 위한 남북협력 (Ⅰ)

명수정,최영은,최현일,( Youngil Kim ) 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 및 목적 □ 연구의 배경 ○ 북한의 기후변화는 전 세계 평균보다도 빠르게 진행되고 있으며 기후변화와 관련한 영향과 피해가 증가하고 있는 실정으로 기후변화 대응이 시급 ○ 기후변화에 대응한 협력 추진을 위하여 북한의 기후변화 취약성을 이해하고 남북협력의 기반 마련 필요 □ 연구의 목적 ○ 향후 남북 간 및 국제사회와의 기후변화 대응 협력추진을 위해 북한의 기후변화 취약성을 검토하고 관련 기초 자료를 수집하고자 함 - 기후변화 취약성 파악을 위한 평가틀을 구축하고 관련 기초자료를 수집하여 이를 시범적으로 적용 Ⅱ. 기후변화 및 기후변화 취약성 동향 1. 국내외 기후변화 동향 □ 전 세계적으로 기후변화 현상이 가속화 ○ 대기 중 온실가스 농도는 전례 없는 수준으로 높으며 지표 평균 온도는 산업화 이전과 비교하여 약 0.8~1.2℃ 상승하였음 ○ 국제사회는 파리협정의 체결과 탄소중립 선언 등 기후변화 완화를 위한 여러 노력을 기울이고 있으나 이미 배출된 온실가스로 인해 기후변화는 계속 진행될 전망 □ 한반도는 전 세계 평균보다도 빠르게 기후변화가 진행 중 ○ 기상청의 기후평년값 분석에 의하면 최근 남북한은 온난화현상이 뚜렷하게 나타남 - 남한의 평균기온은 이전 30년(1981~2010년)의 평년값 12.5℃인 데 반해 최근 30년(1991~2020)의 평년값은 12.8℃로 0.3℃ 상승 - 북한의 평균기온은 이전 평년값 8.5℃인데 반해 최근 평년값은 8.9℃로 0.4℃ 상승 ○ 강수량의 경우 이전 기후 평년값(1981~2010)에 비해 신 기후 평년값(1991~2020)이 남한은 1.4mm, 북한은 7.7mm 감소하였음 2. 기후변화 취약성과 리스크 및 분석 틀 □ 기후변화 취약성의 개념과 기후 리스크 ○ 기후변화 취약성은 기후변화 대응에 있어 특히 중요한 개념이자 필수 정보이며, 이를 바탕으로 적응 방안과 전략을 도출할 수 있어 취약성 평가는 기후변화 적응을 위해 우선적으로 수행해야 하는 핵심절차 - 기후변화 취약성은 한 사회나 개인이 기후변화의 부정적 영향에 대응하거나 적응할 수 있는 역량이 부족하여 기후변화의 영향을 받는 경향을 의미함 ○ 기후변화 리스크는 취약성과 같은 평가과정을 거치기도 하며, 대상지역의 기후변화 영향과 피해에 대한 정보를 바탕으로 기후 리스크를 목록화하여 적응방안 도출에 활용하는 접근도 이루어지고 있음 □ 기후변화 취약성 분석 틀 ○ 기후변화 취약성은 주로 기후변화에 대한 노출과 민감도, 그리고 적응역량의 함수로 평가되어 왔으나 최근 자연재해와 같은 기후 관련 위해(hazrd) 요소를 함께 고려하기 시작하였으며, 이를 기후 리스크로 부르기도 함 ○ 본 연구는 기후변화 취약성을 기후 노출과 민감도, 그리고 (기후) 위해의 세 요소가 함께 잠재적인 기후변화 영향을 초래하며, 적응역량을 통해 기후 영향을 상쇄하고 최종적으로 잔류하는 기후변화의 영향을 취약성으로 부름 - 본 연구는 위해 요소가 포함된 기후변화 취약성·리스크 개념을 기후변화 취약성 평가를 위한 분석틀로서 <그림 1>과 같이 제시함 ※ 본 연구는 기후변화 취약성·리스크를 줄여 기후변화 취약성으로 부름 Ⅲ. 북한지역 기후변화 취약성 시범 검토과 1차 연도 결론 1. 기후변화 취약성 분석틀의 시범적용 □ 북한의 기후변화 취약성 검토를 위한 관련 현황 조사 및 자료 수집 ○ 북한지역의 기후변화 취약성을 파악하고자 이상에서 제시한 취약성 분석틀을 적용하기 위해 관련 현황조사와 입력 자료를 구축함 - (기후) 위해 부문의 경우 폭염, 열대야 일수, 홍수, 재난이력 항목으로 구성 - (기후) 노출 부문의 경우 온도, 강수량, 습도, 풍속으로 구성하였으며, 온도의 경우 다시 연평균 기온, 연평균 최고 및 최저기온 세부 항목으로 구성 - 민감도의 경우 지형, 인구, 토지 및 토양, 보건 및 건강으로 구성하였으며, 인구는 인구 밀집도와 취약인구, 토지·토양은 토지이용과 토양침식, 보건·건강은 발육부진과 질병 발생률의 세부 항목으로 구성 - 적응역량 부문은 교통 접근성, 물 접근성, 하수도 접근성, 청정에너지에 대한 접근성, 식량 접근성, 그리고 정보에 대한 접근성 항목으로 구성 □ 기후변화 취약성 평가틀의 북한지역 시범 적용 ○ 북한의 기후변화 취약성을 파악하고자 이상에서 구축한 입력자료를 활용하여 기후변화 취약성 평가틀을 시범적으로 적용함 ○ 입력자료는 서로 다른 단위와 범위를 가지고 있으므로 취약성에 대한 정량적 연산이 가능하도록 표준화 과정을 거침 □ 기후변화 취약성은 지역의 기후변화 영향과 적응역량 등에 따라 다르게 나타남 ○ 평양과 황해북도 및 양강도 지역이 기후변화에 대한 취약성이 상대적으로 낮고, 황해 남도와 함경남도 지역은 기후변화 취약성이 상대적으로 높게 나타남 ○ 기후변화에 대한 민감도는 황해남도와 평안북도가 높았으며, 적응역량의 경우 평양과 평안남도 지역이 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 나타났음 2. 1차 연도 결론 및 향후 계획 □ 북한의 기후변화 영향과 취약성 ○ 남북한은 모두 같은 추세로 기후변화가 진행되고 있는데, 북한의 온난화는 남한보다 더 빠르게 진행되고 있으며 사회전반에 영향을 미치고 있음 ○ 북한의 기후변화 취약성은 기후변화의 영향과 적응역량 등에 따라 지역 간 차이를 보임 ○ 적응역량이 높을 경우 취약성을 줄여줄 수 있으므로 적응역량을 높여나가는 것이 필요함 □ 향후 계획 ○ 차기연도에는 IPCC AR6의 새로운 기후 시나리오 반영 등 보다 최신의 입력자료를 수집, 1차 연도의 시범결과를 보완하여 기후변화 취약성을 파악할 예정 ○ 북한의 기후변화 취약성과 유엔기후변화협약 등 국제사회의 기후변화 논의 동향을 바탕으로 기후변화 대응 남북협력 방안을 모색하고자 함 Ⅰ. Background and Purpose of the Study □ Background of the Study ○ Climate change in North Korea is progressing faster than the global average, and its impacts and damage are increasing. ○ It is necessary to understand North Korea's vulnerability to climate change and lay the groundwork for inter-Korean cooperation in order to respond to climate change in the Korean Peninsula. □ Purpose of the study ○ In order to promote cooperation in response to climate change between South and North Koreas, and with the international community in the future, this study aimed to understand the vulnerability of North Korea to climate change and collect basic data related to it. - Establishing an analysis framework to figure out the vulnerability to climate change, collect relevant basic data, and apply it as a pilot application Ⅱ. Climate Change and Climate Change Vulnerability Trends 1. Trends of Global and Domestic Climate Change □ Global climate change is accelerating ○ The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is unprecedentedly high, and the average surface temperature has risen by 0.8~1.2℃ compared to the pre-industrial level. ○ Although the international community is making various efforts to mitigate climate change, such as the Paris Agreement and the Declaration of Carbon Neutrality, climate change is expected to continue due to the greenhouse gases already emitted. □ The Korean Peninsula is undergoing climate change fast ○ According to the Korea Meteorological Administration's analysis of the average annual value of climate, the recent warming in the Korean Peninsula is clearly visible. - The average temperature in South Korea was 12.5℃ for the previous 30 years (1981 to 2010), whereas the average temperature for the last 30 years (1991 to 2020) was 12.8℃, showing an increase of 0.3℃. - The average temperature in North Korea was 8.5℃ in the previous 30 years, but the recent 30 years’ average temperature is 8.9℃, showing an increase of 0.4℃. ○ In the case of precipitation, the new 30 years(1991~2020) average decreased by -1.4 mm in South Korea and -7.7 mm in North Korea compared to the previous 30 years(1981 ~ 2010). 2. Climate Change Vulnerability and Risk, and Analysis Framework □ The Concept of Climate Change Vulnerability and Climate Risk ○ Vulnerability to climate change is a particularly important concept and essential information in responding to climate change because adaptation measures and strategies can be drawn based on this. - Vulnerability to climate change refers to the tendency of a society or individual to be affected by climate change due to lack of capacity to respond or adapt to the negative effects of climate change. ○ Although climate change risks go through the same evaluation process as vulnerability, there is also an approach that lists specific climate risks based on information on the impact and damage of climate change in the target area and uses them to derive adaptation measures. □ Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis Framework ○ Vulnerability to climate change has been mainly analyzed as a function of exposure and sensitivity to climate change, and adaptive capacity. ○ The three factors of climate change vulnerability, that is, climate exposure, sensitivity, and (climate) hazard together cause potential climate change impacts. In this study the residual impact of climate change are impacts after the adaptation capacity mitigated the climate impacts. - This study presents the concept of vulnerability and risk to climate change including hazard factor as an analysis framework for vulnerability assessment as shown in < Figure 1 >. ※ This study will use the term “climate change vulnerability” to mean “climate change vulnerability and risk”. Ⅲ. A Pilot Analysis of Climate Change Vulnerability in North Korea and Conclusion of the First Year’s Study 1. Pilot Application of Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis Framework □ Investigate the current situation and collect data to review North Korea's vulnerability to climate change ○ In order to figure out the vulnerability of North Korea to climate change, input data sets were established to apply the framework of vulnerability analysis presented above. - The category of “Hazard” consists of heat waves, nights with extreme hot temperature, floods, and disaster history. - The category of “Climate Exposure” consists of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind speed. The “temperature” is further divided into average annual temperature and average annual maximum and minimum temperature. - The category of “Sensitivity” was composed of topography, population, land and soil, and health. Population was further divided into population density and vulnerable population. Land and soil contained land use and soil erosion. Health was classified into stunted growth and disease incidence. - The adaptive capacity consists of transportation access, water access, sewer access, access to clean energy, access to food, and access to information. □ Pilot Application of Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Framework to North Korea ○ In order to figure out the vulnerability of North Korea to climate change, the framework for evaluating vulnerability was applied as a pilot using the input data constructed above. ○ Since the input data has different units and ranges, a standardization process was carried out to enable quantitative calculation of vulnerabilities. □ Variant Vulnerability to Climate Change Depending on Regional Climate Change Impacts and Adaptive Capacities ○ The vulnerability to climate change was relatively low in Pyongyang, North Hwanghae and Ryanggang Provinces, while South Hwanghae and South Hamgyong Provinces showed relatively high vulnerability to climate change (Figure 2). ○ As for the sensitivity to climate change, South Hwanghae and North Pyongan Provinces were high, and Pyongyang and South Pyongan Provinces showed relatively high adaptive capacity. 2. The First Year’s Conclusions and Future Plans □ North Korea’s Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability ○ Climate change is progressing in the same trend in both South and North Koreas, and the warming in North Korea is progressing faster than in South Korea, affecting the society as a whole. ○ North Korea’s vulnerability to climate change varies among regions depending on climate change impacts and adaptive capacities; if adaptive capacity is high, vulnerability can be reduced. □ Future Plans ○ In the next year, more up-to-date input data such as new climate scenarios by IPCC AR6 will be collected and the results of the first year will be supplemented to figure out the vulnerabilities and risks of climate change. ○ The researchers hope to propose a plan for inter-Korean cooperation in response to climate change by figuring out the vulnerability to and risk of climate change in North Korea and by identifying the trends in the international community's discussions on climate change, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

의료 취약성을 고려한 폭염 재해 취약성 분석 및 취약지역의 특성 도출

최혜림,한우석 국토연구원 2021 국토연구 Vol.110 No.-

This study analyzed heat wave disaster vulnerability considering medical vulnerabilities and derived the characteristics of vulnerable areas through this. As a method of research, first, present vulnerability with the climate change disaster vulnerability assessment was analyzed. Second, medical resource vulnerabilities and emergency medical access vulnerability assessment were performed to analyze medical vulnerability. Finally, the heat wave vulnerable areas were derived through overlapping analysis, and policy measures considering local characteristics were proposed. According to the analysis, areas with high medical vulnerability and heat wave disaster vulnerability are also highly vulnerable to climate exposure, poor residential areas, and vulnerable populations. As a result, measures such as the maintenance of the residential environment and the expansion of the operation of a hot shelter could be proposed around old houses. On the other hand, areas with relatively low vulnerability were found to have low vulnerability about urban physical environments such as climate exposure and road area etc. However, in comparison, vulnerability to the vulnerable population is highly derived, making it difficult to respond appropriately in the event of a thermal illness. As a result, measures such as expansion of medical institutions and preparation of a system of care activities for vulnerable groups by region could be proposed. The results of this study can be used as basic data for improvement of disaster vulnerability assessment and urban planning considering disaster prevention. 본 논문은 의료 취약성을 고려한 폭염 재해 취약성을 분석하고, 이를 통해 취약지역의 특성을 도출하였다. 연구의 방법으로는 첫째, 도시 기후변화 재해 취약성 분석 중 현재 취약성을 분석하였다. 둘째, 의료 취약성을 분석하기 위하여 의료 자원 취약성과 응급 의료 접근 취약성 분석을 수행하였다. 마지막으로, 중첩분석을 통해 폭염 취약지역을 도출하고, 지역별 특성을 반영하여 폭염 대응 방안을 제시하였다. 분석 결과, 의료 취약성과 폭염 재해 취약성이 모두 높은 지역은 의료 취약성과 함께 기후노출, 주거불량지역, 취약인구에 대한 취약성이 높은 것이 원인으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 노후 주택을 중심으로 주거환경정비 및 무더위 쉼터 운영 확대 등과 같은 방안들이 제시될 수 있을 것이다. 다음으로 상대적으로 취약성이 낮게 도출된 지역은 기후노출과 도로면적과 같은 도시 물리적 환경의 취약성이 낮아 폭염 재해 취약성이 낮게 도출된 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 이에 비해 취약인구에 대한 취약성은 높게 도출되어 온열질환자 발생 시 적절한 대응이 어려울 것으로 보인다. 이에 따라 의료기관 확대 방안 및 지역별 취약계층 돌보미 활동 체계 마련 등과 같은 방안들이 제시될 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문의 결과는 재해의 특성을 반영한 취약성 분석 개선방안 마련 및 재해 예방형 도시계획 도입을 위한 기본자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

서울특별시 반지하 가구를 고려한 홍수 취약성 평가

음정인,김형규 한국기후변화학회 2024 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.15 No.1

This study estimated the number of semi-basement households in Seoul and evaluated their flood vulnerability at the administrative dong level, taking various factors into consideration. Vulnerability assessment indicators, including the percentages of semi-basement households, were selected based on previous studies and consisted of a total of 26 indicators, considering exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability. Social, economic, environmental, and integrated flood vulnerability were all considered in multidimensional evaluation of both flood vulnerability and the multidimensionality of damage. Vulnerability assessment was conducted by calculating and evaluating vulnerability for each dimension. Subsequently, integrated flood vulnerability was assessed by summing the values of the social, economic, and environmental categories and interpreted in comparison to flood inundation maps. The evaluation results showed that in all vulnerability categories, more than half of the administrative dongs in Seoul exhibited high vulnerability. For social flood vulnerability, in particular, the highest number of administrative dongs had a "very high" rating among the four vulnerability categories, indicating a significant potential for population and social system damage in the event of a flood. Additionally, integrated flood vulnerability exhibited very high results in Seoul's southwestern and northeastern areas. These study findings are expected to contribute to region-specific flood response and policy prioritization aimed at reducing semi-basement dwelling damage. Furthermore, identifying the number of semi-basement households in Seoul and demonstrating their societal flood vulnerability can be utilized as valuable data for the purpose of reducing damage to such households.

기후변화로 인한 홍수위험의 사회적 취약성 평가 연구 -인천시를 사례로-

조형진,김경배 건국대학교 기후연구소 2015 기후연구 Vol.10 No.4

The aim of this study is to suggest the social vulnerability index for reflecting social properties of a region, such as population and economy, in vulnerability assessment. For such a research objective, this study composed the assessment index with 'social vulnerability' and 'physical vulnerability'. Also, this study composed the social vulnerability with 'population vulnerability index', 'economic vulnerability index' and 'information vulnerability index' while composing the physical vulnerability with 'flood-risk index', and then selected proxy variables. In addition, this study determined the weight using an entropy weight measurement as an objective weight measurement. The vulnerability assessment result is as follows: First, the vulnerable areas were concentrated around the inner harbours and some rivers of Incheon. Second, the areas vulnerable to the flood caused by climate change were found to be highly vulnerable socially as well as physically. Third, results of assessment were different according to the social properties of an areas despite the identical level of flood risk. The resultant implications are following. First, there is the necessity of having to put emphasis on social vulnerability of an area from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. Second, there is the necessity of having to arrange effective social and physical adaptation strategy based on the results of vulnerability assessment.

노인의 범죄두려움 영향요인에 대한 연구: 취약성 가설을 중심으로

송일호 ( Shong Il Ho ),곽대경 ( Kwack Dae Gyung ) 한국경찰학회 2018 한국경찰학회보 Vol.20 No.5

이 연구는 취약성 가설을 통하여 노인의 범죄두려움에 대해 살펴보는 것을 주된 목적으로 한다. 기존의 범죄두려움 연구에서는 개인이 가지는 취약성에 주목했고 개인의 실질적인 범죄취약성 인식에 주목하지 않았다. 이에 이 연구는 기존의 취약성 가설에서 주장하는 신체적, 사회적 취약성을 측정하는 지표들이 범죄취약성 인식을 거쳐 범죄두려움에 영향을 미치는지, 범죄두려움에 직접 영향을 미치는지를 경험적으로 검증하였다. 이 연구는 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 형사정책 연구원에서 전국을 대상으로 수집한 전국범죄피해조사(KCVS) 2014의 자료를 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 성별의 경우 기존 취약성 가설을 지지하였으며, 범죄취약성 인식을 거쳐 범죄두려움에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연령과 교육수준의 경우 취약성 가설과 상반되는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 소득은 범죄취약성 인식을 거쳐 범죄두려움에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 기존의 취약성 가설의 설명에 반하는 결과를 보였는데, 이는 노인의 경우 향후 재산형성의 어려움과 기대수명 증가로 인한 경제적 지출의 우려에 기인한 결과로 판단된다. This study is primarily aimed at examining elderly crime fears through vulnerability hypotheses. Previous studies of crime fears have focused on the vulnerability of individuals and not on the recognition of their actual vulnerability. In response, the study tested whether metrics that measure physical and social vulnerabilities claimed in the existing vulnerability hypothesis affected crime fear through vulnerability awareness or directly affected crime fear. To achieve this goal, the study was analyzed using data from the Korean Crime Victim Survey(KCVS)2014, collected by the KOREAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY. The analysis shows that gender supports the existing vulnerability hypothesis and affects crime fear through vulnerability awareness. Age and education levels have a contrary effect to the vulnerability hypothesis. Income has been shown to influence crime fears through vulnerability recognition, which in the case of senior citizens, is considered to be difficult to create property in the future and concerns about economic expenditures due to increased life expectancy as a result of countering the existing vulnerability hypothesis.

A Study on Criteria of Selecting Database When Establishing an Automated Mechanism of Collecting Publically-known Vulnerabilities for Nuclear Facilities

Eunji Chang 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

Nuclear operators must sort out their digital assets as Critical Digital Asset (CDA) and manage their vulnerabilities. Since vulnerabilities are continually found and can be abused anytime, and the number of digital assets in nuclear facilities is increasing, it is important to collect publically-known vulnerabilities in automated mechanism to reevaluate their risks. KINAC is now in progress of establishing an automated mechanism of collecting publically-known vulnerabilities for nuclear facilities. This paper will discuss about criteria of selecting database when establishing an automated mechanism of collecting publically-known vulnerabilities for nuclear facilities. When selecting sets of vulnerability database, the characteristic of sets of digital assets need to be managed, importance of each digital asset, and where and who will use the set of digital assets should be mainly considered. Most of safety-related CDAs are made and used in the United States, and safety-related CDAs are similar to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) facilities. Therefore, the main vulnerability database used in the United States should be included when collecting the database of vulnerabilities. Especially, US government actively provides vulnerabilities of digital assets, enacting vulnerability disclosure policy to make each organization report their own potential vulnerabilities. The main vulnerability database of the US is National Vulnerability Database (NVD) of NIST. It contains over 150,000 vulnerabilities on ICT and Industrial Control System (ICS). Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) published “Cyber Security Vulnerability and Risk Management”, Addendum 5 to NEI 08-09, and informed that US-CERT, ICS-CERT, and NVD can be used as publically-known vulnerability database, and US National Regulatory Commission (NRC) endorsed the publication. In South Korea, KrCERT and National Cyber Threat Intelligence (NCTI) share publically-known vulnerabilities, however, the number of vulnerabilities are less than those of NVD, and most of the data are duplication of those of NVD. Moreover, certain portion of information are only opened to authorized organizations, so it is unable to access those databases. Therefore, considering the fact that most information of vulnerabilities of CDAs are included in NVD and ICS-CERT, vulnerability database should also contain information from NVD and ICS-CERT. Otherwise, the database must contain equivalent information compared to NVD and ICS-CERT. Furthermore, the methodology for collecting vulnerabilities of digital assets from other countries is also required to be studied in the future research.

인간대상연구에서 취약성에 대한 접근방식 변화의 필요성과 방향

유수정,최슬비,김은애 한국생명윤리학회 2020 생명윤리 Vol.21 No.1

To protect the vulnerable individuals and groups (thereafter referred to as "vulnerable subjects") is an important concern in research involving human subjects such as clinical trials. The responsibility for protecting the vulnerable subjects lies with researchers and the Institutional Review Boards (thereafter referred to as the "IRBs"). In order for researchers and IRBs to protect the vulnerable subjects, they must be able to answer what the vulnerability is as well as to identify who the vulnerable subjects are. However, under the current law such as 「Bioethics and Safety Act」 and Pharmaceutical Affairs Act」, the definition of vulnerable subjects focuses more on grouping and listing those who should be considered vulnerable. Therefore, there is a lack of clear identifying criteria or methods to determine the vulnerability and the vulnerable subjects, or to accurately and flexibly identify the vulnerable subjects for each research involving human subjects and to come up with practical protection measures for them. In addition, the conventional definition and traditional approach to the vulnerability can be criticized because it involves categorical exclusion of all members of a group that have a certain characteristic. Accordingly, this approach marginalizes the vulnerable subjects, rather than protects them. In this context, this article analyzes the problems of the conventional approach to the vulnerability and the concerns related to the definition of vulnerable subjects. This article also discusses the ways to modify the legal definition of vulnerable subjects and existing approach to the vulnerability. This article analyze the contents of the Helsinki Declaration, the Belmont Report, and the International ethical guidelines for health-related research involving humans 2016 by the CIOMS. Based on the results of this analysis, we argue that the legal definition of vulnerable subjects should be presented appropriately in identifying the vulnerable subjects in research involving human subjects as a higher concept. Furthermore, we also argue that the vulnerability should be amended to understand why attention should be paid to the vulnerable subjects. Finally, we argue that the vulnerability and the vulnerable subjects should be judged not only by considering various types of vulnerability but also by comprehensively considering the overall context surrounding the research and the research subjects, and the reasons for participating as well as the reasons for excluding vulnerable subjects should also be considered. 임상시험을 포함하여 인간을 대상으로 하는 연구에서 취약한 개인과 집단(이하 ‘취약한 연구대상자’라 한다)에 대한 보호는 매우 중요하고, 취약한 연구대상자 보호에 대한 책임은 연구자와 함께 기관생명윤리위원회/임상시험심사위원회(Institutional Review Board, 이하 ‘IRB’라 한다)에게도 있다. 연구자와 IRB가 취약한 연구대상자를 보호하기 위해서는 취약성이란 무엇이고 취약한 연구대상자가 누구인지를 먼저 파악할 수 있어야 한다. 그러나 현행법상 이와 관련된 구체적인 내용은 취약한 연구대상자에 대한 정의뿐인데, 이는 취약하다고 판단되어야 하는 연구대상자를 집단적으로 단정짓듯이 하며 일일이 나열해 두는 데에 보다 중점을 두고 있다. 따라서 이를 통해 취약성과 취약한 연구대상자를 판단할 수 있는 기준이나 방법을 확인한다거나, 모든 인간대상연구 각각에 있어 정확하면서도 유연성 있게 취약한 연구대상자를 파악해내고 이를 위한 실질적인 보호방안을 마련하는 데에 한계가 있다. 또한 이러한 정의와 이를 기반으로 취약성과 취약한 연구대상자에 대해 접근하는 방식은 특정한 조건을 가진 집단에 속하는 전체의 구성원이라면 재고의 여지 없이 취약한 연구대상자로 간주되도록 하고 있는데, 이는 취약한 연구대상자가 보호라는 명목 하에 결과적으로 연구에서 범주적으로 배제되도록 만들었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 취약성에 대한 기존의 접근방식과 취약한 연구대상자에 대한 법적 정의가 어떤 문제점을 가지고 있는지를 분석해보고, <헬싱키선언>과 <벨몬트보고서>, 그리고 특히 <건강 관련 인간대상연구에 대한 국제윤리가이드라인(일명 ‘CIOMS 가이드라인’)>상 관련 내용의 분석을 통해 취약한 연구대상자에 대한 법적 정의가 어떻게 교정되어야 하고 취약성에 대한 기존의 접근방법이 어떠한 방향으로 변화되어야 하는지에 대해 논의해보았다. 이를 통해, 취약한 연구대상자에 대한 법적 정의는 인간대상연구라는 상위개념의 연구에 있어 취약한 연구대상자를 파악하는 데에 적절하도록 제시되어야 할 것이고, 취약성이 무엇이며 왜 취약한 연구대상자에게 주의를 기울여야 하는지 이해할 수 있도록 교정되어야 함을 주장하였다. 그리고 취약성과 취약한 연구대상자는 취약성의 다양한 유형을 고려하여 판단되어야 할 뿐만 아니라 연구와 연구대상자를 둘러싼 전체 맥락을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단되어야 하고, 이러한 판단에 있어 취약한 연구대상자를 배제시켜야 할 사유만이 아닌 참여시켜야 할 이유도 고려할 필요가 있음을 주장하였다.

가상화 환경 위험도 관리체계화를 위한 취약점 분석

박미영 ( Mi-young Park ),승현우 ( Hyen-woo Seung ),임양미 ( Yang-mi Lim ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2013 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.14 No.3

최근 IT분야에서 클라우드 컴퓨팅 기술은 유연성, 효율성, 비용절감이라는 특징을 갖고 있어 현 사회에 빠르게 보급되고 있다. 그러나 클라우드 컴퓨팅 시스템은 보안의 취약점을 크게 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 클라우드 컴퓨팅 시스템 보안의 취약점 해결을 위해, 가상머신의 취약점에 대한 유형 및 영향분석 타입(impact type)을 정하고, 가상머신의 취약점에 대한 위험도 평가에 따른 우선순위를 정하였다. 취약점 분석을 위해서는 오픈프레임워크인 CVSS2.0을 기반으로 취약점에 대한 위험도 측정 기준을 정의하고 해당 취약점마다 점수를 매겨 위험도 측정을 체계화하였다. 제시된 취약점 위험도 기준은 취약점의 근본적인 특징을 제시하고 취약점에 대한 위험도를 제공하여 취약점 최소화를 위한 기술적 가이드를 작성하는 데에 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 제시된 취약점위험도 기준은 연구내용 자체로 의미가 있으며 향후 추진될 기술 정책프로젝트에서 활용될 수 있다. Recently in the field of IT, cloud computing technology has been deployed rapidly in the current society because of its flexibility, efficiency and cost savings features. However, cloud computing system has a big problem of vulnerability in security. In order to solve the vulnerability of cloud computing systems security in this study, impact types of virtual machine about the vulnerability were determined and the priorities were determined according to the risk evaluation of virtual machine`s vulnerability. For analyzing the vulnerability, risk measurement standards about the vulnerability were defined based on CVSS2.0, which is an open frame work; and the risk measurement was systematized by scoring for relevant vulnerabilities. Vulnerability risk standards are considered to suggest fundamental characteristics of vulnerability and to provide the degree of risks and consequently to be applicable to technical guides to minimize the vulnerability. Additionally, suggested risk standard of vulnerability is meaningful as the study content itself and could be used in technology policy project which is to be conducted in the future.

Simplified vulnerability assessment procedure for a warship based on the vulnerable area approach

Kwang Sik Kim,이장현 대한기계학회 2012 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.26 No.7

The vulnerability of a warship is defined as its inability to withstand a man-made hostile environment, and can be estimated by the conditional probability of being killed by a hit. We describe ship vulnerability given a penetration hit, and propose a vulnerability assessment procedure that incorporates a vulnerable area approach to naval ship survivability. Measures of vulnerability indicate the killability of critical components with respect to the effectiveness of hostile weapons. In the proposed methodology, a warship is considered to be an assembly of critical components representing an entire vulnerability. We evaluated the vulnerability of a warship subjected to penetration effects using hypothetical models because of the paucity of available data and information, and the effectiveness of such assessment methods during initial warship design. The proposed approach introduces critical component redundancy and overlap, the effects of single hits and multiple hits, and attempts to directly apply the vulnerability assessment technique to vulnerability reduction. The kill tree method, Markov chain method, and Poisson method are applied to multiple hits on critical components. Examples show that the proposed method can provide the vulnerability parameters of a warship under the threat of being hit by a vulnerable area approach,thereby enabling an assessment of vulnerability.