3차원 CT 영상을 이용한 두개악안면 분석을 위한 계측점의 제안

장혜숙,백형선 대한치과교정학회 2002 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.32 No.5

3차원 CT체서는 환자의 움직임에 의한 오차와 상의 확대나 왜곡을 감소시킨 실측치를 얻을 수 있으며 두개안면부의 입체적인 영상을 구성할 수 있고 원하는 조직이나 구조물의 관찰이 용이하다. 디지털 영상 기술이 빠르게 발전하고 있고 치료의 범위가 더욱 넓어지면서 두개악안면 구조의 3차원적인 분석법의 개발은 시급한 과제가 되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Vworks 프로그램™(Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea)을 이용하여 정상인과 비대칭 환자의 3차원 CT영상에서 지정이 용이하고 반복재현성이 높은 계측점을 설정하고자 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 건조두개골의 실측치와 Vworks 프로그램을 이용하여 구성한 3차원 CT영상에서의 계측치를 비교한 결과 평균오차가 0.99mm, 확대율이 1.04%로 나타났다. 2. 3차원 CT영상에서 경조직 계측점으로 Supraorbitale, Lateral orbital margin, Infraorbitale, Nasion, ANS, A point, Zygomaticomaxilla, Upper incisor, Lower incisor, B point, Pogonion, Menton, PNS, Condylar inner margin, Condylar outer margin, Porion, Condylion, Gonion2, Gonion3, Sigmoid notch,Basion 등이 임상적으로 유용하다고 판단되었다. 3. 3차원 CT영상에서 연조직 계측점으로 Endocanthion, Exocanthio, Soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Alsre lateralis, Upper nostril point, Lower nostril point, Subnasale, Upper lip point, Cheilionm Stomion, Lower lip center, Soft tissue B, Pogonion Menton, Preaurale 등이 임상적으로 유용하다고 판단되었다. Vworks 프로그램으로 3차원 CT영상을 구성하고 계측하는 것이 임상적으로 유용하다고 판단되었다. 또한 위에서 제안된 연조직 및 경조직 계측점들은 3차원 CT영상에서 반복 재현성을 높고 지정이 용이하며 해부학적 특징을 나타내주는 점들로 두개악안면 구조의 3차원적인 진단과 술전, 술후의 예측과 비교에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 사료되는 바이다. Three-dimensional CT imaging is efficient in examining specific structures in the craniofacial area by reproducing actual measurements through minimization of errors from patient movement and image magnification. Due to the rapid development of digital image technology and the expansion of treatment range a need for developing three dimensional analysis has become urgent. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the percentage of error and magnification of three-dimensional CT using a dried skull and Vworks program™ (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea) and also to obtain landmarks that are easy to designate and reproduce in three-dimensional images using the Vmorph-proto program™ (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea). The following conclusions were obtained ; 1. In the comparison of actual measurements from the dried skull and the three-dimensional image obtained from the Vworks program, the mean error was 0.99mm and magnification was 1.04%. 2. Clinically useful hard tissue landmarks from three-dimensional images were Supraorbitale, Lateral orbital margin, Infraorbitale, Nasion, ANS, A point, Zygomaticomaxilla, Upper incisor, Lower incisor, B point, pogonion, Menton, PNS, Condylar inner margin, Condylar outer margin, Porion, Condylion, Gonionl, Gonion2, Gonion3, Sigmoid notch and Basion. 3. Clinically useful soft tissue landmarks from three-dimensional images were Endocanthion, Exocanthion, Soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Alare lateralis, Upper nostril point, Lower nostril point, Subnasale, Upper lip point, Cheilion Stomion, Lower lip center, Soft tissue B, Pogonion Menton and Preaurale. The Vworks program can be considered a clinically efficient tool to produce and measure three-dimensional images. Most of the hard and soft tissue landmarks proposed above are anatomically important points which are also easily reproducible and designated. These landmarks can be beneficial in three-dimensional diagnosis and the prediction of changes before and after surgery.

입체영상(立體映像)을 이용한 원격Robot 조작자의 수행도 분석

조암,전용웅,Jo, Am,Jeon, Yong-Ung 대한인간공학회 1999 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.18 No.3

In order to apply three-dimensional images to industries, the possibility of realizing three-dimensional images should be ensured and when operating a task using three-dimensional images, the intention of the observer and the result of operation should be precisely related. The aim of this paper is to investigate the task performance of a human operator during operating a robot manipulator using three-dimensional and two-dimensional image displays. From the result of this research, it was found that the accuracy of robot operation in the case of using three-dimensional displays is much higher than in the case of using two-dimensional displays and the adapting time to the operating task using three-dimensional displays is shorter than that using two-dimensional displays. From such results, we concluded that the application of three-dimensional displays, which can closely reflect real environment, to industries is desirable.

Three-Dimensional Fast Spin-Echo Imaging without Fat Suppression of the Knee: Diagnostic Accuracy Comparison to Fat-Suppressed Imaging on 1.5T MRI

조희우,서진석,박진오,김형식,정수윤,이영한,한석 연세대학교의과대학 2017 Yonsei medical journal Vol.58 No.6

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of three-dimensional fast spin-echo (3D FSE-Cube) without fat suppression (NFS) for detecting knee lesions, using comparison to 3D FSE-Cube with fat suppression (FS). Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-four patients who underwent 1.5T knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and 25 subsequent arthroscopic surgeries were retrospectively reviewed. Using arthroscopic results and two-dimensional images as reference standards, diagnostic performances of 3D FSE-Cube-NFS and FS imaging about lesions of ligament, meniscus, subchondralbone marrow edema (BME), and cartilage were compared. Scan parameters of 3D FSE-Cube imaging were previously optimized by a porcine knee phantom. Results: No significant differences were observed between detection rates of NFS and FS imaging for detecting lesions of meniscusand cartilage (p>0.05). However, NFS imaging had lower sensitivity for detection of medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears, and lower sensitivity and specificity for detection of BME lesions, compared to FS imaging (p<0.05). Conclusion: 3D FSE-Cube-NFS imaging showed similar diagnostic performance for detecting lesions of meniscus or cartilage compared to FS imaging, unlike MCL or BME lesions.

대동맥궁 기형 환자에서 나선형 CT를 이용한 3차원 영상 진단의 유용성

김양민,김태훈,김미영 世宗醫學硏究所 2000 世宗醫學 Vol.17 No.2

아동의 창의성과 정서함양을 위한 아동미술교육 프로그램 연구 - 도식기(6세∼9세) 아동의 입체표현을 중심으로 -

이해윤 한국아동미술학회 2017 아동미술교육 Vol.16 No.-

다양성이 요구되는 21세기에 대비한 창의력 함양과 다양한 타문화에 대한 이해와 화합이 요구되 는 세계화의 시점에서 인간의 가치와 존엄성을 함양하기 위해 창의적으로 자기표현을 하게하며, 창의성과 사고력의 증진과 긍정적 정서발달을 위한 수단으로써 아동미술활동은 활동자체에 주의를 기울여야 하는 집중력과 손과 눈의 협응력, 3차원의 세계를 평면이나 입체로 표상해 내야 하는 인지적 능력, 색과 다양한 재료들을 선택하는 능력 등이 포함되어 있다. 장르를 허물고 각 영역을 넘나드는 표현이 늘어나고 있는 현 대미술에서 평면표현과 입체표현으로 명확하게 구분하기 어려운 표현들이 많이 등장하고 있으며 이를 교 육에서 부여함으로써 사물을 새롭게 바라볼 수 있는 안목을 기르고 새로운 시각으로 미술표현을 탐색할 수 있다. 평면보다는 이러한 입체표현 미술활동에서 시각, 운동감각, 촉각 등 인체의 감각기관이 중심이 되 어 주변의 각종 재료들을 온몸으로 체험하는 것에서 출발하여 집중력과 호기심 속에 재료에 대한 지식과 경험을 얻고 활동과정 속에서 문제해결능력, 미적질서와 독창성, 융통성, 유창성, 정교성 등을 발달시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 창의적인 입체표현 활동의 가치와 중요성을 재인식하고 생활 주변에서의 다양한 재료가 주는 풍부함이 호기심과 흥미 있는 동기유발로 폭넓은 발상을 유도하며 기회와 온몸으로 체험하는 경험의 제공으로 표현 의욕을 높여 실제 수업에 있어 보다 효과적인 입체표현 활동 프로그램을 제시함으로써 아 동의 잠재력을 계발시켜 자기표현 능력의 자신감 향상과 자유로운 창의성 향상은 물론이며 입체표현 활동 을 통한 교육적 효과와 ‘건강한 인간상’을 조성하는 데에 목적이 있으며, 입체표현 활동의 활성화를 향상 시키고 나아가 아동미술교육의 발전 방향을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. Children’s art activities as a tool for cultivating creativity for the 21st century in which creativity and diversity are required alongside the understanding of and harmony with various other cultures that are required for the globalization and for encouraging children to express themselves creatively in order to cultivate human values and dignity involve skills such as the concentration that requires focus on the activity itself, the coordination between hands and eyes, cognitive skill for expressing the three-dimensional world in two- or three-dimensions, and the skills for choosing colors and various materials. In contemporary art which increasingly involves expressions that pull down the boundaries between genres and fields, there have been a number of expressions that are difficult to classify as two-dimensional expression or three-dimensional expression. These can be used in education to develop the skill to see things in new ways and explore artistic expressions in new angles. Children can obtain knowledge and experience about the materials through concentration and curiosity and develop problem-solving skills, aesthetic order, originality, flexibility, fluency, and elaborateness through these artistic activities involving three-dimensional expressions rather than two-dimensional ones starting from the experience of various materials in the surroundings primarily through the sensory organs of the body such as vision, sense of movement, and touch. This study intended to have a new understanding of the value and importance of creative three-dimensional expression and increase children’s self-esteem for self-expressive skills and creativity, improve educational effects through the activities involving three-dimensional expression, and develop the ‘healthy image of man’ by arousing curiosity and encouraging broad thinking, providing children with opportunities and the chance to have a whole body experience through the abundance that various materials give in the surroundings in order to increase the desire to express, and suggesting activities involving three-dimensional expressions which are more effective in the actual class to develop children’s potential. It also intended to promote activities involving three-dimensional expressions and seek directions of development for children’s art education.

Three-Dimensional Automatic Target Recognition System Based on Optical Integral Imaging Reconstruction

Lee, Min-Chul,Inoue, Kotaro,Cho, Myungjin The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2016 Journal of information and communication convergen Vol.14 No.1

In this paper, we present a three-dimensional (3-D) automatic target recognition system based on optical integral imaging reconstruction. In integral imaging, elemental images of the reference and target 3-D objects are obtained through a lenslet array or a camera array. Then, reconstructed 3-D images at various reconstruction depths can be optically generated on the output plane by back-projecting these elemental images onto a display panel. 3-D automatic target recognition can be implemented using computational integral imaging reconstruction and digital nonlinear correlation filters. However, these methods require non-trivial computation time for reconstruction and recognition. Instead, we implement 3-D automatic target recognition using optical cross-correlation between the reconstructed 3-D reference and target images at the same reconstruction depth. Our method depends on an all-optical structure to realize a real-time 3-D automatic target recognition system. In addition, we use a nonlinear correlation filter to improve recognition performance. To prove our proposed method, we carry out the optical experiments and report recognition results.

Micro-CT를 이용한 고구마 내부 병변의 이미징

이동일,최성영,김응삼 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2020 농업생명과학연구 Vol.54 No.5

Using Micro-CT, a non-destructive imaging technique, this study analyzed quantitatively the changes in the internal lesions of sweet potatoes over time. Currently, sweet potatoes are harvested in Korea from August to October and stored until the summer of the following year. Many sweet potatoes have been discarded every year due to lack of commercial value due to various diseases including Fusarium surface rot, during the cultivation or storage period. However, since it relies on the human eye to determine whether a sweet potato has lesions, it is necessary to more accurately identify the size and distribution of the lesions inside the sweet potato. Here, we aimed to quantitatively analyze the distribution of three-dimensional lesions inside sweet potatoes and the change in volume of lesions over time using Micro-CT, which can identify the internal structure of an object through the difference in X-ray absorption. Micro-CT imaging was performed every week for six weeks on sweet potato samples of the Beniharuka cultivar, where the lesion of Fusarium surface rot began after storage. The distribution of the three-dimensional lesion was extracted as well as the cross-sectional image of the lesion inside the sweet potato. The cross-sectional image obtained by Micro-CT was compared with the real cross-section of the lesion site at the 6th week. Additionally, the volume of sweet potato lesions was quantified and the tendency to increase lesions of sweet potato specimens kept in general storage conditions for six weeks was analyzed. Through the non-destructive Micro-CT imaging, the three-dimensional distribution of lesions inside sweet potatoes was continually visualized and the volume of lesions was quantified, which might be applied to future studies on the development process of lesions according to cultivation and storage conditions. 본 연구는 비파괴적 이미징 기법인 Micro-CT를 이용하여 시간에 따른 고구마의 내부 병변의 변화를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 현재 국내에서 고구마를8 ~ 10월에 수확하여 다음 해 여름까지 저장하지만, 재배 혹은 수확 이후 저장 기간 중 표피썩음병을 비롯한 여러 병충해로 인하여 상품성이 떨어져해마다 많은 고구마를 선별과정에서 폐기하고 있다. 하지만 지금까지 고구마 병변 여부 판단을 사람의 육안에 의존해왔기 때문에 고구마 내부의 병변의크기 및 분포를 보다 정확하게 확인하는 방법이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서 X-선 흡수량의 차이를 통하여 피사체 내부 구조를 확인할 수 있는Micro-CT를 이용하여 고구마 내부의 3차원적 병변의 분포와 시간에 따른 병변의 부피 변화를 정량적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 저장 이후 표피썩음병병변이 시작된 베니하루카 품종의 고구마 시료에 대해 일주일 간격으로 6주 동안 Micro-CT 이미징을 수행하였다. 고구마 내부의 병변에 대한단면 이미지뿐만 아니라 3차원 병변의 영역을 추출하였고, 마지막 6주차에 고구마 시료의 병변 단면과 Micro-CT로 획득한 단면을 비교하였다. 또한고구마 병변의 부피를 정량화하여 6주 동안 일반적인 저장 조건에 보관한 고구마 시료의 병변 증가 경향을 분석하였다. 비파괴적 Micro-CT 이미징을통하여 지속적으로 고구마 내부의 병변의 3차원 분포를 시각화하고 이를 바탕으로 병변의 부피를 정량함으로써 향후 재배 및 저장 조건에 따른병변의 발달 과정 연구에 있어 영상 및 정량 기법을 구축할 수 있었다.

Accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional photography versus 3-dimensional soft tissue imaging

Ayaz, Irem,Shaheen, Eman,Aly, Medhat,Shujaat, Sohaib,Gallo, Giulia,Coucke, Wim,Politis, Constantinus,Jacobs, Reinhilde Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2020 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.50 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.

흰쥐 뇌줄기의 3차원영상과 가상해부 풀그림 만들기

정민석,박경한,김민구,박승규 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1999 아주의학 Vol.4 No.1

Three-dimensional (3D) structures of nuclei and tracts in the rat brain stem are too complex to be understood by books describing primarily two-dimensional (2D) pictures. The purpose of this study was to prepare a new educational tool for understanding 3D structures of the rat brain stem. We attempted to manufacture a virtual dissection program on which 3D images of the rat brain stem could be sectioned or rotated. A brain stem, extracted from a Sprague-Dawley rat, was serially sectioned into 135 specimens using a Cryocut. Each specimen was stained with osmium, printed using an enlarger, and inputted to a computer using a scanner. 2D images of rat brain stem were aligned on the alignment program. In all 2D images, 33 nuclei and tracts of the rat brain stem were manually drawn. 3D images of the brain stem were reconstructed through a volume-based rendering of the 2D images. Using the 3D images of the rat brain stem as the main feature, a virtual dissection program was manufactured. Dissection functions such as sectioning 3D images of the rat brain stem to show its plane and rotating 3D images of the selected nuclei and tracts were established. Examples of understanding 3D structures of the rat brain stem using the virtual dissection program were as follows. 1) Gracile nucleus looked like sperm, whose head faced cranially; and tail faced caudally. Cuneate nucleus looked like spoon, and the sperm head seemed to be put in the spoon. 2) Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve was intervened between solitary nucleus and hypoglossal nudeus. These three structures of the bilateral sides surrounded the central canal. 3) Lateral lemniscus was flat as if pressed by the bilateral sides. The cranial part of lateral lemniscus was narrow and faced dorsally; the caudal part of lateral lemniscus was surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped middle cerebellar peduncle. The virtual dissection program of the rat brain stem was helpful in understanding 3D structures of nuclei and tracts in the rat brain stem. Next plan of this series of studies is to manufacture a virtual dissection program of the human brain stem.

Determination of midsagittal plane for evaluation of facial asymmetry using three-dimensional computed tomography

김태영,백지선,박주영,채화성,허경회,최순철 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2011 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.41 No.2

Purpose : The aim of the present study was to investigate the disagreement of cephalometric analysis depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane on three-dimensional computed tomography. Materials and Methods : A total of 102 young women with class III dentofacial deformity were evaluated using three-dimensional computed tomography. The cranial and facial midsagittal planes were defined and the amounts of jaw deviation were calculated. The amounts of jaw deviation were compared with paired t-test (2-tailed) and Bland-Altman plot was drawn. Results : The landmark tracing were reproducible (r?.978). The jaws relative to the cranial midsagittal plane were 10-17 times more significantly deviated than to the facial midsagittal plane (P⁄.001). Bland-Altman plot demonstrated that the differences between the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes were not normally distributed versus the average of the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes. Conclusion : The cephalometric analyses of facial asymmetry were significantly inconsistent depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane. The reference for midsagittal plane should be carefully determined in three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of facial asymmetry of patients with class III dentofacial deformity.