16-17세기 朝鮮 白磁祭器의 새로운 경향

안성희(Ahn Sunghee) 한국미술사교육학회 2008 美術史學 Vol.22 No.-

도자제기는 조선 건국 이후 유교 국가로서 예를 실천하고 왕실의 권위와 명분을 획득하기 위하여 국초부터 실시되었던 오례를 준행하는데 중요하게 사용된 국가 의례기였다. 조선시대의 도자제기는 크게 제기도설에 부합되는 기종, 기형의 도자제기와 일상용기를 활용한 도자제기의 두 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 15세기까지 제기는 도설에 따른 분청제기를 각 지방에서 공납 형식으로 생산하였다. 그러나 분원이 성립된 이후 16세기부터는 토산공물로서의 의미를 상실하면서 제기를 생산한 가마와 제기의 기종, 형태, 문양 등이 이전과는 다른 양상으로 전개되었다. 17세기 분원 일대에서는 좀 더 커다란 변화가 일어나, 조선후기 도자제기 양식의 주류라고 할 수 있는 일상기 형식의 백자제기가 본격적으로 제작되었다. 한편 일상기 형식 백자제기의 형성과 시간적으로 맞물리는 시기에 굽이 높은 접시 모양의 제기가 도설에 처음으로 등장하여 주목된다. 즉, 조선시대 도자제기의 패러다임이 15세기 금속기를 모방했던 분청제기에서 18-19세기 일상기 형태의 백자제기로 바뀌는데 16-17세기의 도자제기가 중요한 다리 역할을 한 것이다. 본고에서는 이러한 16-17세기를 조선 도자제기의 변화기로 주목하고, 이시기 도자제기의 새로운 경향에 대하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히, 도자제기의 변화양상이 백자제기를 중심으로 이루어졌기 때문에 이 시기 백자제기에 초점을 맞추어 그 성격과 변화의 배경을 추적해 보았다. 16-17세기 도자제기의 변화상은 16세기부터 백자제기 중심의 관요 생산품이 증가하고 기종과 조형이 달라지는 가운데, 17세기에는 관요 일대에서 일상기 형식 제기가 등장한 것으로 요약할 수 있겠다. 이 과정에서 무엇보다 중요한 역할을 한 것은 금속기 사용의 꾸준한 증가, 제기 사용처와 관요 중심의 제기생산 가마의 변화였다. 양란 직후 겪었던 물력의 절대적 부족과 동전 사용을 권장하는 화폐유통정책, 각종 군수광업의 성행 등도 17세기에 백자제기가 사용된 물적 기반이 되었다.《주자가례》를 중심으로 하는 이 시기 예학의 새 경향과 음양오행사상 역시 백자제기를 제작, 사용하는데 사상적 근거를 제시했을 가능성이 있는 것으로 드러났다. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Joseon, which defined itself as a Confucian state, orye (Five Rites) were performed to practice rye (courtesy, propriety)and to enhance authority and legitimacy of the royal family. Ceramic ritual vessels played important roles in the rites. Ceramic ritual vessels of the Joseon period can be divided into two types: ceramic ritual vessels produced in accordance with jegi doseol (illustrated guide for the production of ritual vessels) and ceramic vessels used in everyday life. Until the 15th century, ritual vessels largely meant buncheong ritual vessels, which were made in accordance with doseol (illustrated guide). The vessels were made in each locality as gongnap (tribute tax) products. Since the 16th century when bunwon (official kiln) was established, fading significance of the vessels as tosan gongmul (local tribute products) encouraged appearance of new types of kilns and vessels. The 17th century was marked by a greater change in bunwon: production of white porcelain ritual vessels for everyday use, which formed the mainstream of ceramic ritual vessels in the late-Joseon period, increased in earnest. In the meanwhile, dish-type ritual vessels with high base appeared in doseol during the same period when white porcelain ritual vessels for everyday use were formed. In other words, ceramic ritual vessels of the 16th and 17th centuries functioned as a bridge in the transition from 15th century buncheong ritual vessels that imitated metal vessels to white porcelain ritual vessels for everyday use in the 18th and 19th centuries. This study notes that the 16th and 17th centuries were the period of change for ceramic ritual vessels of Joseon period and analyzes the new trends in the production of ceramic ritual vessels during the period. As changes in ceramic ritual vessels centered on the production of white porcelain ritual vessels, this study focuses on white porcelain ritual vessels of the period to trace the characteristics and backgrounds of changes that occurred. Changes in the production of ceramic ritual vessels during the period can be summarized as the increase of white porcelain ritual vessel production by the official kiln and transformation of types and forms of vessels since the 16th century and the appearance of ritual vessels for everyday use in the kilns of the 17th century. In the process, the most important transformative factors were continuous increase in the use of metal vessels, changes in the use of ritual vessels, production of ritual vessels centered on official kiln. Material factors that induced the use of white porcelain ritual vessel in the 17th century were the absolute shortage of material resources in the aftermath of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-98) and the Manchu Invasion of 1636, the government policy that encouraged the use of coins, and the development of mining for military purposes. Moreover, philosophical attributes of the period?the dominance of Jujagare (Family Rites of Chu His), new trends in Yehak (Study of Ritual) and Eumyang Ohaeng Sasang (the doctrines of Eumyang? yin-yang?and Ohaeng?the five primary elements, i.e., metal, wood, water, fire, and earth) may have influenced the production and use of white porcelain ritual vessels.

16·17세기 경전 간행의 양상과 변상도의 특징

박도화 ( Park Do-wha ) 한국불교사연구소 2018 한국불교사연구 Vol.14 No.-

이 글은 조선시대 불교경전 중에서 16세기와 17세기에 간행된 경전에 포함되어 있는 변상도의 특징을 분석한 것이다. 16세기와 17세기는 임진왜란을 중심으로 각기 조선 전기와 후기로 분류된다. 그러므로 이 시기는 다방면에서 많은 변화가 이루어진 시기이며 따라서 매우 상이한 특징들이 노정되었다. 그러나 불서간행의 측면에서 볼 때 16세기와 17세기는 사찰판 불서의 극성기라는 공통점이 있다. 15세기의 불서 간행의 주체는 주로 왕실이었음에 비해 16~17세기 불서간행의 주체는 전국의 사찰이었다. 16세기에는 명종대의 선교 양종 체재의 복원과 도승제 부활 등 교단의 융성으로 인해 승려교육에 필요한 경전 등 불서를 많이 간행했기 때문이었고, 17세기에는 전쟁 이후 복구활동의 일환으로 불서간행 역시 활발하였기 때문으로 생각된다. 이 시기 간행된 불교서적의 종류는 대승경전 뿐만아니라 의식집이나 선서류 등 다양하며, 그 동기는 사후명복이나 극락왕생을 기원하는 기복적인 의도가 대다수이다. 이 시기 경전변상도의 도상은 15세기변상도를 번각한 것이 대다수이나 여러 도상을 조합하거나, 새로운 도상을 창안하는 다양함을 보여준다. 16세기와 17세기는 사찰판 불서간행의 극성기라 할 수 있다. This article analyzes the characteristics of the Byeonsangdo(Illustrations inserted in the Sutras), which was included in the Buddhist scriptures of the 16th and 17th centuries of the Joseon Dynasty. The 16th and 17th centuries are categorized as the first and second half-year of the Joseon Dynasty, with the Imjin War. Therefore many changes weren made in various aspects of Joseon society, and very different characteristics were determinded during these times. However, from the perspective of a publication in Joseon Dynasty the 16th and 17th centuries share the highest number of Buddhist books published by temples. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the main body of Buddhist publications was temples of the whole country, whereas the 15th century's was mainly the royal family. In the 16th century many Buddhist books including scriptures were published as necessary for the education of monks, because it was restored the Buddhist Dual system of Zen and the non-Zen sects and the Doseungje(monk's identification system) was restored during the King Myeongjong. And in the 17th century, the publication of Buddhist books was also active as part of restoration activities after the war. There are various types of Buddhist books published during this period, including Mahayana Scriptures, Ritual Books and of the Zen sect. Most of these books were published intended to pray for the souls of the dead and rebirth in paradise. Most icons of the Byeonsangdo in 16th and 17th centuries has been engraved again the Buddhist icons printed in the 15th century. Also combine different icons in a Byeonsangdo, and new icons were created. The 16th and 17th centuries are the peak periods of Buddhist publication in Joseon Dynasty.

창이자 추출물이 아토피 피부염 유발 생쥐의 비장 세포 Th17의 세포분화 억제에 따른 아토피 피부 상태에 미치는 영향

김금란(Kim, Kum-Lan),최태부(Choe, Tae-Boo) 한국생물공학회 2009 KSBB Journal Vol.24 No.4

아토피피부염 (AD)은 천식, 음식 알레르기, 비염 같은 전신아토피질환을 동반하는 만성재발성 피부염증질환이다. 아토피피부염과 관련된 IL-17의 임상적 역할은 다양한 조건에서 보고되고 있으며, 또한 건선 피부 상태에 깊숙이 관여하고 있다. IL-17은 각질세포 (keratinocytes)에서 과잉으로 생산되며, 아토피피부염의 말초임파구에서도 다량 생성 됨을 세포내염색을 통하여 확인된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 창이자 추출물 (XS-E와 XS-FL)이 NC/Nga 생쥐의 CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T 세포에서 유도된 Th17 세포의 분화억제 및 IL-17의 생산량 감소 효과에 대한 실험을 하였다. 그 결과 XS-E와 XS-FL을 처리한 섬유아세포에서 세포독성은 나타나지 않았고, 4일간 XS-E와 XS-FL에 동시배양 한 CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T 세포 의 IL-17 생산량을 FACS로 분석한 결과 100 μg/mL XS-E 처리군의 IL-17 생산량은 32.3%로 대조군에 비하여 2배 이상의 감소를 나타내었으며, 20 μg/mL XS-30% AFL (acetone XS-FL) 처리군의 Th17 세포는 19.6%으로 대조군에 비하여 3.5배 억제되었다. 또한 real-time PCR을 이용하여 IL-17A와 IL-22 mRNA의 유전자 발현량을 비교 분석한 결과, IL-17A와 IL-22 mRNA의 유전자발현의 RQ값은 XS-E와 XS-30% AFL를 처리한 실험군이 대조군에 비하여 유의성 있는 감소를 나타내었다(p < 0.01, p < 0.001). ELISA로 측정한 IL-17A 생산량은 XS-E와 XS-30% AFL를 처리한 실험군이 대조군에 비하여 현저히 감소 (p < 0.05, p < 0.001)하였다. Th17 세포의 증식을 알아보기 위하여, rIL-6와 TGF-β로 분화시킨 Th17 세포를 CFSE로 표지한 후 rIL-23 처리를 하여 4일간 배양하여 증식을 유도시켰다. 대조군의 Th17 세포 분열은 4일 동안 4번에 걸쳐 비슷한 세포수의 증식이 일어나는 것을 CFSE를 통하여 확인하였고, XS-30% AFL 처리군은 CFSE의 형광 분포가 점점 감소하여 Th17 세포의 증식이 억제됨을 알 수 있었다. Xanthii fructus which is well known as “Chang-ihjah” in Korea is the dried fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (or Xanthium sibiricum PATR. Ex WIDD., Asteraceae. XS). Water extract of this fruit has been used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as tympanitis, allergic rhinitis, or ozena as alternative therapy material usually by oral administration in far Eastern countries including Korea. In this study, the effect of XS extract (XS-E) or XS-30% acetone fraction layer (XS-30% AFL) on the differentiation of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells isolated from NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 was investigated. The experimental results showed that 100 μg/mL of XS-E could decrease the production of IL-17 by CD4<SUP>+</SUP> Th17 cells by 2 fold and only 20 μg/mL of XS-30% AFL could inhibit 3.5 fold. The amount of IL-17A and IL-22 mRNA determined by real-time PCR was decreased remarkably when XS-E or XS-30% AFL was treated on CD4<SUP>+</SUP> Th17 cells(p<0.01, p<0.001). The amount of IL-17A protein determined by ELISA was also decreased remarkably(p<0.05, p<0.001). To study the effect of XS-E or XS-30% AFL on the proliferation of Th17 cells, CD4+ T cells of a NC/Nga mouse was firstly differentiated by rIL-6/TGF-β and then stimulated by rIL-23. The control group of Th17 cells were doubled every each day, while those of XS-E or XS-30% AFL treated group were shown to be delayed remarkably by these extracts. In conclusion, XS can inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells of NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 successfully, which may be a beneficial result for the treatment of atopic skin dermatitis.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin Controls Th17 Cell-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis

김경운,김해림,김보미,원지연,이경언,이상헌 대한면역학회 2019 Immune Network Vol.19 No.4

The purpose of this study was to determine the regulatory role of intravenous Ig (IVIg) in Th17 cytokine–induced RANK ligand (RANKL) expression and osteoclast (OC) differentiation from OC precursors (pre-OC). Human CD14+ monocytes were isolated and stimulated by Th17 cytokines (IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22) and RANKL expression was investigated using a real-time PCR. CD14+ monocytes were incubated with RANKL, Th17 cytokines, and M-CSF, with/without IVIg, and OC differentiation was determined by counting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells. OC differentiation was investigated after monocytes were cocultured with Th17 cells in the presence of IVIg. Th17 cell differentiation was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry after CD4+ T cells were cultured with IVIg under Th17 condition. Th17 cytokines stimulated monocytes to express RANKL and IVIg suppressed the Th17 cytokine-induced RANKL expression. OCs were differentiated when pre-OC were cocultured with RANKL or Th17 cytokines and IVIg reduced the osteoclastogenesis. IVIg also decreased osteoclastogenesis when pre-OC were cocultured with Th17 cells. IVIg decreased both Th17 and Th1 cell differentiation while it did not affect Treg cell differentiation. In summary, IVIg inhibited Th17 cytokine-induced RANKL expression and OC differentiation. IVIg reduced osteoclastogenesis when monocytes were cocultured with Th17 cells. IVIg also reduced Th17 polarization. IVIg could be a new therapeutic option for Th17 cell–mediated osteoclastogenesis.

IL-33-matured dendritic cells promote Th17 cell responses via IL-1β and IL-6

Park, Su-Ho,Kim, Myun Soo,Lim, Hui Xuan,Cho, Daeho,Kim, Tae Sung Elsevier 2017 Cytokine Vol.99 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>IL-33 is associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Although IL-33 is mainly involved in the induction of Th2 cells, however, the relationship between IL-33 and Th17 cells is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-33 on DC-mediated CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell activation and Th17 cell differentiation because DCs are essential cells for presenting self-antigens to CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells in autoimmune disease conditions. OT-II mice were injected with IL-33-treated DCs or untreated DCs that were primed by OVA<SUB>323-339</SUB> peptide, and their Th17 cell responses were compared. Th17 cell population and IL-17 expression levels were significantly increased in draining lymph nodes of mice injected with IL-33-treated DCs, compared with those in mice injected with untreated DCs. IL-33 treatment maturated DCs to present self-antigens and to increase production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6, which have a crucial role in Th17 cell differentiation. We found that the IL-33-matured DCs enhanced the expression of an early T cell activation marker (CD69) and the Th17 master transcription factor (RORγt), but IL-33 did not directly affect CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell differentiation or increase Th17 polarization. Notably, neutralizing IL-1β and/or IL-6 significantly decreased IL-17 expression levels and Th17 cell population which were increased by the coculture of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells with IL-33-matured DCs, indicating that IL-33 may induce Th17 cell responses via IL-1β and IL-6 derived from IL-33-matured DCs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> IL33 enhances Th17 cell differentiation through DC maturation. </LI> <LI> IL33 does not directly induce differentiation of naïve CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells to Th17 cells. </LI> <LI> IL33-matDCs increase surface molecule-expressions driving T cell activation. </LI> <LI> IL33-matDCs promote Th17 cell responses via DC-derived IL-1β and IL-6. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

건선환자의 말초혈액 내 Th17세포와 Regulatory T세포의 균형에 관한 연구

나찬호 ( Chan Ho Na ),김동진 ( Dong Jin Kim ),김민성 ( Min Sung Kim ),신봉석 ( Bong Seok Shin ) 대한피부과학회 2016 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.54 No.4

Background: Although the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not fully understood, recent studies suggest that an imbalance of T-helper 17 cells (Th17) and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) is associated with psoriasis. However, the association between the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells and psoriasis still remains controversial. Objective: In this study, the proportion of Th17 and Treg cells from peripheral blood were evaluated in patients with psoriasis and normal controls. Methods: The proportion of Th17 and Treg cells from peripheral blood were examined by flow cytometry in psoriasis patients (n=20) and age-matched healthy controls (n=23). The correlation between Th17 and Treg cells and the clinical parameters in psoriasis patients were also analyzed. Results: There were significant increases in the proportion of circulating Th17 cells and the ratio of Th17 to Treg cells in psoriasis patients compared to control (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). In contrast to the Th17 cells, there was no significant difference in the proportion of Treg cells in psoriasis patients compared to control (p=0.310). The ratio of Th17 to Treg cells was positively correlated with body surface area (BSA) (p=0.038). In addition, although the ratio of Th17 to Treg cells increased along with psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score, there was no significant correlation (p=0.062). Conclusion: These findings show that there exists an imbalance in Th17 and Treg cells in psoriasis, which may contribute to its pathogenesis and involved surface area. (Korean J Dermatol 2016;54(4):268~274)

A Study of the Changes of T Helper 17 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Herpes Zoster

( Min Sung Kim ),( Dong Jin Kim ),( Chan Ho Na ),( Bong Seok Shin ) 대한피부과학회 2017 Annals of Dermatology Vol.29 No.5

Background: Immunosuppression and age-related deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity are important factors for the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV). CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper 17 (Th17) cells are closely associated with various viral infections. Objective: We analyzed Treg cells and Th17 cells in patients with herpes zoster and investigated their relationship with the reactivation of latent VZV. Methods: Treg and Th17 cells in peripheral blood and the ratio of Th17 to Treg cells were examined in patients with herpes zoster and healthy controls. Changes between pre-treatment and post-treatment estimates of Treg and Th17 cells and clinical parameters in patients with herpes zoster were also analyzed. Results: The proportion of circulating Th17 cells and the Th17/Treg cell ratio were significantly higher in patients with herpes zoster than controls (p=0.012, 0.013), but there was no significant difference in the proportion of Treg cells between groups. There was no significant difference in the proportions of Treg and Th17 cells and the Th17/Treg cell ratio before and after treatment and between the non-postherpetic neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia groups. Changes in Treg and Th17 cells and the Th17/Treg cell ratio were not significantly correlated with changes in the visual analog scale. Body surface area was significantly correlated with Treg cells, Th17 cells, and the Th17/Treg cell ratio (p=0.022, 0.002, 0.004). Conclusion: An imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells is associated with the reactivation of VZV, which may contribute to pathogenesis of herpes zoster. (Ann Dermatol 29(5) 578∼585, 2017)

P158 A study of the changes of Th17 cells and regulatory T cells in herpes zoster

( Bae In-ho ),( Kim Dong-jin ),( Na Chan-ho ),( Kim Min-sung ),( Shin Bong-seok ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.68 No.2

<div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div> Background: Although the mechanisms involved in reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are unclear, the immunosuppression is an important factor involved in reactivation. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and T-hepler 17 cells (Th17) are closely associated with a various viral infections. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes of Treg cells and Th17 cells in herpes zoster patients. Methods: The percentage of circulating Th17 cells, Treg cells, and ratio of Th17 to Treg cells were examined in herpes zoster patients and controls. The changes of Treg and Th17 cells between pre-treatment and post-treatment and clinical parameters in herpes zoster patients were also analyzed. Results: There were significant difference in circulating Th17 cells proportion and ratio of Th17 to Treg cells in herpes zoster patients compare to control. However, there was no significant difference in Treg cells proportion in herpes zoster patients compared to control. There was no significant difference in Treg, Th17 cells and ratio of Th17 to Treg cells between pre-treatment and post-treatment. There was significant correlation between body surface area (BSA) and Treg cells, Th17 and the ratio of Th17 to Treg cells. Conclusion: These findings provide that there is an imbalance in Th17 and Treg cells associated with reactivation of VZV, which may contribute to pathogenesis of herpes zoster.

17세기 말-18세기 프랑스 콩트에 나타난 이중성의 테마 연구

최은희(Choe, Eunhee) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2016 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.63

이중성의 테마를 고스란히 담고 있고 17-18세기에 출판된 많은 프랑스 콩트의 직접적 모체가 된 16세기 이탈리아 작가 스트라파롤라 Straparola의 작품은 본 연구에서 매우 중요한 비교대상이다. 스트라파롤라를 모방한 샤를르 페로, 마담 도누와, 마담 드 보몽 Madame de Beaumont, 슈발리에 드 마이이 Chevalier de Mailly 등의 콩트가 지닌 이중적 속성의 면면을 살펴보는 것은, 16세기와 17-18세기가 동일하게 다룬 이 이중성의 테마가 어떤 점에서 양 시대의 차이를 반영하고 있는지 고찰하는데 유용하다. 우리는 우선 저자의 서술방식이 독자와의 상호 합의에 의거한다는 전제 하에, 변신이 이루어지는 속도와 변신을 둘러싼 인과관계의 서술이 그 시대를 파악하는한 지표를 제공한다고 본다. 양 시대 작품의 비교 결과, 16세기와 17세기 말-18세기의 서술방식에는 차이가 보였는데, 동일한 초현실적 변신을 기술하는 가운데서도 후자는 합리적 인과관계를 구축하고 있는 반면, 전자는 아직 신화적 서사를 제공하는데 머물고 있음이 드러났다. 이것을 우리는 중세를 벗어나 개인적 자아를 얻어가는 시기이긴 하였지만, 미처 중세의 종교적 틀과 고대의 신화적 틀을 완전히 벗어내지 못한 스트라파롤라의 시대로, 그리고 다른 대륙과의 교류와 여행, 절대왕권 하에서 겪은 장벽들이 이루어낸 개인들의 내적 성장으로 인해 까다로워진 독자들의 이성적 독서를 만족시켜주어야 하는 17세기 말-18세기의 시대상황으로 정리하였다. Origin of several French tales that contain the theme of the duality, Straparola’s work is an important starting point for our study. Les Nuits Facétieuses of the latter, translated and published in French in 1560, had directly influenced Bazil, Madame d"Aulnoy, Charles Perrault and many other writers, Italians or French. This study tends to see the socio-cultural values of two centuries, the 16th century of Straparola and 17th-18th century for Perrault, Madame d"Aulnoy, Madame de Villeneuve and Madame de Beaumont, etc. In the theme of the duality, the hero is involved in the process of moving between two figures by some sort of supernatural power. Assume the reader who did not ask the question, and who admits more or less fictitious irrational process takes us to think of the contemporary socio-cultural reality through the adoption of a literary work. We going to infer the contemporary ambience of each era from the objectivity and validity, on the basis of narrative way and speed of transformation into another person or another subject. In short, some changes that occurred during the transformation of the same origin stories seem to explain the dilution process of the forces belonging to the mythical era. 이중성의 테마를 고스란히 담고 있고 17-18세기에 출판된 많은 프랑스 콩트의 직접적 모체가 된 16세기 이탈리아 작가 스트라파롤라 Straparola의 작품은 본 연구에서 매우 중요한 비교대상이다. 스트라파롤라를 모방한 샤를르 페로, 마담 도누와, 마담 드 보몽 Madame de Beaumont, 슈발리에 드 마이이 Chevalier de Mailly 등의 콩트가 지닌 이중적 속성의 면면을 살펴보는 것은, 16세기와 17-18세기가 동일하게 다룬 이 이중성의 테마가 어떤 점에서 양 시대의 차이를 반영하고 있는지 고찰하는데 유용하다. 우리는 우선 저자의 서술방식이 독자와의 상호 합의에 의거한다는 전제 하에, 변신이 이루어지는 속도와 변신을 둘러싼 인과관계의 서술이 그 시대를 파악하는한 지표를 제공한다고 본다. 양 시대 작품의 비교 결과, 16세기와 17세기 말-18세기의 서술방식에는 차이가 보였는데, 동일한 초현실적 변신을 기술하는 가운데서도 후자는 합리적 인과관계를 구축하고 있는 반면, 전자는 아직 신화적 서사를 제공하는데 머물고 있음이 드러났다. 이것을 우리는 중세를 벗어나 개인적 자아를 얻어가는 시기이긴 하였지만, 미처 중세의 종교적 틀과 고대의 신화적 틀을 완전히 벗어내지 못한 스트라파롤라의 시대로, 그리고 다른 대륙과의 교류와 여행, 절대왕권 하에서 겪은 장벽들이 이루어낸 개인들의 내적 성장으로 인해 까다로워진 독자들의 이성적 독서를 만족시켜주어야 하는 17세기 말-18세기의 시대상황으로 정리하였다. Origin of several French tales that contain the theme of the duality, Straparola’s work is an important starting point for our study. Les Nuits Facétieuses of the latter, translated and published in French in 1560, had directly influenced Bazil, Madame d"Aulnoy, Charles Perrault and many other writers, Italians or French. This study tends to see the socio-cultural values of two centuries, the 16th century of Straparola and 17th-18th century for Perrault, Madame d"Aulnoy, Madame de Villeneuve and Madame de Beaumont, etc. In the theme of the duality, the hero is involved in the process of moving between two figures by some sort of supernatural power. Assume the reader who did not ask the question, and who admits more or less fictitious irrational process takes us to think of the contemporary socio-cultural reality through the adoption of a literary work. We going to infer the contemporary ambience of each era from the objectivity and validity, on the basis of narrative way and speed of transformation into another person or another subject. In short, some changes that occurred during the transformation of the same origin stories seem to explain the dilution process of the forces belonging to the mythical era.

Th17 세포의 조절과 기능

김우경 ( Woo Kyung Kim ) 대한천식알레르기학회 2011 천식 및 알레르기 Vol.31 No.1

Naive CD4+ helper T (Th) cells, upon activation by antigen-presenting cells (APC), differentiate into different types of effecter cells that are characterized by their distinct cytokine production profiles and immune regulatory functions. The Th1/Th2 paradigm implies the existence of 2 different, mutually regulated CD4+ T helper subsets: Th1 cells, driving cell-mediated immune responses involved in tissue damage and intracellular parasite infestation and Th2 cells that mediate IgE production and are particularly involved in eosinophilic inflammation, allergy and the clearance of helminthic infestation. A third member of the T helper set, IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells, now called Th17 cells, were recently described as a distinct lineage that does not share developmental pathways with either Th1 or Th2 cells. The Th17 subset has been linked to autoimmune disorders, being able to produce IL-17, IL-17F and IL-21. This review article summarizes the most recent iscovery of the cytokine-mediated regulation and transcriptional programming of Th17 cells and their role in different immune responses and diseases. (Korean J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;31:1-8)