Characteristics of TVOCs Emissions in New Apartment Buildings : 신축아파트에서 발생하는 TVOC의 방출특성

Shin-Do Kim(김신도),Jeong-Ho Kim(김정호),Jin-Soo Park(박진수),Jeong-Joo Lee(이정주) 한국실내환경학회 2006 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.3 No.2

건축자재는 복잡한 화학물질로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 신축아파트에서 방출되는 TVOCs(Toatal Volatile Organic Compounds)의 농도를 조사하고, 75일 동안의 방출량 변화특성을 조사하는 것이다. 조사결과 신축 건물의 초기 5일동안의 TVOCs 평균농도 값은 3.768㎍/㎥ 이었다. VOCs에 포함된 주요물질은 톨루엔(toluene), 에틸벤젠(ethylbenzene), m,p-자이렌(m,p-xyene)이었다. 조사된 벤젠(benzene)의 농도는 58㎍/㎥, 톨루엔은 793㎍/㎥, 에틸벤젠 438㎍/㎥, 스틸렌(styrene) 79㎍/㎥, m,p-자이렌 1,210㎍/㎥, o-자이렌 364㎍/㎥을 각각 나타내고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 신축건물로부터 방출되는 주요 VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds)는 다환족 탄화수소(aromatic hydrocarbon compounds)계열의 재료를 사용하는 건축자재의 영향을 가장 많이 받는 것을 나타낸다. TVOCs 방출강도는 초기에 12,856㎍/㎥으로 매우 높은 수준을 나타내었으며, 이후 시간의 감소에 따라 감소하였다. 조사 대상 주택의 75일 이후 TVOCs 농도는 초기 방출강도의 1/20 수준으로 감소하였다. TVOCs의 방출특성은 건자재 내의 VOCs 농도와 발생과정에 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 건자재 내부에 포함된 VOCs는 느리고 지속적인 과정을 걸쳐 실내로 방출되며, 시간 경과에 따라 저농도를 오랫 동안 서서히 방출하며 감쇄한다. Building materials are composed of very complex chemical compounds. The aims of this paper are to investigate the emission concentrations of indoor pollutants from new apartment house and the emission variation patterns during 75 days. The average value of total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) concentration was 3,768 ㎍/㎥ in five new apartments. Major VOCs included toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene. The average concentrations of each compound were measured as : benzene(58㎍/㎥), toluene (793㎍/㎥), ethylbenzene(438㎍/㎥), styrene(79㎍/㎥), m,p-xylene(1,210㎍/㎥), o-xylene(364㎍/㎥). The results indicated that the major VOCs from the new apartment were affected by building products such as on aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. TVOCs emission are characterized as high emission level at initial time (12,856㎍/㎥) and decreased through time. After a lapse of 75 days in sample house, TVOCs concentration decreased in about 20 times as compared with the initial concentration. The TVOCs emission profiles strongly depended on the generation mode and the concentration of the VOCs in building material.

벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질 분석

정영림,정탁교,장미옥,김선화,김만구 한국냄새환경학회 2006 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.5 No.3

In this study, the TVOCs and odor active compounds emitted from 3 PVC and 5 natural wallpapers were analyzed. The emitted odor intensities and characteristics of the wallpapers were estimated using air dilution sensory and direct olfactory methods. The emissions of TVOCs were measured using the SPME-cryogenic emission test method, which was modified from the RAL-GZ 479 method, which is used in Germany to evaluate the quality of wallpapers. It was found that there was no significant correlation between the emissions of TVOCs and the odor concentration. However, a correlation (0.57) was found between the emitted VOCs and the odor concentration of the low molecular weight compounds, which have strong volatilities, ranging from n-C6 to n-C10. For all 8 wallpapers, vinegar like odor was commonly perceived, with acetic acid identified as the main odor active compound withinthe odor. Benzaldehyde and esters, such as ethyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, were identified as odor active compounds, which were expressed as having rubber like smells by the panelists. These results indicate that odor should be included as a domestic regulation for the pollutants emitted from building materials. The identification of odor active compounds emitted from building materials could be useful in the production of eco-environment products. 이 연구에서는 3종의 PVC벽지와 5종의 천연벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질을 분석해 보았다. 벽지에서 방출되는 냄새강도와 냄새질은 공기희석관능법과 직접관능법으로 측정하였다. TVOCs 방출량은 독일에서 벽지의 품질분석방법으로 사용하고 있는 RAL-GZ 479방법을 변형한 SPME-저온방출시험방법으로 측정하였다. TVOCs와 냄새농도와의 상관성은 거의 없었으나, n-C6~n-C10의 휘발성이 강한 저분자 화합물의 VOCs 방출량과 냄새농도와는 상관성이 0.57로 나타났다. 8종의 벽지에서는 공통적으로 시큼한 냄새가 나타났는데 acetic acid가 주된 냄새원인물질로 확인되었다. 그 외에 고무냄새를 나타낸 화합물로 ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate 등의 에스테르류와 benzaldehyde가 벽지에서 방출되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구결과를 통해 국내에서 시행되고 있는 건축자재 오염물질 방출량 기준에 냄새항목을 추가시켜 규제하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다. 그리고 건축자재에서 방출되는 냄새의 원인물질의 규명은 친환경제품을 제조하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Sliding Arc Plasma를 이용한 석유공장에서의 BTX 처리효율에 관한 연구

권우택,권이승,이우식 한국화재소방학회 2015 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.29 No.6

This research examines the removal efficiency of benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) by flowing VOCs, which are generated at a petrochemical complex in the Ulsan area, in a sliding arc plasma(SAP) reactor. The SAP reactor process is composed of 5 steps and the analysis was conducted using a BTX detector andTVOC measuring instrument. The removal efficiency of BTX was better at high concentration than at low concentrationand the emitted TVOC concentration increased in later steps of the reactor. In addition, the removal efficiency improved,as the flow velocity increased. The maximum permissible concentration of TVOCs in the first step was about 481 ppmand showed over 94.83% efficiency when it was operated in the 2nd step at concentrations beyond 481 ppm. Therefore,there are many factors for improving the removal efficiency of SAP reactors at low concentration and measures should beprepared according to the application method for the various types of industrial reactors. 본 연구는 울산소재 석유공장의 건조시설에서 발생하는 가스를 스크러버(Scrubber)로 최종 처리하여 배출되는 저 농도의 유해가스와 산 처리 시설에서 발생되는 고 농도로 발생하는 유해가스를 대상으로 연구하였다. 공정별로 벤젠(Benzene), 톨루엔(Toluene), 자일렌(Xylene) 및 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOCs)을 대상으로 측정하였으며 농도 측정은TVOCs 측정기와 GC-MSD를 이용하여 SAP 전 · 후단의 TVOCs와 BTX의 농도를 측정, 분석하여 제거효율을 평가하였고, SAP 반응기는 5 단계로 구성하여 실험을 수행하였다. 슬라이딩 아크 프라즈마(slidind arc plasma) 반응기의 단수별에 따른 TVOCs 농도 변화는 유입 TVOCs 농도의 변화에 따른 처리효율 결과 481 ppm 미만에서 94.83%, 481ppm 이상일 경우에는 1단에서는 89.07% 2단에서는 약 91% 이상으로 처리되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 석유화학공정 및 제조시설에서 SAP 공정을 통한 VOCs 제거에 대한 연구 및 기술개발의 기초가 되어 VOCs의보다 안정적인 처리와 다양한 기술개발에 효과가 있을 것으로 기대해 본다.

가구 재료에서 발생되는 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOCs)의 방출 특성 연구

서수연,백남원,전준민 한국EHS평가학회 2005 한국EHS평가학회지 Vol.3 No.2

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) emission from furniture materials through the small chamber test method. Particle board and medium density fiberboard as wood products, synthetic leather and textile were selected for this study. The TVOCs concentrations of each test material increased to maximum value in 1-3 days and rapidly decreased in 27 days. The unidentifiable VOCs occupied over 70% of the TVOCs concentration. Toluene occupied the greatest proportion of the identifiable VOCs and benzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and xylene occupied relatively high proportion of the identifiable VOCs for all test materials. A first-order decay source model in explicit chamber model was used to evaluate the characteristics of TVOCs emission from these furniture materials. Synthetic leather showed the highest initial emission factor and textile had the lowest initial emission factor for TVOCs among tested materials. Also, synthetic leather had the highest emission decay constant and particle board had the lowest emission decay constant for TVOCs.

조선소 용접작업 중 오존 및 TVOCs의 노출평가와 사용 호흡보호구의 적합성

한돈희,김동환 한국산업보건학회 2018 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the exposure to ozone and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) generated during welding work at a shipyard and recommend respiratory protective equipment (RPE) adequate against these hazards. Method: Ozone was collected for about 30 minutes at two-minutes intervals using a direct reading instrument, specifically an ozone analyzer (Serinus 10, Ecotech, Australia). TVOCs were collected for about 30 minutes at three-minute intervals using a portable GC (Alpha 115, Synspec BV, the Netherlands), and were determined simultaneously by area sampling at the welding plume closest to the welder’s breathing zone. The total measurements were 162 for ozone (CO2 welding 47, TIG 60, stick 55), and 136 for TVOCs (CO2 65, TIG 50, stick 21). Based on these measurements, a literature survey was conducted to assess the adequacy of RPE. Results: Relative to Korean OEL, measurements above STEL 0.2 ppm were 23.4% for CO2, 63.3% for TIG and 14.5% for stick welding. There were significant differences (p=<0.0001) among welding types. Compared with ACGIH peak exposure of 0.4 ppm for ozone, which is not applied in Korea, CO2 welding exceeded it by 10.6%, TIG by 40.0% and stick by 7.3%. Although it was not feasible to compare them directly since there are no Korean OEL, TVOCs had very high levels similar to the concentrations before moving into a new apartment and about 10-20 times the indoor air quality recommendations for some individual measurements. Conclusions: As ozone removal RPE has been recommended in welding environments for a long time (Lunau, 1967), this fact was demonstrated based on the results of the on-site work environment measurements (ozone and TVOCs). In conclusion, for all welding at a shipyard, gas/vapor and particulate combination RPE are recommended. If this is not possible, it should at least be present for TIG welding.

화학 및 천연페인트에서 발생되는 TVOCs의 방출강도 특성 연구

김신도(Shin Do Kim),김정호(Jeong Ho Kim),박진수(Jin Soo Park),이정주(Jeong Joo Lee) 한국환경보건학회 2004 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Building materials are composed of very complex chemical compounds, and these indoor building materials discharge very much Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs). We performed the environmental chamber test to investigate the Total VOCs(TVOCs) emission characteristics and emission factors about chemical and natural coating materials. As the result, we concluded that TVOCs emission are high at initial time and decreased in course of time. Natural paint was low emission level for TVOCs than chemical paint by small chamber test. The TVOCs emission factor-time profile showed a good fit with the results from the measured and predicted value.

벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질 분석

정영림,정탁교,장미옥,김선화,김만구 한국냄새환경학회 2006 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.5 No.3

In this study, the TVOCs and odor active compounds emitted from 3 PVC and 5 natural wallpapers were analyzed. The emitted odor intensities and characteristics of the wallpapers were estimated using air dilution sensory and direct olfactory methods. The emissions of TVOCs were measured using the SPME-cryogenic emission test method, which was modified from the RAL-GZ 479 method, which is used in Germany to evaluate the quality of wallpapers. It was found that there was no significant correlation between the emissions of TVOCs and the odor concentration. However, a correlation (0.57) was found between the emitted VOCs and the odor concentration of the low molecular weight compounds, which have strong volatilities, ranging from n-C6 to n-C10. For all 8 wallpapers, vinegar like odor was commonly perceived, with acetic acid identified as the main odor active compound withinthe odor. Benzaldehyde and esters, such as ethyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, were identified as odor active compounds, which were expressed as having rubber like smells by the panelists. These results indicate that odor should be included as a domestic regulation for the pollutants emitted from building materials. The identification of odor active compounds emitted from building materials could be useful in the production of eco-environment products.

실내환경 개선을 위한 ‘Bio Green Wall System’의 효과

방성원,김정예,송종은,김광진,김두환 한국인간·식물·환경학회 2013 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.16 No.6

본 연구는 효과적 벽면녹화 기술향상을 위하여 식물 생육, 시공 편리성, 공간 활용성 등 통합적 실용성을 갖춘 기능성 모듈을 개발하여 실내환경개선 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 공기정화 장치가 부착된 ‘Bio Green Wall System’에 구조화하여 직접 제작 설치 및 실용화하였다. ‘Bio Green Wall System’ 구조로 인해 식물에 의한 공기정화와 탄소봉에 의한 2차 공기정화 및 습도 조절이 가능하였고, 송풍 구조로 인해 화분의 후방으로 향해 있는 식물 뿌리에 산소를 공급하여 식물이 건강하게 생육하였다. 기능성 모듈 개발을 통해 다양한 식물의 선택이 가능하고, 간단한 공정으로 실내 및 실외의 여러 장소에 설치 및 이동이 가능하며, 식물의 교체나 보수도 신속하고 편리하게 할 수 있게 되었다. 실험결과, 식물이 없는 대조군보다 벽면녹화 설치 후 TVOCs와 미세먼지(PM10) 농도가 크게 감소하였으며, TVOCs는 ‘Bio Green Wall System’에서 일반 벽면녹화보다 더 많이 감소하였다. HCHO는 벽면녹화 설치 후 유의하게 감소하였으나 CO2에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 ‘Bio Green Wall System’은 실내공기정화에 매우 효과적이며 특허출원한 기능성 모듈도 우수한 성능을 갖춘 것으로 나타났다. Green wall technology is increasingly popular to improve comfort and air quality inside the building. However, existing green walls only involve mostly irrigation system and are costly. They need the improvement in multiple aspects for long-term maintenance. In this study, we aimed to develop a functional module for plant growth, spatiotemporal convenience, and space utilization in order to develop effective green wall technology. The module was manufactured and attached to a ‘Bio Green Wall System’ with air purification system. This ‘Bio Green Wall System’ gives the effect of air purification by the plant as well as air purification by the carbon filter. The ventilation system provides oxygen to the root facing towards the back of the pot to allow the plant to grow healthy. The developed functional module supports growth of a variety of plants. The module can be installed in various indoor and outdoor locations, and allows quick and convenient replacement and plant maintenance. Concentration of TVOCs and fine particles in the office decreased significantly with green wall compared to the control, and TVOCs was significantly lower with the ‘Bio Green Wall System' than with the conventional green wall system. HCHO was significantly reduced with the green walls, but there was no significant difference in CO2.

유해오염물질 처리를 위한 흡연부스의 설계

권우택,권이승,이우식 한국화재소방학회 2017 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.31 No.6

The purpose of this study was to develop a Eco smoking booth that can effectively reduce hazardous pollutants generatedduring smoking and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of removing hazardous pollutants. The design and manufactureof an eco-friendly automatic smoking booth equipped with deodorizing facilities, such as inlet - HEPA filter - electrostaticprecipitator (EP) - impregnated activated carbon - exhaust port, etc., and the efficiency of removing hazardous pollutants frominside and outside was measured and evaluated. The complex odor removal efficiency was 95.37% inside the smoking booth,and 97.38% at the exit of the preventive facility. The carbon monoxide removal efficiency was 94.25% in the inside and98.32% in the outlet. In addition, the removal efficiency of particulate matter, (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) inside the smokingbooth was 98.59%, and 98.85% at the outlet. The total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) decreased from 26,000 μg/m3to 5,203 μg/m3 in the smoking booth, resulting in 79.99% removal efficiency. After the ventilator was operated, the measuredeffluent concentration was 5,019 μg/m3, and the removal efficiency was 80.70%. Therefore, the smoking booth designed andmanufactured through this study can be applied to the removal of harmful pollutants even in the small working environmentin the future. 본 연구는 흡연시 발생되는 각종 유해오염물질을 효과적으로 저감할 수 있는 친환경 흡연부스를 제작하고, 유해물질의 제거효율 및 효과를 평가하는 것이다. 유입구-HEPA필터-전기집진기(EP)-첨착활성탄-배출구 등의 탈취설비를갖춘 친환경 자동 흡연부스를 설계 및 제작하여, 흡연연기에 의한 유해오염물질의 제거효율을 측정 및 평가하였다. 측정방법으로는 내부의 배경농도, 설비 가동 시 배출구 농도, 10분 후 흡연부스의 농도를 측정하고, 평가항목으로는복합악취, 일산화탄소, 미세먼지(PM1, PM2.5, PM10), 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOCs)을 대상으로 하였다. 복합악취 제거효율은 흡연부스 내부에서는 95.37%, 방지설비통과 배출구에서는 97.38%로 우수하였다. 일산화탄소 제거효율은 내부에서는 94.25%, 배출구에서는 98.32%로 나타났다. 또 흡연부스 내부에서의 미세먼지 제거효율은 98.59%이며, 배출구에서는 98.85%로 나타나 미세먼지 제거효율은 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났다. TVOCs는 흡연부스 내부에서는26,000 μg/m3에서 5,203 μg/m3로 감소하여 79.99%의 제거효율로 나타났고, 환풍기 가동 후 방지설비 배출구에서는5,019 μg/m3로 측정되어 제거효율은 80.70%로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 제작, 설계된 흡연부스는 향후 소규모 작업환경 내에서도 각종 유해오염물질들을 제거하는 용도로 적용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

호남지역 신축 아파트의 휘발성유기화합물(VOCs) 실태 조사

서병량(Byeong-Ryang Seo),허당(Dang Hur),전준민(Jun-Min Jeon),황의현(Ui-Hyun Hwang) 한국실내환경학회 2006 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.3 No.4

This study was undertaken to investigate the concentration of VOCs from newly built apartments in three cities (Suncheon, Yeosu, and Gwangyang) of Honam province in Korea. VOCs were sampled using canister and analyzed by GC/MSD. The result of the canister blank test showed that, most VOCs were not detected when 5 ppb was cleaned once and 10 ppb was cleaned with two times. In case of the replicate alalysis to check for the precision of GC/MSD, RSD values were found to be excellent at 6%. The upper floor of C apartment (25 pyong) showed the highest concentration of TVOCs at 3,235 ㎍/㎥. The average concentration of TVOCs was the highest in C apartment (25 pyong) as 1,833±1,217 ㎍/㎥. The average concentration of TVOCs in K (52 pyong) and S apartment (16 pyong) were 1,820±1,035 ㎍/㎥ and 498±71 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The I/O ratio of TVOCs were 8.99∼35.90 (mean : 25.99), 11.51∼35.43 (mean : 20.07) and 6.03∼7.90 (mean : 6.92) in K, C and S apartment, respectively. From these results, it is believed that the concentration of TVOCs was comparatively high in new apartment. Therefore, it is important to use low VOC emission materials to reduce the emission concentration of VOCs from in new apartment. It is hence necessary that a scientific study is performed to secure clean indoor air quality.