Facility Performance Indexes and Rapid Test Feasibility Evaluation Method of Shaking Tables

Wei Guo,Zhipeng Zhai,Zhiwu Yu,Yan Long 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.23 No.7

Shaking table test is widely used as the main experimental approach to evaluate seismic performance of structures, and it usually consumes huge funds and labors. To ensure success of the tests, it is essential to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy before the test is conducted. However, research on test feasibility has rarely been reported. In recent years, complexity of shaking table tests has increased significantly due to the increasing demand of testing facility performance. Hence, feasibility evaluation becomes more and more important. In this paper, main performance indexes of the shaking table facility are expounded. According to the performance indexes of actuator parameters, a rapid feasibility evaluation method is then proposed based on the equilibrium between the facility capacity and the table output demand. Subsequently, applicability of the evaluation method is validated by evaluating the practical tests. The results show that the maximum acceleration targets in horizontal and vertical direction are mutually restrained under threedimensional excitations. For the feasibility evaluation of large-scale model tests, the eccentric and overturning moment of specimen are the main performance control indexes due to their adverse influences on the facility. And the overturn-resistance of shaking table will be enhanced significantly by vertical actuators during the absence of vertical excitations. In the shaking table array test, millimeter-scale relative displacement between tables may lead to accidental damage of the test specimen or not working of the facility when the reinforced concrete foundation crosses the shaking tables. Therefore, attentions should be paid to the design of the test scheme.

진동대 시험을 이용한 중공블록 보강 기초의 내진성능분석

신은철,이연정,양태철,Shin, Eun-Chul,Lee, Yeun-Jeung,Yang, Tae Chul 한국지반신소재학회 2021 한국지반신소재학회 논문집 Vol.20 No.4

한반도의 70%는 산지로 구성되어 있으며, 서해와 남해의 수심은 상대적으로 얕은 편이다. 따라서, 공업단지, 주거단지, 항만 및 공항 부지를 위한 대규모 간척사업이 시행되고 있다. 매립지역의 일반적인 문제는 지반이 연약하여 지지력이 부족할 뿐만 아니라 상당한 침하가 발생된다는 것이다. 중공블록은 중·저층 아파트 또는 단층의 공장건물을 건설하기 위해 계획된 느슨한 연약기초 지반보강을 위해 사용된다. 최근 4.0~5.0의 강도를 가진 지진이 서쪽과 남동쪽 해안지역을 따라 발생하고 있다. Lee (2019)는 정적 지지력시험을 통해 얕은 기초보강 중공블록의 장점에 대하여 연구하였다. 이 연구에서 블록 내부에 쇄석으로 채움된 보강된 모래지반의 중공블록 동적거동은 진동대 1000 mm × 1000 mm 시험을 통해 연구하였다. 3가지 지진파인 Ofunato, Hachinohe, Artificial 지진파와 2가지 가속도(0.154g, 0.22g)를 진동대 시험에 적용하였다. 중공블록으로 보강된 지반 위의 구조물 수평변위는 LVDT를 사용하여 측정하였다. 중공블록에 의한 지반보강 효율을 평가하기 위하여 지반의 상대밀도를 45%, 65%, 85%로 각각 구성하였으며, 수평변위를 측정하고 한계수평변위 0.015h(건축물 내진등급기준, 2019)와 비교하였다. 중공블록으로 보강된 모래지반에 대한 진동대 시험 결과에 기반해서 벌집 모양의 중공블록은 블록내부에 쇄석 채움으로서 큰 구속력을 가지며, 중공블록의 내부 및 외부를 따라 발생하는 관입저항력으로 인한 큰 주면마찰력을 갖는 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 모든 요소들은 진동대 시험 중에 수평변위를 상당이 줄이는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 중공블록 보강 지반은 지진파와 가속도에 상관없이 중·저층 건물의 얕은기초 보강공법으로 매우 우수함이 입증되었다. The seventy percentage of Korean Peninsular is covered by the mountainous area, and the depth of west sea and south sea is relatively shallow. Therefore, a large scale land reclamation from the sea has been implemented for the construction of industrial complex, residental area, and port and airport facilities. The common problem of reclaimed land is consisted of soft ground, and hence it has low load bearing capacity as well as excessive settlement upon loading on the ground surface. The hollow concrete block has been used to reinforce the loose and soft foundation soil where the medium-high apartment or one-story industrial building is being planned to be built. Recently the earthquakes with the magnitude of 4.0~5.0 have been occurred in the west coastal and southeast coastal areas. Lee (2019) reported the advantages of hollow concrete block reinforced shallow foundation through the static laboratory bearing capacity tests. In this study, the dynamic behavior of hollow concrete block reinforced sandy ground with filling the crushed stone in the hollow space has been investigated by the means of shaking table test with the size of shaking table 1000 mm × 1000 mm. Three types of seismic wave, that is, Ofunato, Hachinohe, Artificial, and two different accelerations (0.154 g, 0.22 g) were applied in the shaking table tests. The horizontal displacement of structure which is situated right above the hollow concrete block reinforced ground was measured by using the LVDT. The relative density of soil ground are varied with 45%, 65%, and 85%, respectively, to investigate the effectiveness of reinforcement by hollow block and measured the magnitude of lateral movement, and compared with the limit value of 0.015h (Building Earthquake Code, 2019). Based on the results of shaking table test for hollow concrete block reinforced sandy ground, honeycell type hollow block gives a large interlocking force due to the filling of crushed stone in the hollow space as well as a great interface friction force by the confining pressure and punching resistance along the inside and outside of hollow concrete block. All these factors are contributed to reduce the great amount of horizontal displacement during the shaking table test. Finally, hollow concrete block reinforced sandy ground for shallow foundation is provided an outstanding reinforced method for medium-high building irrespective of seismic wave and moderate accelerations.

Experimental identification of the six DOF C.G.S., Algeria, shaking table system

Abdelhalim Airouche,Hakim Bechtoula,Hassan Aknouche,Bradford K.Thoen,Djillali Benouar 국제구조공학회 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.13 No.1

Servohydraulic shaking tables are being increasingly used in the field of earthquake engineering. They play a critical role in the advancement of the research state and remain one of the valuable tools for seismic testing. Recently, the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center, CGS, has acquired a 6.1m x 6.1 m shaking table system which has a six degree-of-freedom testing capability. The maximum specimenmass that can be tested on the shaking table is 60 t. This facility is designed specially for testing a complete civil engineering structures, substructures and structural elements up to collapse or ultimate limit states. It can also be used for qualification testing of industrial equipments. The current paper presents the main findings of the experimental shake-down characterization testing of the CGS shaking table. The test programcarried out in this study included random white noise and harmonic tests. These tests were performed along each of the six degrees of freedom, three translations and three rotations. This investigation provides fundamental parameters that are required and essential while elaborating a realistic model of the CGS shaking table. Also presented in this paper, is the numerical model of the shaking table that was establishedand validated.

Experimental identification of the six DOF C.G.S., Algeria, shaking table system

Airouche, Abdelhalim,Bechtoula, Hakim,Aknouche, Hassan,Thoen, Bradford K.,Benouar, Djillali Techno-Press 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.13 No.1

Servohydraulic shaking tables are being increasingly used in the field of earthquake engineering. They play a critical role in the advancement of the research state and remain one of the valuable tools for seismic testing. Recently, the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center, CGS, has acquired a 6.1m x 6.1 m shaking table system which has a six degree-of-freedom testing capability. The maximum specimen mass that can be tested on the shaking table is 60 t. This facility is designed specially for testing a complete civil engineering structures, substructures and structural elements up to collapse or ultimate limit states. It can also be used for qualification testing of industrial equipments. The current paper presents the main findings of the experimental shake-down characterization testing of the CGS shaking table. The test program carried out in this study included random white noise and harmonic tests. These tests were performed along each of the six degrees of freedom, three translations and three rotations. This investigation provides fundamental parameters that are required and essential while elaborating a realistic model of the CGS shaking table. Also presented in this paper, is the numerical model of the shaking table that was established and validated.

소형선형 평면뼈대모형의 진동대실험을 통한 하이브리드실험 기법의 검증

조성민,최인규 정대성,김철영 한국지진공학회 2010 한국지진공학회논문집 Vol.14 No.6

본 논문은 지진에 의한 구조물의 거동을 평가하기 위한 실험방법 중 최근 국내에 도입되어 연구되고 있는 하이브리드실험에 대한 시스템을 구축하고, 그에 따른 모델개발과 하이브리드실험을 실시하여 하이브리드실험기법의 타당성과 정확도를 평가하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 NEESgrid의 미니모스트 시스템을 벤치마킹하여 여건에 맞게 수정, 보완하였으며 2차원 평면뼈대모형을 개발하여 실험에 적용하였다. 그리고 하이브리드실험 결과의 평가를 위해 국내에서는 거의 시도되지 않았던 진동대실험과 비교를 함으로써 결과의 신뢰도를 높였다. 진동대실험에는 하이브리드실험과 동일한 크기의 실물모형을 제작, 실험하여 크기효과의 영향을 최소화하였다. 두 실험의 결과는 거의 비슷한 것으로 나타나 하이브리드실험이 진동대실험을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This paper deals with the hybrid structural test technique which has been introduced and studied currently in Korea. In this study, a Mini-MOST system which was developed as a part of NEES research was modified and improved to reduce the total simulation time to half of the original system. Using the proposed system together with the 2 dimensional small steel frame specimen, the validity and efficiency of the hybrid test technique is investigated. Even though the hybrid test has been developed as an alternative to the shaking table test and has been studied and applied for a long time in several countries, no attempt has been made to compare it directly with the shaking table test. Therefore, in this study, the hybrid test results are compared with those of the shaking table test as well as with a numerical simulation for the verification of hybrid test. From the comparison and analysis of the test results, it is concluded that the hybrid test can simulate the actual seismic behavior of structural systems very accurately and it can be a good alternative to the shaking table test.

기초격리된 구조물의 내진성능평가를 위한 실험기법

윤정방,정우정,김남식,김두훈 한국지진공학회 1997 한국지진공학회논문집 Vol.1 No.4

본 연구에서는 다양한 입력지진에 대해서 기초격리된 구조물의 내진성능 평가를 위해서 진동대실험과 유사동적실험을 수행하였다. 본 논문의 목적은 다음과 같다. 하나는 진동대실험을 통하여 강한 지진의 발생시 저층의 구조물에 대한 기초격리시스템의 내진성능을 평가하는 것이고 다음으로는 진동대실험결과와 비교하여 기초격리시스템에 대한 유사동적실험기법의 적용성 및 신뢰성을 증명하는 것이다. 진동대실험은 적층고무받침을 이용하여 기초격리된 1/4 축소모형의 3층 철골구조물의 대상으로 하였다. 유사동적실험에서는 부분구조기법을 사용하여 단지 기초격리시스템만을 대상으로 실험되며 전체구조물의 지진응답은 컴퓨터 내에서 직접적분을 이용하여 계산된다. 진동대실험결과와 비교할 때 부분구조기법을 사용한 유사동적실험은 기초격리된 구조물의 동적응답 평가에 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 대부분의 하중하에서 기초격리장치가 사용된 구조물의 경우에는 지진응답이 현저히 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었으나, 장주기파의 성분이 강한 지반운동에 대해서는 감소의 폭이 크지 않았다. 그러나 여러 지반조건에 대하여 UBC 시방서에서 규정한 설계하중에 대하여는 진동감소효과가 우수함을 보인다. This paper describes a series of shaking table and pseudodynamic tests for evaluation of seismic performance of base-isolated structures subjected to various seismic earthquake inputs. The main objectives of this study are : (1) evaluation of the effectiveness of base-isolation systems for low-rise structures against severe seismic loads through shaking table tests, (2) verification of the substructuring pseudodynamic test method for the base-isolated structures in comparison with the shaking table test results. In the shaking table test, a quarter scaled three-story structure base-isolated by laminated rubber bearings is tested. In the pseudodynamic test, only the laminated rubber bearing s are tested using the substructuring technique, while the concurrent seismic responses of the superstructure are computed using on-line numerical integration. Comparison with the shaking table test results indicates that the substructuring pseudodynamic test method is very effective for determining the dynamic responses of the base-isolated structure.

Preliminary Data Analysis of Surrogate Spent Nuclear Fuel in Shake Table Tests to Simulate Normal Conditions of Road and Sea Transport

JaeHoon Lim,Woo-seok Choi 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

Currently, the development of evaluation technology for vibration and shock loads transmitted to spent nuclear fuel and structural integrity of spent nuclear fuel under normal conditions of transport is progressing in Korea by the present authors. Road transportation tests using surrogate spent nuclear fuel were performed in September, 2020 using a test model of KORAD-21 transportation cask and sea transportation tests were conducted from September 30 to October 4, 2021. Finally, the shake table tests and rolling test were conducted from October 31 to November 2, 2022. The shake table test was performed with the input load produced conservatively from the data obtained from the road and sea transportation tests. The test input was produced based on the power spectral densities and shock response spectrums from the transportation tests. In addition to the test inputs from the road and sea tests, sine sweep input and half sine input were used to verify the vibration characteristics of assemblies under boundary conditions during normal conditions of transport. Because the input load of the shake table test was produced conservatively, a slightly larger strain than the strain value measured in road and sea transportation tests was measured from the shake table tests. In the case of the sea test, it is considered that the process of enveloping the data in the 20 to 80 Hz range generated by the engine propeller system was performed excessively conservatively. As a result of analyzing the test results for the difference in boundary conditions, it was confirmed that the test conditions of loading the basket generated a relatively large strain compared to the conditions of loading the disk assembly for the same input load. Therefore, it is concluded that a transportation cask having a structure in which a basket and a disk are separated, such as KORAD-21, is more advantageous in terms of vibration shock load characteristics under normal conditions of transport than a transportation cask having an integral internal structure in which a basket and a disk are a single unit. However, this effect will be insignificant because the load itself transmitted to the disk assembly is very small.

Shake Table Tests of Steel Embedded Composite Columns Under Moderate Near-Fault Motion

정영수,심창수,홍현기 한국강구조학회 2012 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.12 No.4

Shaking table tests were conducted on steel-embedded composite columns with core structural steel on near fault ground motion (NFGM) to investigate their seismic behavior. Four composite columns and one reinforced concrete (RC) column with diameters of 400 mm and heights of 1400 mm were tested on a shake table, and one specimen was studied with a pseudodynamic test. A sliding steel frame, called the inertial force rig, was designed and implemented to completely support the inertial mass of the column and the shaking table system. The composite column with a higher steel ratio required more volumetric confinement steel in the plastic hinge region. For the steel embedded composite columns with an axial steel ratio of less than 2%, The same amount of confining steel as in the normal reinforced concrete columns was sufficient to obtain the required ductility for the composite columns with low steel ratio. Composite columns with an embedded steel tube at the center showed better displacement ductility than RC columns with similar steel ratios, but showed smaller energy absorption capacity. The effect of the lap splice in a composite column was not significant because the spliced reinforcing bars had a lower area than RC columns with a 50% lap splice. The shake table test specimen showed much less ductility than the pseudo-dynamic test specimen and more energy dissipation capability, while the maximum capacity of the composite column was the same for the different test methods.

Collapse Behavior of Reduced-Scale Frames by the Inverted Shaking Table Method under Dynamic Seismic Loading

Yuko Shimada,Kenta Takahashi,Satoshi Yamada 한국강구조학회 2022 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.22 No.6

The shaking table test, which is generally conducted using reduced-scale frames to investigate the collapse behavior of structures during underground motion, is an eff ective method in the seismic engineering fi eld. However, unlike the shaking table test with full-scale frames, those with reduced-scale frames possess several problems owing to the scaling eff ect. This paper proposes a novel experimental method for performing the shaking table test with reduced-scale frames to overcome these problems; this method is known as the “inverted shaking table.” Through a series of experiments using this method and two earthquake records as inputs without modifying the time axis, the elastoplastic behaviors of reduced-scale steel frames are obtained up to their collapse owing to the P-Δ eff ect. Additionally, the changes in the collapse process are studied by changing the vertical load on the test specimens. The test results obtained in this study are validated using the response analysis of a single degree-of-freedom system, which reveals that the hysteresis and acceleration multiplier of the input wave obtained using the response analysis and test for each specimen are approximately the same. This indicates that the proposed method is eff ective for reproducing the frame behavior up to collapse for specimens with portable components and using general experimental apparatus.

Compensation techniques for experimental errors in real-time hybrid simulation using shake tables

Nakata, Narutoshi,Stehman, Matthew Techno-Press 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.6

Substructure shake table testing is a class of real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS). It combines shake table tests of substructures with real-time computational simulation of the remaining part of the structure to assess dynamic response of the entire structure. Unlike in the conventional hybrid simulation, substructure shake table testing imposes acceleration compatibilities at substructure boundaries. However, acceleration tracking of shake tables is extremely challenging, and it is not possible to produce perfect acceleration tracking without time delay. If responses of the experimental substructure have high correlation with ground accelerations, response errors are inevitably induced by the erroneous input acceleration. Feeding the erroneous responses into the RTHS procedure will deteriorate the simulation results. This study presents a set of techniques to enable reliable substructure shake table testing. The developed techniques include compensation techniques for errors induced by imperfect input acceleration of shake tables, model-based actuator delay compensation with state observer, and force correction to eliminate process and measurement noises. These techniques are experimentally investigated through RTHS using a uni-axial shake table and three-story steel frame structure at the Johns Hopkins University. The simulation results showed that substructure shake table testing with the developed compensation techniques provides an accurate and reliable means to simulate the dynamic responses of the entire structure under earthquake excitations.