半導体産業のグローバル供給網の再編と韓国の課題

한기조 한국일본근대학회 2023 일본근대학연구 Vol.- No.79

This paper analyzes the current status of the Korean and Japanese semiconductor industries in the global market, the reorganization of supply chains in the global semiconductor industry, and the interdependence of the semiconductor industries between Korea and Japan. According to the analysis results, the semiconductor industry is divided into processes due to the rapid development of technology and the need for large-scale investment. A global supply chain has been established, with system semiconductor design (fabless) mainly in the U.S., system semiconductor manufacturing (foundry, IMD) in Korea and Taiwan, memory semiconductor in Korea, and semiconductor equipment in the U.S., Netherlands, and Japan. The implications of the above analysis are as follows. First, Korea is very vulnerable in system semiconductor design (fabless). Therefore, government-level support or response from the entire semiconductor ecosystem is needed to ensure the design competitiveness of system semiconductors. Second, active joint efforts by large companies, small and medium-sized venture enterprises, the financial sector, and the government are needed to revive the domestic semiconductor design ecosystem and technology commercialization (R&BD) that goes beyond R&D support. Third, the production of system semiconductors (foundries) is almost monopolized by Taiwan, and in order to strengthen the stability of the GSC, it is necessary to distribute its production to other countries such as Korea and the United States. Fourth, Korea should continue to develop leading technologies and make bold investments to maintain the lead in memory semiconductor super technology. Fifth, the introduction of advanced packaging technology, R&D, and promotion of ATP (assembly, testing, and packaging) are required. Sixth, Korea, and Japan must make efforts and cooperate with each other to prevent loss of profits due to export regulations and resolve instability in global supply chains to generate profits. Seventh, Korea, and Japan must jointly respond to the rise of China and China's retaliation against the Chip 4 countries. Finally, it is necessary to relocate overseas sourcing and suppliers concentrated in China in preparation for the reorganization of the supply chain around the United States due to the dispute over the hegemony of semiconductor technology between the U.S. and China, IPEF, Chip4, etc.

미중 반도체 갈등과 중국의 대응 전략 분석 – 미국의 대중 반도체 제재 딜레마와 중국의 3가지 돌파구를 중심으로 –

남은영 중국지역학회 2023 중국지역연구 Vol.10 No.4

This study conducts an in-depth analysis of China's response strategy based on the semiconductor sanctions dilemma imposed by the United States on China. While the United States is strengthening sanctions to decouple from China in the advanced semiconductor field, it is also tolerating coupling with China in the general semiconductor market, fearing infringement on the interests of U.S. companies. This dilemma faced by the United States presents both opportunities and challenges for China. China perceives the U.S. tolerance for coupling as an opportunity and is reinforcing the development of the general semiconductor industry. China's promotion of the general semiconductor industry, which is larger in scale than advanced semiconductors, can contribute to China gaining an advantage in the general semiconductor market. Simultaneously, it provides an opportunity to leverage outdated semiconductor technology, for the development of advanced performance semiconductors. In the short term, China employs a bypass strategy actively utilizing outdated technology for semiconductor industry self-sufficiency. Concurrently, China is responding to U.S. high tech restrictions by pursuing a medium-to-long-term strategy involving talent development and the development of third-generation semiconductors. The U.S. focus on decoupling from Chinese semiconductors aligns with advanced technologies, shaping its response accordingly. The U.S. strategy, driven by security concerns originating from China and the values of alliances, aims to reshape the global supply chain in the semiconductor industry. This has led to diverse analyses connected to international political theories such as power politics, diplomatic security, and more. However, this framework makes it challenging to explain the U.S. dilemma of allowing coupling with China in outdated semiconductor technology to benefit the interests of the U.S. semiconductor industry. The U.S. semiconductor containment against China appears to be more a part of a significant industrial policy for fostering the semiconductor industry than a practical outcome of U.S. diplomatic and security strategies. This U.S. approach and China's response provide three implications for the development direction of the South Korean semiconductor industry: expanding South Korean companies' general semiconductor business in China, maintaining relationships that can collaborate on the establishment of third-generation semiconductor standards expected to be widely adopted in China, especially in power semiconductors, and strengthening semiconductor talent collaboration between South Korea and both the United States and China.

시스템 반도체 산업에서 미⋅중 경쟁과 한국의 AI 반도체 산업정책에 대한 시사점 - 특허 데이터를 이용한 분석을 중심으로 -

오철 영남대학교 중국연구센터 2024 중국과 중국학 Vol.- No.51

한국은 글로벌 메모리 반도체 시장에서 59%의 시장점유율로 압도적인 1위를 차지하고 있지만, 시스템 반도체 시장에서는 3%의 수준에 그칠 정도로 미미하다. 하지만, 시스템 반도체는 반도체 전체 시장의 61%를 차지 하고, 업황도 메모리 반도체에 비해 안정적이다. 본 논문에서는 시스템 반도체 특허를 세대별로 분석해 CPU/GPU 중심의 1세대 반도체와 주문형 2세대 시스템 반도체 시장에서는 미⋅중 간 시장이 분리되고 있고, 차세대 AI반도체 시장에서는 미⋅중⋅한 삼국의 격차가 좁혀지는 현상을 기술적으로 분석하였고, 향후 시스템 반도체 산업의 중심이 될 차세대 AI반도체 시장에서 한국이 어떤 산업 정책을 세워야 할지에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. Korea ranks overwhelmingly first in the global memory semiconductor market with a 59 percent market share, but it is insignificant enough to account for only 3 percent of the system semiconductor market. However, system semiconductors have a 61% of the total semiconductor market share, and the business situation is stable compared to memory semiconductors. In this paper, we analyzed system semiconductor patents by generation, and technically analyzed that the US-China market is separating in the CPU/GPU-centered first-generation semiconductor and on-demand second-generation system semiconductor market, that the technological gap between the US, China and Korea is narrowing in the next-generation AI semiconductor market. We suggested implications for what kind of industrial policy Korea should establish in the next-generation AI semiconductor market, which will be the center of the system semiconductor industry in the future.

한국과 주요국 간의 반도체산업 수출경쟁력 및 수출경합도 비교 분석

김은영(Kim, Eun Young),서창배(Seo, Chang Bae) 한국아시아학회 2021 아시아연구 Vol.24 No.4

전 세계적으로 반도체산업의 주도권을 확보하기 위한 기술패권경쟁이 심화하며 반도체 공급망 재편과 관련한 다양한 움직임이 최근 급증하고 있다. 반도체는 4차 산업혁명 시대의 필수산업이기 때문에 관련 주요국들을 중심으로 글로벌 공급망 확보와 기술자립도 강화를 추진 중인 것이다. 한국을 소위 반도체 강국이라고 하나, 시스템반도체 분야를 비롯한 관련 소재산업 부문의 경쟁력은 상대적으로 취약한 상태이고, 메모리반도체 분야는 경쟁국들과의 기술 격차 감소로 인해 위협받고 있다. 이에 본고는 시장점유율(MS), 무역특화지수(TSI), 현시비교우위(RCA), 수출경합도지수(ESI) 모형을 활용하여 한국과 주요국 간의 반도체산업 수출경쟁력 및 수출경합도를 비교 분석하였다. 그에 따른 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 반도체 수출점유율이 높은 순서는 중국 > 대만 > 싱가포르 > 한국 > 미국 순으로 나타났으며 그 중, 중국과 대만의 시장점유율이 매년 증가하는 추세이다. 둘째, 한국·대만·일본·말레이시아·싱가포르는 수출 측면에서 특화된 반면, 중국·미국·독일은 수입 측면에서 특화된 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 한국·중국·대만·싱가포르·말레이시아·일본의 반도체산업은 각각 자국 내 여타 산업보다 비교우위인 상태이나, 미국과 독일은 비교열위 상태이다. 넷째, 전반적인 반도체 시장에서 한국과 경합도가 높은 국가는 중국 > 대만 > 싱가포르 순으로 나타났는데, 그 중 메모리반도체 분야는 중국과, 시스템반도체 분야는 대만과 가장 치열한 경쟁 구도를 보이고 있다. 이에 따라, 현재 관련 주요국들을 중심으로 반도체산업 육성을 위한 집중적인 경쟁이 더욱 심화되고 있다. 따라서 한국이 종합적인 반도체 강국으로 거듭나기 위해서는 R&D 지원 강화, 인재양성, 기술 역량 제고, 팹리스기업(Fabless Manufacturing) 장려 등이 절실한 상태이다. Semiconductor supply chains are promoting reorganized as technical hegemony competition to secure the initiative in the semiconductor industry intensifies globally. Because semiconductors are an essential industry in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, related-significant countries emphasize securing global supply chains and technical independence. Although Korea is called a semiconductor powerhouse, Korea has been vulnerable to competitiveness in related materials, including system semiconductors, and competitors have threatened it with the technology gap decrease in memory semiconductors. Therefore, this article compared and analyzed the export competitiveness of the semiconductor industry between Korea and significant countries using Market Share (MS), Trade Specialization Index (TSI), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and Export Similarity Index (ESI) models. The results are as follows; First, the order of high semiconductor export share is China > Taiwan > Singapore > Korea > the US, of which China and Taiwan"s market share tend to increase every year. Second, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore specialized in exports, while China, the US, and Germany specialized in imports. Third, the semiconductor industry in Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan has a comparative advantage over other sectors within their country. In contrast, the US and Germany have a comparative disadvantage. Fourth, countries of high competition with Korea in the global semiconductor market are China > Taiwan > Singapore, especially Memory semiconductors are highly competitive with China and system semiconductors with Taiwan. Currently, competition among world powerhouses to foster the semiconductor industry is intensifying. Therefore, if Korea wants to make a comprehensive semiconductor powerhouse, Korea has to support R&D, cultivate people of talent, enhance technology capabilities, and encourage Fabless Manufacturing.

Analysis of Korean Import and Export in the Semiconductor Industry: A Global Supply Chain Perspective

Soo-Yong Shin,Sung-Ho Shin 한국무역학회 2021 Journal of Korea trade Vol.25 No.6

Purpose – Semiconductors are a significant export item for Korea that is expected to continue to contribute significantly to the Korean economy in the future. Thus, the semiconductor industry is a critical component in the 4th Industrial Revolution and is expected to continue growing as the non￾face-to-face economy expands as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, this paper aims to empirically investigate how semiconductors are imported and exported in Korea from a global supply chain perspective by analysing import and export data at the micro-level. Design/methodology – This study conducts a multifaceted analysis of the global supply chain for semi￾conductors and related equipment in Korea by examining semiconductor imports and exports by semiconductor type, year, target country, mode of transportation, airport/port, and domestic region, using import/export micro-data. The visualisation, flow analysis, and Bayesian Network methodologies were used to compensate for the limitations of each method. Findings – Korea is a major exporter of semiconductor memory and has the world’s highest competi￾tiveness but is relatively weak in the field of system semiconductors. The trade deficit in ‘semicon￾ductor equipment and parts’ is clearly growing. As a result, continued investment in ‘system semi￾conductors’ and ‘semiconductor equipment and parts’ technology development is necessary to boost exports and ensure a stable supply chain. Originality/value – Few papers on semiconductor trade in Korea have been published from the perspective of the global supply chain or value chain. This study contributes to the literature in this area by focusing on import and export data for the global supply chain of the Korean semiconductor industry using a variety of approaches. It is our hope that the insights gained from this study will aid in the advancement of SCM research.

혁신적 해외 반도체장비 기업들의 고객관계 관리(Customer Relationship Management)에 대한 비교사례 연구

권영화(Kwun, Younghwa) 한국창업학회 2017 한국창업학회지 Vol.12 No.4

최근 4차 산업의 지속적 발전에 따라 반도체산업도 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 그 이유는 4차 산업에서 많은 반도체의 적용으로 반도체산업의 성장이 크게 기대되고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 반도체장비 기업들도 많은 반도체기업들의 팹에 대한 투자로 장비에 대한 수요가 증가하여 성장이 빠르게 진행되고 있다. 한편, CRM에 대한 연구는 그동안 다양한 분야에서 많이 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 반도체장비 기업에서 CRM 활동이 고객에 대한 서비스 관점에서 매우 중요하지만 이와 관련된 연구가 거의 전무한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 CRM 활동에 있어 한국보다 크게 앞서있는 해외 반도체장비기업들의 CRM 현황과 CRM 성과를 위한 활동에 대해 비교연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구결과를 보면, 해외의 4개 반도체장비 기업들은 CRM 활동을 성공적으로 진행하고 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 나아가 본 연구에서는 각 기업의 CRM 현황과 CRM 성과를 위한 활동에 있어서 공통점과 특징을 비교해 보았다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서는 한국 반도체장비 기업들에 CRM 활동을 진행하는 데 있어 필요한 전략적 시사점을 제시하였다. Recently, semiconductor industry is growing greatly as the 4th industry gets to use a lot of semiconductors. Accordingly, semiconductor equipment companies are also growing rapidly as semiconductor companies are investing a lot on fab to meet the demand of customers. Meanwhile, many studies have been done regarding CRM. However, it was quite rare regarding the semiconductor industry although CRM activity is quite necessary for semiconductor equipment companies. Therefore, this study was to execute a research on the status and activity for successful CRM of innovative foreign semiconductor equipment companies. And this study showed that 4 foreign semiconductor equipment companies were doing an excellent job for CRM. Furthermore, this study compared the status and activity of CRM for each company on their common things and features. Finally, this study suggested some implications which can be helpful for Korean semiconductor equipment companies.

Small molecule semiconductors for organic photovoltaics: a truncation approach

Kyeong, Minkyu,Park, Yuri,Gu, Ayeong,Kim, Heejoo,Hong, Sukwon Elsevier 2018 Synthetic metals Vol.245 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Solution-processable small molecule (SM) organic semiconductors for organic photovoltaics have been in the spotlight for several years. In particular, SM semiconductors have been developed in an attempt to control their film morphology, study their intermolecular interactions, and synthesize new electron donor and electron acceptor subunits. SMs have many advantages over polymers including well-defined molecular structures, monodispersity, and no batch-to-batch dependence. Although SM semiconductors can be designed by truncation from polymers, such examples have rarely been reported. Herein we designed SM semiconductors by truncating a representative polymer, Poly[4-(4,8-bis((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)benzo[1,2-<I>b</I>:4,5-<I>b</I>’]dithiophen-2-yl)-<I>alt</I>-benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole] (PBDTBT). Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) was chosen as an electron acceptor subunit instead of thieno[3,4-<I>c</I>]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). The SM semiconductors were end-capped with pyridine derivatives. Thermal, optical and electrochemical properties of these materials were examined to confirm the degradation temperature, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, and the band gaps. In particular, the benzyloxyl pyridine-capped semiconductor (SM1) exhibited power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.92% which is higher than those shown by the corresponding polymer PBDTBT (0.90% and 1.71%).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> New small molecule semiconductors were designed by truncation of polymers. </LI> <LI> Various end‐capping groups were introduced into small molecule semiconductors. </LI> <LI> One of newly synthesized semiconductors shows higher PCE value than that of polymer. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Ambipolar Small-Molecule:Polymer Blend Semiconductors for Solution-Processable Organic Field-Effect Transistors

Kang, Minji,Hwang, Hansu,Park, Won-Tae,Khim, Dongyoon,Yeo, Jun-Seok,Kim, Yunseul,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Noh, Yong-Young,Kim, Dong-Yu American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.3

<P>We report on the fabrication of an organic thin-film semiconductor formed using a blend solution of soluble ambipolar small molecules and an insulating polymer binder that exhibits vertical phase separation and uniform film formation. The semiconductor thin films are produced in a single step from a mixture containing a small molecular semiconductor, namely, quinoidal biselenophene (QBS), and a binder polymer, namely, poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) (PVN). Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on QBS/PVN blend semiconductor are then assembled using top-gate/bottom-contact device configuration, which achieve almost four times higher mobility than the neat QBS semiconductor. Depth profile via secondary ion mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy images indicate that the QBS domains in the films made from the blend are evenly distributed with a smooth morphology at the bottom of the PVN layer. Bias stress test and variable-temperature measurements on QBS-based OFETs reveal that the QBS/PVN blend semiconductor remarkably reduces the number of trap sites at the gate dielectric/semiconductor interface and the activation energy in the transistor channel. This work provides a one-step solution processing technique, which makes use of soluble ambipolar small molecules to form a thin-film semiconductor for application in high-performance OFETs.</P>

글로벌 반도체장비 기업들의 리스크관리 메커니즘에 대한 사례연구 : Applied Materials, ASML과 Tokyo Electron을 중심으로

권영화,엄재근 한국전문경영인학회 2018 專門經營人硏究 Vol.21 No.4

Recently, semiconductor industry is growing due to the development of the 4th industry. And the demand of semiconductor equipment is also expected to grow due to increasing demand of semiconductor. Meanwhile, it has been done many studies regarding risk management in various fields, but there is almost no case study regarding the semiconductor companies. Therefore, this study executed a case study on the mechanism of risk management from global semiconductor equipment companies. In addition, we are analyzing the companies with a ser-M perspective rather than the simple analysis. Consequently, this study showed that global semiconductor equipment companies are implementing risk management aggressively and systematically, so that they could have competitive advantage continuously. Lastly, this study suggested some implications in risk management to other semiconductor companies.

반도체 글로벌 가치사슬(GVC)의 정치경제학적 함의: 미・중 반도체 경쟁과 한국의 기회와 도전

오종택,전광호 대한정치학회 2021 大韓政治學會報 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause and aspect of the competition over semiconductors between the U.S. and China, which has recently become an issue, and to look at the strategic options that South Korea should take in. As the global semiconductor supply and demand imbalance deepen due to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries around the world are trying to secure semiconductors. Currently, the U.S. and China are fiercely competing to strengthen their supply chains. It has been confirmed that the U.S is trying to strengthen its own supply chain by expanding its semiconductor fab and cooperating with its allies such as Taiwan, South Korea, while China is trying to build a self-contained supply chain by fostering its semiconductor industry. The U.S. and China are the most influential countires in semiconductor value chain, and the efforts of both countries to reorganize their own supply chains are acting as opportunities and challanges for the South Korean semiconductor industry, and it is time to prepare specific strategies to respond to that phenomenon. 본 논문의 목적은 최근 이슈화되고 있는 미국과 중국의 반도체를 둘러싼 갈등의 원인과 양상을 분석하며 이를 통해서 양국의 경쟁속에서 우리나라가 취해야 할 전략적 선택은 무엇인지 구체적으로 조망해보고자 한다. 코로나 팬데믹 사태로 전 세계 반도체 수급의 불균형이 심화됨에 따라 세계 각국은 반도체 확보에 사활적 노력을 하고 있다. 현재 미국과 중국은 자국 중심의 공급망 강화를 위해 치열하게 경쟁중이다. 미국은 자국내 반도체 공장 증설과 동맹국과의 협력을 통해 자국 중심의 공급망 강화에 노력하고 있지만 중국은 자국의 반도체산업 육성을 통해 자국 중심의 공급망 구축을 도모하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 반도체 산업은 첨단기술과 막대한 자본금이 필요하기 때문에 전 공정단계에서 글로벌 분업체계가 활성화되어 있는 산업중 하나다. 미국과 중국은 반도체 가치사슬에서 가장 큰 영향력을 발휘하고 있는 국가로 양국의 자국중심 공급망 개편 노력은 한국의 반도체 산업에 기회와 위기로 작용하고 있으며 이에 대응하기 위한 구체적 전략 마련이 필요한 시점이다.