운동에서 ROS의 양날의 검 역할에 대한 연구

사영초,곡유,이진우,김재철 한국체육과학회 2023 한국체육과학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that ROS can bring negative effects to the body, such as sports injuries and inflammatory responses. With the deepening of research in recent years, it has been found that ROS also play other roles in the body, such as promoting autophagy and lowering blood sugar. Currently, there is no consensus in academic circles on the conditions under which ROS can have positive and negative effects. The role of ROS in the organism is still under research. Therefore, this paper summarises the positive and negative effects of ROS in the light of the latest research. Through a comprehensive discussion of the role of ROS, it provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of health through exercise, and aims to avoid the side effects caused by ROS production during exercise through human intervention. Conclusion: The positive effects of ROS mainly include: (1) Promote the transcription of antioxidant enzymes. (2) Trigger physiological programmed cell death to prevent cancer. (3) Promote mitochondrial biogenesis. (4) Promote the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells (5) Increase the uptake of blood sugar by cells. (6) Promote muscle hypertrophy. The negative effects of ROS are: (1) The oxidized phospholipid bilayer destroys the integrity of the cell membrane. (2) A chain reaction that causes fatty acid oxidation. (3) Cause an inflammatory response. (4) Destruction of protein structure. (5) Cause DNA damage. (6) Reduced exercise capacity. ROS is a double-edged sword. During exercise, the damage caused by ROS to the organism can be reduced and its positive effects can be maximised by controlling the intensity and duration of exercise and supplementing antioxidants at the right time. Therefore, how to use ROS scientifically may become the focus of future research.

ROS를 이용하여 상황인지 기반의 로봇 서비스를 실행시키기 위한 중계 시스템

이민호 ( Minho Lee ),최종선 ( Jongsun Choi ),최재영 ( Jaeyoung Choi ) 한국정보처리학회 2017 정보처리학회논문지. 컴퓨터 및 통신시스템 Vol.6 No.5

최근 로봇 소프트웨어 플랫폼의 연구는 로봇 기기들의 추상화를 통해 지능형 서비스를 제공하는데 초점을 두고 있다. 사물인터넷 환경에서 지능형 로봇 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 이기종 센서들의 환경정보를 인지하는 상황인지 기술이 필요하다. ROS는 로봇 디바이스를 추상화하는 기술을 바탕으로 로봇을 사용한다. ROS는 로봇을 제어하기 위해 이기종 센서 자체를 추상화하는 기능을 포함하고 있으나, 일관된 수집 방법을 통한 환경 정보를 바탕으로 로봇이 인지할 수 있는 상황 정보를 제공하는 기능은 결여되어 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 ROS가 상황인지 기반의 로봇 서비스를 제공하는데 필요한 중계 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 로봇이 인지할 수 있는 추상화된 상황정보를 제공하는 외부의 상황인지 시스템과 로봇을 제어하는 ROS를 중계하여, ROS가 상황인지 로봇 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 도와 준다. 실험에서는 제안하는 시스템을 바탕으로, 상황인지 시스템과 ROS에서 추상화된 로봇 서비스를 연동하여 로봇 서비스를 실행시키는 과정을 보인다. Recent robot software platform research focuses on providing intelligent service via abstraction of robot devices. Context-aware techniques are necessary for intelligent robot services, which are based on the perception of environmental information obtained from heterogeneous sensors in IoT environment. Robot Operating System (ROS) provides protocols to operate robot devices. ROS includes functions for abstracting heterogeneous sensors themselves in order to control the robot, however, it lacks the ability to provide context information that the robot can perceive based on environmental information through consistent collection methods. In this paper, we propose a relay system for ROS to provide context-aware robot service. The proposed system makes it possible for ROS to control and provide context-aware robot services with relay of an external context-aware system and ROS. In experiments, we demonstrate procedures that robot services abstracted from ROS and an external context-aware system works together based on the proposed system.

A point mutation in the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) significantly enhances the specificity of an anti-ROS1 antibody

Lee, Hwa Kyoung,Jin, Junyeong,Kim, Sang Il,Kang, Min Jueng,Yi, Eugene C.,Kim, Ji Eun,Park, Jong Bae,Kim, Hyori,Chung, Junho Elsevier 2017 Biochemical and biophysical research communication Vol.493 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase ROS1 plays a key role in carcinogenesis through gene rearrangement to form a fusion protein with other genes, in which the C-terminal intracellular region of ROS1 participates. The possibility of wild type ROS1 overexpression through epigenetic regulation has been proposed. Here, we generated an antibody, 3B20, reactive to the N-terminal region of ROS1 to use it for the detection of wild type ROS1 in cancerous tissues. Using immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analyses, we found that 3B20 also reacted with heat shock proteins (Hsp)70s. Using homology searching, ROS1 and Hsp70s were found to share an identical amino acid sequence: DLGT. Using alanine mutagenesis of ROS1, the epitope was found to harbor this sequence. To modify the idiotope with the aim of selecting more specific antibodies, we introduced random mutations into the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 and successfully generated an antibody clone, 3B20-G1K, with a point mutation that only reacted with ROS1 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and in immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analysis. In immunohistochemical analysis using 3B20-G1K, ROS1 was found to be absent in normal lung tissues and was overexpressed in a case of lung adenocarcinoma.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An antibody to N-terminal region of ROS1 was generated. </LI> <LI> Modification of HCDR3 dramatically enhanced the specificity of an anti-ROS1 antibody. </LI> <LI> Full-length wild type ROS1 is not detected in normal lung tissue. </LI> <LI> Full-length wild type ROS1 is overexpressed in 10% of lung adenocarcinoma. </LI> </UL> </P>

Identification of <i>ROS1</i> rearrangement in gastric adenocarcinoma

Lee, Jeeyun,Lee, Seung Eun,Kang, So Young,Do, In‐,Gu,Lee, Sujin,Ha, Sang Yun,Cho, Jeonghee,Kang, Won Ki,Jang, Jiryeon,Ou, Sai‐,Hong Ignatius,Kim, Kyoung‐,Mee Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2013 Cancer Vol.119 No.9

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND:</B></P><P>Recently, chromosomal rearrangements involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been described in common epithelial malignancies, including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. One of these RTKs, c‐ros oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1), has been identified as a driver mutation in NSCLC, because its inhibition by crizotinib, an anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK)/met proto‐oncogene hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)/ROS1 inhibitor, led to significant tumor shrinkage in <I>ROS1</I>‐rearranged NSCLC. Currently, only human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)‐targeted therapy in combination with chemotherapy has been successful in significantly prolonging the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). There is a need for the discovery of additional novel targets in GC.</P><P><B>METHODS:</B></P><P>Anti‐ROS1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to screen 495 GC samples and was followed by simultaneous <I>ROS1</I> break‐apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses in IHC‐positive samples. Fusion partners in <I>ROS1</I>‐rearranged GC were determined by RT‐PCR. In all 495 samples, <I>HER2</I> amplification was identified with FISH, and MET expression was identified by IHC.</P><P><B>RESULTS:</B></P><P>Twenty‐three tumor samples were ROS1 IHC‐positive. Three of 23 patients were <I>ROS1</I> FISH positive, <I>HER2</I> FISH negative, and negative for MET overexpression; and 2 of those 3 patients harbored a solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2 (<I>SLC34A2)</I>‐<I>ROS1</I> fusion transcripts. No fusion partner was identified in the third patient. Both patients who had <I>SLC34A2</I>‐<I>ROS1</I> transcripts had poorly differentiated histology with recurrence and death within 2 years of curative surgery. ROS1 IHC‐positive status was not identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival.</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS:</B></P><P>In this study, an <I>SLC34A2</I>‐<I>ROS1</I> rearrangement was identified in GC, and the results provide a rationale for investigating the clinical efficacy of ROS1 inhibitors in this unique molecular subset of GC. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.</P>

배양한 인체의 혈관간세포(Mesangial Cells)에서 활성화 산소종(Reactive Oxygen Species)의 발생과 이에 관련한 세포외 기질 증가에 있어서 Cyclosporine과 Tacrolimus의 차이점

이승구(Soong Ku Lee),이수진(Su Jeen Lee),김현준(Hyun Jun Kim),공구(Gu Kong),강경원(Kyoung Won Kahng),강종명(Chong Myung Kang) 대한신장학회 2001 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.20 No.2

신장이식에 사용하는 중요한 면역억제의 하나인 cyclosporine(CsA)과 tacrolimus(FK506)의 물질 구조는 완전히 다르나 면역억제의 기전은 유사하며 면역억제 효과는 tacrolimus가 CsA에 비해 더 강하다. 이 두 약제는 신장의 섬유모세포에서 collagen 발현의 정도, 혈관간세포(mesangial cell) 배양시 matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)와 tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases(TIMPs)의 변화 등에서 차이가 있다고 보고된다. 한편 CsA은 배양세포에서 활성과 산소종(reactive oxygen species;ROS)을 발생시키며, 발생된 ROS는 세포외 기질의 축적에 영향을 미친다고 한다. 따라사ㅓ 저자들은 tacrolimus와 CsA가 ROS의 발생하는데 차이가 있는지 조사하고 이와 같은 차이가 세포외 기질의 축적에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 조사하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 4대에서 8대 사이의 계대배양한 인간의 혈관간세포에 CsA을 각각 다른 농도(0, 2, 4, 8μg/mL)로 투여하였고, 또 다른 4μg/mL의 농도로 CsA를 투여한 세포군에 항산화제인 N-acetylcysteine(NAC)을 같이 투여하였다. Tacrolimus도 같은 방식으로 투여하였는데, 농도는 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4μg/mL으로 하였으며 NAC는 또 다른 0.2μg/mL의 dish에 투여하였다. 결과 : 실험한 세포들에서 생존율은 변화가 없었으나 CsA 투여군에서 tacrolimus 투여군에 비해 유의하게 세포 증식의 차이가 있었다. Flow cytometry에서 CsA 투여군은ROS의 생성을 확인할 수 있었으나 tacrolimus군은 확인할 수 없었고, CsA 군은 세포의 증식이 농도에 따라 감소하다가 다시 NAC에 의해 회복되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. MMP2, TIMP2, MT1-MMP, Collagen III에 대한 RT-PCR 결과는 두 군 모두 변화가 없었으나 zymogram상에서 CsA 군은 MMP2의 활성도가 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였고 이는 다시 NAC에 의해 일부 회복되었으나 tacrolimus군은 이와 같은 변화가 없었다. 결론 : 저자들의 실험에서는 배양한 인체의 혈관간세포에서 일정 시간에서 CsA 투여에 따라 ROS가 발생함을 확인하였으나 tacrolimus에서는 ROS의 발생을 관찰하지 못하였다. CsA는 기질분해 효소인 MMP2의 활성도를 post-transcriptional level에서 tacrolimus에 비해 현저하게 감소시켰으며 이는 CsA에 의해 발생한 ROS와 연관되어 있었다. 하지만 tacrolimus도 더 높은 농도 (0.4μg/mL)에서는 MMP2의 활성도는 전사 후 과정 (post-transcriptional level)에서 감소시켰다. 따라서 tacrolimus와 CsA이 신독성이 유사한 점을 고려하면, 두 약제가 혈관간세포에 영향을 주는 작용기전은 서로 동일하지 않은 것으로 생각되며 이에 대한 더 많은 in Vitro 및 Objective: Cyclosporine(CsA) and tacrolimus, albeit different in structure, exert immunosuppressive effect by similar mechanism. Although most of clinical manifestations, including nephrotoxicity, are simi- lar in the patients using these drugs, there are some differences including gum hyperplasia, neurotoxicity, and hepatic fibrosis between two drugs. There are several reports about association between reactive oxygen species(ROS) and CsA. In contrast, tacrolimus is known to decrease ROS in central nervous system. Thus, we investigated the possibility of different effects of tacrolimus and CsA on the genera- tion of ROS, on the synthesis and degradation of collagen. Methods: Experiments were done in primary cultured mesangial cells between 4th and 8th passages. CsA was added to the culture dishes in different concentration(making final CsA concentration of 0, 2, 4, 8 μg/mL) and N-acetylcysteine(NAC) was also added in another mesangial cell culture at 4 μg/mL of CsA concentration; tacrolimus was added in similar pattern(making final tacrolimus concentration of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4μg/mL, NAC in 0.2μg/mL of tacrolimus concentration). Results: No significant decrease in viability was noted in both cell groups, but growth retardation was weak in tacrolimus treated cells comparing with CsA treated cells. By flow cytometry, we could find the generation of ROS in CsA treated cells, but not in tacrolimus treated cells. In RT-PCR, there is no significant difference in m-RNA expression for a number of molecules including collagen III, MMP-2, TIMP-2, MT1-MMP in either CsA treated cells or tacrolimus cells. But in zymogram, MMP-2 activities were decreased at higher CsA concentration, then increased with addition of NAC. In tacrolimus cells, MMP2 activity was not changed at 0.1 and 0.2 μg/mL; but, at the concentration of 0.4 μg/mL, changed and not reversed by NAC. MMP-9 activity was similar in both cells. Conclusion: We could find ROS generation in CsA treated human mesangial cells, but not in tacrolimus treated cells. We think this difference resulted in the decrease of post-transcriptional MMP-2 activity in CsA treated cells and we also think tacrolimus cells in our experiments were not influenced by ROS. From these results, tacrolimus and CsA are different in the generation of ROS that have some effects in the matrix accumulation in mesangial cells. These result does not mean that tacrolimus is superior to CsA in nephrotoxicity, because nephrotoxicity is similar between two drugs. In conclusion, the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity are different between CsA and tacrolimus.

Concurrent classic driver oncogenes mutation with ROS1 rearrangement predicts superior clinical outcome in NSCLC patients

Li Dandan,Jiang Hua,Jin Faguang,Pan Lei,Xie Yonghong,Zhang Liang,Li Chunmei 한국유전학회 2023 Genes & Genomics Vol.45 No.1

Background There is high mortality rate and poor prognosis in lung cancer, especially non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent study showed that concurrent classic driver oncogene mutation with ROS1 rearrangement was found in NSCLC patients. However, whether this would affect the development and prognosis of NSCLC is still unclear. Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of NSCLC patients harboring concurrent classic driver oncogene mutation with ROS1 rearrangement. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 220 patients diagnosed with NSCLC. All samples were screened for EGFR and KRAS using amplification-refractory mutation system assay, and for ALK, ROS1 using RT-PCR. The clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes of concurrent gene alterations with ROS1 rearrangement were analyzed. Results In 220 patients, 12 (5.45%) were ROS1 rearrangement, who tend to be younger, non-smokers. The mutation rates of EGFR, KRAS, ALK and ROS1 in NSCLC were 28.64%, 1.82%, 3.64% and 5.45%, respectively. ROS1 rearrangement was identified to co-occur in 5 (2.27%) NSCLC patients. ROS1/EGFR co-alterations were found in 3.17% of NSCLC patients, 16.67% of ROS1-positive NSCLC patients. Concomitant ROS1/ALK rearrangement constituted 37.50% in ALK-positive patients, and 25.00% in ROS1-positive patients. SDC4-ROS1 was the most common fusion partner in concurrent ROS1 rearrangement patients. The median overall survival of NSCLC with concurrent ROS1 rearrangement group and single ROS1 rearrangement group were 25 months and 14 months. Conclusion Concurrent driver oncogenes mutation with ROS1 rearrangement defines a unique subgroup of NSCLC. Patients with concomitant ROS1 rearrangement might have a better prognosis.

Validation of ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart FISH Probe probe in non-small-cell lung cancer

Lim, S.M.,Chang, H.,Cha, Y.J.,Liang, S.,Tai, Y.C.,Li, G.,Pestova, E.,Policht, F.,Perez, T.,Soo, R.A.,Park, W.Y.,Kim, H.R.,Shim, H.S.,Cho, B.C. Elsevier Scientific Publishers 2017 Lung cancer Vol.111 No.-

Background: ALK and ROS1 gene rearrangements are distinct molecular subsets of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and they are strong predictive biomarkers of response to ALK/ROS1 inhibitors, such as crizotinib. Thus, it is clinically important to develop an effective screening strategy to detect patients who will benefit from such treatment. In this study, we aimed to validate analytical performance of Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit (RUO) in NSCLC. Methods: Study population composed of three patient cohorts with histologically confirmed lung adenocarcinoma (patients with ALK rearrangement, patients with ROS1 rearrangement and patients with wild-type ALK and ROS1). Specimens consisted of 12 ALK-positive, 8 ROS1-positive and 21 ALK/ROS1-wild type formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples obtained from surgical resection or excisional biopsy. ALK rearrangement was previously assessed by Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe Kit (Abbott Molecular, Abbot Park, IL, USA) and ROS1 rearrangement was previously assessed by ZytoLight<SUP>®</SUP> SPEC ROS1 Break Apart Probe (ZytoVision, GmbH). All specimens were re-evaluated by Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit. FISH images were scanned on BioView AllegroPlus system and interpreted via BioView SoloWeb remotely. Results: For a total of 41 patient samples, the concordance of the results by Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit was evaluated and compared to the known ALK and ROS1 rearrangement status of the specimen. Of the 12 ALK-positive cases, hybridization with Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit was successful in 10 cases (success rate 10/12, 83%) and of these 10 cases, all showed ALK rearrangement (100% concordance with the results of Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe Kit). Two of the ALK+ cases were excluded due to weak ROS1 signals that could not be enumerated. Of the 8 ROS1-positive cases, 6 cases were successfully evaluated using Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit. The success rate was 75% (6/8), and of these 6 cases, all showed ROS1 rearrangement, giving a 100% concordance with ZytoLight<SUP>®</SUP> SPEC ROS1 Break Apart Probe. Two of the cases were excluded due to weak ROS1 gold signal or high background. In the cohort of 21 wild-type cases, the success rate using Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart FISH Probe Kit was 85% (18/21) and the concordance with ALK and ROS1 probe kit was 100% (18/18). Conclusion: Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit (RUO) can detect ALK and ROS1 rearrangement simultaneously in NSCLC.

Role of Nox4 in Neuronal Differentiation of Mouse Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cells

Ki-Youb Park(박기엽),Yerin Na(나예린),Man Su Kim(김만수) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.1

적절한 농도의 활성산소종(ROS)은 병원체에 대한 세포의 방어, 신호 전달, 세포 성장 및 유전자 발현을 포함한 다양한 정상 세포 기능을 매개한다. 최근의 연구는 ROS와 ROS를 생성하는 NADPH 산화 효소(Nox)가 성인 쥐 뇌의 뇌실 하 영역(SVZ)에 있는 신경 줄기세포의 자가 복제와 신경 세포 분화에 중요하다는 것을 보여 주었다. 본 연구에서 세포 내 ROS가 갓 태어난 쥐의 뇌에서 적출되어 배양된 SVZ 신경 줄기세포에서 검출된 것으로 나타났다. Nox 유사 유전자들 중 Nox4가 배양된 세포에서 주로 발현되었고, Nox1과 Nox2는 거의 발현되지 않았다. 또한, Nox4 유전자는 신경 세포 분화 동안 최대 10배까지 발현이 크게 증가하였다. Immunocytochemistry결과 Nox4 단백질은 신경 세포 특이적인 tubulin인 Tuj1-양성 신경 세포에서 주로 발견되었다. 이와 맥을 같이 하여, 내인성 ROS는 분화 후 축삭돌기를 가지고 있으며 신경 세포로 보이는 세포에서만 검출되었다. 또한, ROS를 제거 하는N-acetyl cysteine에 의해 세포 산화 환원 상태가 교란되었을 때, 신경 세포로의 분화가 크게 감소하였다. 마지막으로, shRNA를 이용하 여 Nox4를 knockdown한 세포에서 신경 세포로의 분화가 감소하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 Nox4가 갓 태어난 쥐의 SVZ 신경 줄기 세포의 주요한 ROS 생성 효소이고, Nox4에 의한 ROS생성이 신경세포 분화에 중요하다는 것을 암시한다. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), at appropriate concentrations, mediate various normal cellular functions, including defense against pathogens, signal transduction, cellular growth, and gene expression. A recent study demonstrated that ROS and ROS-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox) are important in self-renewal and neuronal differentiation of subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells in adult mouse brains. In this study, we found that endogenous ROS were detected in SVZ neural stem cells cultured from postnatal mouse brains. Nox4 was predominantly expressed in cultured cells, while the levels of the Nox1 and Nox2 transcripts were very low. In addition, the Nox4 gene was highly upregulated (by up to 10-fold) during neuronal differentiation. Immunocytochemical analysis detected the Nox4 protein mainly in neurons positive for the neuronal specific tubulin Tuj1. After differentiation, endogenous ROS were detected exclusively in neuron-like cells with processes. In addition, perturbation of the cellular redox state with N-acetyl cysteine, a ROS scavenger, during neuronal differentiation greatly inhibited neurogenesis. Lastly, knockdown of Nox4 using short hairpin RNA decreased neurogenesis. These findings suggest that Nox4 may be a major ROS-generating enzyme in postnatal SVZ neural stem cells, and Nox4-mediated ROS generation may be important in their neuronal differentiation.

아웃도어 레크리에이션 자원관리 툴을 적용한 캠핑경험의 편익 분석 - BBM(Benefit Based Management)과 ROS(Recreation Opportunity Spectrum)를 중심으로 -

김현정,김진동,김남조 한국관광학회 2018 관광학연구 Vol.42 No.2

Domestic camping has been growing in popularity. This study analyzed the benefits of camping, focusing on BBM & ROS, which are outdoor recreation resource management tools to measure growth in camping facilities both quantitatively and qualitatively. Accordingly, 122 blogs posting camping reviews of two camping sites (Hantan River and Mt. Gaebang), which by ROS are classified as urban type and natural area type, respectively, were selected and the relationship between benefit attributes and environment attributes were analyzed using content analysis. The results show that there were different benefits offered by each type of camping environment. Furthermore, for similar benefits there were specific environmental differences according to ROS type. The results suggest that camping site operators should focus on core benefits and create different environments by ROS type. In addition to this, it is suggested that grading criteria be done differently by ROS type in the development of a camping-site grading system. 본 연구에서는 최근 국내 캠핑인구의 급속한 증가에 따라 캠핑장 시설의 양뿐만 아니라 질적인 성장에 초점을 맞추고자 아웃도어 레크리에이션 자원관리 툴인 편익중심관리(BBM)와 레크리에이션 기회분포(ROS)에 초점을 맞추어 캠핑경험의 편익을 분석하고자 하였다. 이에 따라 ROS 상 도시 유형으로 분류되는 한탄강 캠핑장과 자연지역 유형으로 분류되는 계방산 캠핑장의 캠핑후기가 게시되어 있는 블로그 122개를 대상으로 자료를 수집하고, 내용분석법을 통해 구체적인 편익 속성과 환경 속성 간의 관계를 밝히고자 하였다. ROS상 서로 다른 유형에 속하는 두 곳 즉, 도시 유형과 자연지역 유형의 캠핑장 별로 방문한 캠핑객이 가장 많이 얻는 편익을 비교분석해 본 결과, 캠핑장 환경 별로 제공하는 편익이 상이한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 같은 편익이라고 할지라도 상이한 ROS 유형에 따라 편익이 발생하는 구체적인 환경이 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 운영하는 캠핑장의 ROS 유형에 적합한 핵심 편익을 중점적으로 제공해야할 뿐만 아니라, 제공하고 싶은 목표편익이 있다고 할지라도 ROS 유형에 따라 다른 환경을 조성해야 함을 의미한다. 또한 향후 캠핑장 등급제도 마련 시 각 캠핑장의 ROS 유형에 따라 등급기준을 달리해야 한다는 점을 시사한다.

Detection of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Rat Trigeminal Caudal Neurons

Hae In Lee,Sang Woo Chun 대한구강생물학회 2015 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.40 No.2

Growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in various pain states. This study was performed to investigate whether ROS-induced changes in neuronal excitability in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis are related to ROS generation in mitochondria. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to measure ROS-induced fluorescence intensity in live rat trigeminal caudalis slices. The ROS level increased during the perfusion of malate, a mitochondrial substrate, after loading of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA), an indicator of the intracellular ROS; the ROS level recovered to the control condition after washout. When pre-treated with phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidene-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), malate-induced increase of ROS level was suppressed. To identify the direct relation between elevated ROS levels and mitochondria, we applied the malate after double-loading of H2DCF-DA and chloromethyl-X-rosamine (CMXRos; MitoTracker Red), which is a mitochondriaspecific fluorescent probe. As a result, increase of both intracellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS were observed simultaneously. This study demonstrated that elevated ROS in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neuron can be induced through mitochondrial-ROS pathway, primarily by the leakage of ROS from the mitochondrial electron transport chain.\