소비자의 긍정 감정조절 전략 유형과 긍정감정이 성과에 미치는 영향: 금융상품을 중심으로

임미자 한국소비자학회 2012 소비자학연구 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구는 소비자 행동에서 중요한 주제인 감정, 특히 긍정 감정의 영향을 다룬다. 금융 상품 투자는 소비자의 재 무 상태와 직결되는 중요한 의사결정 영역이며, 다른 영역에 비해 의사결정 결과에서 소비자들은 더 극명한 감정 경험을 하게 된다. 따라서 투자 영역에서의 감정의 영향에 관한 연구는 감정에 관한 기존 연구를 확장하고 더 풍부 하게 하며, 다른 영역에 비해 감정이 성과에 미치는 영향을 보다 분명하게 밝힐 수 있다. 본 연구는 이익 후 긍정 감정 경험과 의사결정 성과 간의 관계를 조사하였다. 일반적으로 사람들은 긍정 감정을 유지하거나 증가시키고 싶어 한다. 그러나 본 연구결과, 복잡하고 어려우며 감정의 영향이 클 수 있는 투자 영역에 서는 손실의 부정 감정에서와 마찬가지로, 긍정 감정을 안정적으로 줄일 수(downward regulation) 있을 때 성과 를 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 연구는 금융 상품 소비자들이 긍정 감정에 대해 어떤 감정조절 전략 유형 들을 사용하는 지, 긍정 감정을 보다 안정적으로 감소시킬 수 있는 조절 전략은 무엇인지, 그리고 긍정 감정조절 전 략 유형들은 부정 감정조절 전략 유형들과 어떻게 다른 지를 제시하였다. 긍정 감정조절 전략 유형이 조사되면 실 무의 관리자들은 소비자들로 하여금 투자 과정에서 감정을 보다 효율적으로 조절할 수 있는 감정조절 전략을 사용 하도록 유도할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구의 공헌은 긍정 감정이 의사결정 및 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 기존 연구를 확장하였으며, 투자 상품에서 의 긍정 감정의 영향을 새롭게 밝혔다는 점이다. 그리고 성과의 목적이 앞설 때 긍정 감정을 하향 조절(downward regulation)하는 조건적 헤도니즘의 이론적 폭을 확장시켰다. 또한 소비자들의 이익 경험 후의 긍정 감정조절 전략 유형을 새로이 제시하였다는 점에서도 그 이론적 공헌이 있다. As the financial industry becomes increasingly important in a service economy, individual investment behavior attracts a great deal of attention from researchers in the fields of economics, psychology, and marketing. Consumers have stronger emotional experience in financial investment compared to other areas because it is an important decision-making area that can have crucial consequences for investor welfare. Therefore, research on emotions in investment will expand and enrich prior studies on emotion and will shed light on the influence of emotion on performance. This study examines the influence of positive emotions on performance. In addition, it evaluates what investors think after gain, how they regulate positive emotions, what types of positive emotion regulation strategies are used, how each positive emotion regulation strategy influences the intensity of positive emotion, and the differences in positive emotion regulation strategies versus negative strategies. In spite of the important role of emotion in economic decision making (Summers and Duxbury 2007), there have been few studies on the influence of emotions on investments. Previous studies showed a smaller negative affect after loss results in more superior investment performance (Chu et al. 2011; Salovey 2001). Similarly, the result of the current study shows that a smaller positive affect leads to better investment performance. Regarding negative emotion regulation, prior studies revealed that cognitive reappraisal (e.g., ``thinking about the negative situation from a different perspective,`` ``reasoning about why the objective negative situation isn`t so bad) and counterfactual thinking (e.g., ``things could have been so much worse and I could have lost more) reduces negative emotions (Gross 2008; Loewenstein 2007), while external attribution after loss, in other words, blaming others for self-failure, is believed to exacerbate negative emotions (Chu et al. 2011). Prior research also showed that even though suppression strategy helps to express less negative emotions, it actually leads to greater negative emotions(Gross 1998, 2008; Gross and John 2003). Meanwhile, the results of this study show that internal attribution (i.e., ascribing one`s success to their own ability) and external attribution (i.e., ascribing the gain to other external market situation or good luck) increase the intensity of positive emotions, while counterfactual thinking (i.e., thinking that I should have greater gain) and suppression strategy reduce the intensity of positive emotions. However, reappraisal strategy in gain did not significantly lessen positive emotions. Gross and John (2003) demonstrated that individuals who habitually use the reappraisal strategy in real life experience greater positive emotions and less negative emotions compared with individuals who rarely use reappraisal. Judging from this, we can infer that since reappraisal is the cognitive tendency to think positively in any situation, it reduces negative emotion but does not lessen positive emotion even though it encourages thinking objectively after gain. Counterfactual thinking was identified as the regulation strategy to reduce not only negative emotions, but also positive emotions. On the other hand, suppression strategy reduces positive emotional experience, even though it proved not to effectively lessen negative emotional experience. Consequently, investors need to avoid attributing the success to one`s capability after gain, make an effort for the next decision with the thought that he/she should have greater gain, and control positive feelings in order to protect the self from positive emotional whims, thus leading to more reasonable decision making. The theoretical contribution of this research is the discovery of the influence of positive emotion on performance in investment. With this, the study expanded the prior research on conditional hedonism, which implies that if a performance goal overcomes a short-term hedonistic goal, the former may be preferred (e.g., Cohen and Andrade 2004). Furthermore, this study newly presented the types of positive emotion regulation strategies and what kind of strategies among them can effectively reduce positive emotion in the investment area. The managerial implications are as follows. Marketers in the financial service area must educate investors to control emotions even after gain, since successful gain regulation can boost investment performance. Prior studies demonstrated that encouraging participants to scrutinize the relevance of emotion used in decision making or to attribute their present feelings to judgment-irrelevant situational factors attenuate the impact of emotions on judgment and choice (e.g., Keltner et al. 1993; Lerner and Tetlock 1999; Schwarz and Clore 1983). Managers in the field should encourage investors to realize the impact of emotion and help them improve emotional intelligence for efficient regulation of emotional whim.

The Effect of Brand Evidence on Positive Emotion, Negative Emotion, and Attitude in Restaurant Industry

김은정 한국프랜차이즈경영학회 2021 프랜차이즈경영연구 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: How to build the positive emotion of customer is very important, because it affects the positive attitude. Brand evidence has a significant impact on consumer behavior in terms of reinforcing consumers' perception of food service companies and differentiating them from competing brands. Thus, this study examines the effect of brand evidence on emotion (positive emotion and negative emotion), and attitude in restaurant industry. Research design, data, and methodology: This study examines the structural relationship among brand evidence, emotion, and attitude. Brand evidence divide into three sub-dimensions such as physical evidence, core service, and employee service. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. The questionnaire items were modified and used according to the content of this study based on previous studies. All constructs were measured by multiple items tested and developed in the previous research. The data were collected from 439 restaurant users from Seoul area were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 program. A total of 460 questionnaires were distributed and a survey was conducted for 4 weeks, and a total of 439 were used for analysis, excluding non-response data and 21 unusable response data among the collected questionnaires. Frequency analysis was conducted to identify the general characteristics of the survey subjects. To measure the reliability and validity of the measurement tools, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Structural model analysis was conducted to verify the research model. Result: The findings demonstrate that physical evidence, core service, employee service had positive effects on positive emotion. And core service and employee service had negative effects on negative emotion while physical evidence did not have. Also, positive emotion had positive effect on attitude and negative emotion had negative effect on attitude. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide guidelines on how to enhance competitiveness in restaurant industry through understanding brand evidence’s effects on raising perceived consumer’s emotion and attitude. Therefore, food service companies should establish a marketing strategy that can stimulate positive emotions through brand evidence, which is all factors related to service brands that influence consumers' evaluation of service products and purchase decision-making process.

긍정적 정서 증진 훈련이 대학생의 정적 및 부적 정서, 정서조절의 곤란 및 대인관계에 미치는 영향

장정주 ( Jung Joo Chang ) 한국정서·행동장애아교육학회(구 한국정서학습장애아교육학회) 2015 정서ㆍ행동장애연구 Vol.31 No.3

본 연구는 긍정적 정서 증진 훈련이 대학생의 정적 및 부적 정서, 정서조절의 곤란 및 대인관계에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 대학생을 대상으로 실험집단(12명), 비교집단(11명), 그리고 통제집단(13명)으로 무선표집하였다. 비교집단은 자기성장훈련을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 척도는 정적 정서 및 부적 정서, 정서조절 곤란, 대인관계 척도를 사용하였으며 결과 확인을 위해 사전-사후 검사를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 긍정적 정서 증진 훈련이 부적 정서에서 다른 집단에 비해 유의미하게 감소하였다. 그리고 정서조절 곤란 전체, 충동 통제 곤란, 정서조절 전략에 대한 접근 제한에서 다른 집단에 비해 유의미하게 감소하였다. 그러나 정적 정서, 그리고 정서조절 곤란의 하위요인인 비수용성, 정서적 명료성의 부족, 목표지향행동 수행의 어려움, 정서에 대한 주의와 자각 부족에서는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 긍정적 정서 증진 훈련은 정서의 증가 및 감소, 그리고 정서조절의 어려움의 극복에 기여할 수 있음을 확인 하였다. 이러한 결과들을 토대로 본 연구의 의의 및 시사점과 제한점, 그리고 후속 연구에 대한 제안에 대해 논의하였다. This study aims to examine the effects of the positive emotion enhancement training on positive and negative emotion, emotional dysregulation and interpersonal relationship of university students. thirty-six university students were randomly selected and assigned to the tree groups(i.e., 12, 11, 13 subjects in experimental, comparative, and control group). experimental and comparative group took the 8-session. Participants reported questionnaires of Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and Relationship Change Scale before and after the program. Results indicated that experimental group showed significantly lower negative emotion than other group did. And the experimental group showed significantly lower emotion dysregulation measure, difficulty controlling impulses, limites access to emotion regulation strategies. But tree group did not show significant difference in positive emotion, non-acceptance, lack of emotional clarity, difficulty of performing the goal-oriented behavior and lack of attention and awareness of emotion. The positive emotion enhancement training suggested that higher and lower of emotion and overcoming on emotion regulation difficulties. Limitation of this study and implication to future research are discussed.

The Effects of Family Restaurant’s Social Servicescape on Positive Emotion and Voluntary Behavior

Yu-Kyung Kim 한국유통과학회 2018 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.9 No.6

Purpose - The study aims to provide the relationships between the social servicescape and customer’s emotion and voluntary behaviors were investigated in this study. The social servicescape was largely divided into service employee’s image and other customers (in customer’s similarity, physical appearance and suitable behavior). Firstly, the relationship between service employee’s image and customer’s positive emotion was investigated as a specific purpose of study. Secondly, this study attempted to understand the relationship between other customers (in customer’s similarity, physical appearance and suitable behavior) and customer’s positive emotion. Lastly, the relationship between customer’s positive emotion and customer’s voluntary behavior dimension (intention to cooperate, intention to participate in and loyalty) was examined. Research design, data, & methodology – In order to prove the hypotheses in this study, the customers who have experienced family restaurants during the last two months were targeted for a survey. A total number of 300 survey papers were distributed and as a result, 248 papers could be used for analysis, except the papers with insincere answers. After the analysis of the reliability and validity of each major variable, the hypothesis was verified through the structure method by using Amos 20.0. Results - First, the results of hypothesis testing on the relationship between social servicescape and customer’s positive emotion showed service employee image gives a positively meaningful impact on customer’s positive emotion. Secondly, the results on the relationship between other customers and customer’s positive emotion indicated that the customer’s similarity and physical appearance has a positively significant impact on customer’s emotion while customer’s suitable behavior has not a significantly positive impact on customer’s positive emotion Lastly, customer’s positive emotion was shown to have a significantly positive influence on customer’s voluntary behavior dimension, that is, intention to cooperate, intention to participate in and loyalty. Conclusions - This study aims to focus on and emphasize the social servicescape and its importance, which is different from the previous studies that have been focused largely on physical servicescape. Such results in this study indicated the social servicescape (service employee’s image and other customers) as an important factor that affects customer’s positive emotion and voluntary behavior.

자전거활동 참가자의 스포츠 애호도, 운동정서 및 심리적 웰빙의 구조적관계

남정훈 ( Jung Hoon Nam ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2010 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구는 자전거 활동 참가자들의 스포츠 애호도와 운동정서 및 심리적 웰빙의 관계를 규명하기 위한 목적으로 진행되었다. 이러한 연구의 목적에 따라 운동정서를 긍정 및 부정적 정서로 분류한 다음 스포츠 애호도, 긍정적 정서, 부정적 정서 및 심리적 웰빙의 관계를 스포츠 애호도 편향에 따른 긍정 및 부정적 정서와 심리적 웰빙의 차이분석과 구조모형분석을 이용한 관계분석을 통하여 알아보았다. 분석 결과 스포츠 애호도의 편향에 따라 긍정 및 부정적 정서와 심리적 웰빙은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 요인들 관계에서는 스포츠 애호도가 긍정적 정서와 심리적 웰빙에는 정적 영향을 미치며 부정적 정서에는 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 정서와 심리적 웰빙의 관계에서는 긍정적 정서가 심리적 웰빙에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 부정적 정서는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 긍정적 정서와 부정적 정서의 관계에서는 긍정적 정서가 부정적 정서에 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship among sport loyalty, exercise emotion and psychological well-being of the participants in cycle activities. To accomplish the purpose of the study, the exercise emotion was classified into positive attitude & negative attitude, and then, the relationship among sport loyalty positive emotion, negative emotion, and psychological well-being was investigated by the analysis on the difference of positive emotion, negative emotion and psychological well-being, depending on the bias of sport loyalty, and by the relationship analysis employing structural model. The main findings are as follows: According to the bias of sport loyalty, there were differences among positive emotion, negative emotion and psychological well-being. The sport loyalty had positive effect on positive emotion and psychological well-being, but it had negative effect on negative emotion. The positive emotion had positive effect on psychological well-being, while the negative emotion did not have an effect on psychological well-being. The positive emotion had negative effect on negative emotion.

실내수영장에 대한 지각된 혜택과 지각된 위험이 감정반응, 강습태도 및 구전의도에 미치는 영향

송석록,정정희 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2019 체육과학연구 Vol.30 No.4

[Purpose] The purpose of this research is to empirically analyze the relationship between a indoor swimming pool on perceived risk & perceived benefit, emotion responses, class attitude, and word-of-mouth intention through structural equation model analysis. [Methods] This study set 224 members at the six private indoor swimming pools located in Gyeonggido as the research subjects. As for sampling method, convenience sampling method was used, and self-administered questionnaire was used for the survey. In an effort to verify the proposed structural model, this study used SPSSWIN Ver. 23.0 and AMOS 18.0. [Results] First, perceived risk had a positive effect on positive emotion. Second, perceived risk had a positive effect on negative emotion. Third, perceived benefit had a positive effect on positive emotion. Fourth, perceived benefit did not have a positive effect on negative emotion. Fifth, positive emotion had a positive effect on class attitude. Sixth, negative emotion did not have a positive effect on class attitude. Seventh, positive emotion had a positive effect on word-of-mouth intention. Eighth, negative emotion did not have a positive effect on word-of-mouth intention. Ninth, class attitude had a positive effect on word-of-mouth intention. [목적] 이 연구의 목적은 실내수영장에 대한 지각된 위험과 지각된 혜택이 감정반응, 강습태도 및 구전의도와의 관계를 구조방정식모형을 통해 실증적으로 검증하는 것이다. [방법] 이를 위해 경기도에 소재한 상업실내수영장 6개소 남녀 회원 224명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 표집방법은 할당표본추출법과 설문지 작성은 자기기입식으로 하였다. 제안한 구조모형을 검증하기 위해 IBM SPSSWIN Ver. 23.0과 AMOS 18.0을 사용하였다. [결과] 첫째, 지각된 위험은 긍정적 감정에 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 지각된 위험은 부정적 감정에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 지각된 혜택은 긍정적 감정에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 지각된 혜택은 부정적 감정에 부(-)의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 다섯째, 긍정적 감정은 강습태도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 여섯째, 부정적 감정은 강습태도에 부(-)의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 일곱째, 긍정적 감정은 구전의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 여덟 번째, 부정적 감정은 구전의도에 부(-)의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 아홉 번째, 강습태도는 구전의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다.

팀 내에서 느끼는 긍정감정과 자기효능감이 관계적 응집성과 다양성 태도, 역할 외 행동에 미치는 차별적 영향력

홍계훈(Gye-Hoon Hong),김문주(Moon-Joo Kim) 대한경영학회 2017 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.30 No.5

기프트카드와 현금 지불에 따른 쾌락재 및 실용재에 대한 구매의도차이 분석: 긍정적,부정적 구매 감정의 매개효과를 중심으로

장은영 ( Eunyoung Jang ),최자영 ( Jayoung Choi ) 한국소비자학회 2015 소비자학연구 Vol.26 No.5

기프트카드는 편리한 선물 대안이자 유용한 지불수단이다. 이런 편의성 때문에 스타벅스 같은 커피 매장부터 구글 플레이 같은 온라인 몰, 그리고 각종 백화점 및 은행 등에서 기프트카드를 적극 출시하고 있다. 그런데 과연 이러한 기프트카드 이용은 단순히 지불수단의 확대와 구매방식의 편리성 향상 같은 의미만을 가지고 있을까? 심적회계이론(mental accounting theory)에 따르면, 소비자는 자기만의 심적 회계장부를 가지고 있어, 동일한 경제적 가치를 가진 재화일지라도 이를 서로 다른 심적회계로 분류하여 구매 결정하는 경향이 있다. 현금과 기프트카드를 똑같이 선물로 받았더라도 소비자들의 심적회계에서는 분리된 계정으로 인식될 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 심적회계이론을 바탕으로, 기프트카드와 현금으로 구매할 경우, 제품 유형 별(쾌락재 vs. 실용재) 구매의도에 차이가 있는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 사람들은 제품을 구매하면서의 즐거움과 동시에 지불 과정에서 고통을 느끼는데 어떤 지불수단을 사용하느냐에 따라 소비자의 구매감정이 다를 것으로 보고 감정의 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 주요 목적은 지불수단(기프트카드 vs. 현금)에 따라 선호하는 제품의 유형과 구매감정에 차이가 있는지를 분석하고, 이러한 지불수단에 따른 제품유형별 구매의도의 차이가 감정 매개의 메커니즘을 통해 나타나는 것인지를 분석하는 것이다. 가설 검증을 위해 2(지불수단: 기프트카드 vs. 현금) x 2(제품 유형: 쾌락재 vs. 실용재) 집단 간 실험 설계를 하였으며, 20~40대 여성 183명을 대상으로 데이터를 수집하였다. 분석결과, 실용재에서는 지불수단(현금 vs. 기프트카드)에 따른 구매의도의 차이가 없었으나, 쾌락재에서는 현금으로 구매할 때보다 기프트카드로 구매하는 상황일 때 더 높은 구매의도를 보였다. 또한 지불수단에 따른 제품 유형별 감정의 차이를 분석한 결과, 쾌락재 구매 시 현금보다 기프트카드로 구매할 때 더 강한 ‘즐거움’과 ‘만족감’을 느끼는 반면, ‘죄책감’과 ‘불만족감’은 덜 느끼는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 감정은 지불수단별 선호제품의 차이를 매개하는 것으로 분석되었다. 쾌락재 구매에 대하여 현금은 긍정적 감정의 약화와 부정적 감정의 강화를 매개로 구매의도를 낮추지만, 기프트카드는 긍정적 감정의 강화를 매개로 구매의도를 높이는 것으로 분석되었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 기프트카드 이용이 단순히 구매 편의를 높이는 것 외에 쾌락재 구매를 증대시키는 유용한 마케팅 전략이 될 수 있음을 시사하며, 심적회계이론을 기반으로 감정메커니즘 차원에서 기프트카드와 쾌락재 구매 간의 관계를 분석하였다. This study shows how gift card and cash gift can affect the purchase intention of hedonic and utilitarian products through both of positive and negative purchase emotion. Mental accounting theory suggests that consumers tend to categorize and label their budgets into different psychological accounts depending on how the budget was acquired and the category to which it is assigned(Thaler 1980). Based on prior research, we think that gift card and cash gift will not be allocated into same account, and consumers tend to perceive two payment types as different monetary value. Compared to cash, gift cards are easier to justify to use and has a stronger association with gift and bonus meaning(Helion & Gilovich 2014; White 2006). Therefore, we hypothesize that gift card will be more likely to be spent on hedonic products than cash, but there is no difference between payment types on utilitarian products because unlike hedonic product, utilitarian product requires less justification by payment. Furthermore, we also predict that purchasing emotion will be different depending on the type of payment(gift card vs. cash) and product(hedonic vs. utilitarian). This is because the purchase of hedonic products tends to entail both of higher negative emotion such as guilty and higher positive emotion such as exciting than utilitarian, but gift card which is weakly associated with pain of payment can attenuate the negative feeling in hedonic product. Thus, we propose that in purchasing hedonic product condition, gift card use will lead to higher positive and lower negative purchasing emotion than cash, thereby such purchasing emotion mediates the effect of interaction of payment type and purchase type on purchase intention. We conducted an experiment with 183 women consumers(aged 20~40). The study employed a 2(payment: gift card vs. cash) x 2(product: hedonic vs. utilitarian) between-subject design. For testing hypothesis, ANOVA analysis was conducted where dependent variables were product purchase intention and negative/positive purchase emotion. The statistical results reveal that in the hedonic product purchase condition, consumers with gift card showed a higher purchase intention than those with cash, but in the utilitarian product purchase condition, there was no significant difference in purchase intention between gift card and cash. In addition, when people purchase the hedonic product with gift card, they reported higher positive purchase emotion(joy and contented) and lower negative purchase emotion(guilty and discontented) than those with cash. In contrast, when purchasing the utilitarian product, there was no significant difference in positive and negative purchase emotion between payment types. Finally, in order to verify the moderated mediation effect of emotion, PROCESS Model analysis(Hayes 2012) was conducted. As a result, we found out that the interaction effect of product type and payment type on purchase intention was mediated by positive and negative purchase emotion. Specifically, when purchasing hedonic products, cash decreased purchase intention through the mediation effect of lower positive and higher negative purchase intention. And gift card increased purchase intention of hedonic products through the mediation effect of higher positive purchase emotion. These result indicates that gift card and cash formats differently influence the consumer’s purchasing intention for hedonic and utilitarian products. From this results, our study practically suggests that companies will reap benefit from the gift card strategy since it can increase the sales of hedonic product by allowing consumers to feel higher positive emotion and reduced negative emotion.

긍정리더십과 직무성과의 관계: 컴페션과 긍정적 감정의 이중매개효과

고성훈 한국비즈니스학회 2023 비즈니스융복합연구 Vol.8 No.6

This study demonstrates the mechanism of compassion, positive emotions, and job performance that members feel through positive leadership. The sample used in the analysis of this study was 304 organizational members within the company. Second, this study aims to reveal the impact of compassion on positive emotions and the impact of positive emotions on job performance. Third, it seeks to demonstrate the double mediating effect of compassion and positive emotions in the relationship between positive leadership and job performance. The research method used a sample of members working in domestic companies to verify the hypothesis using CFA analysis and structural equation modeling. As a result of the study, all hypotheses predicted in this study were supported, and the dual mediating effects of compassion and positive emotions were also proven to be significant. Therefore, this study will be meaningful in that it not only has theoretical implications in demonstrating the significant impact of positive leadership on compassion, but also reveals the double mediating effect of compassion and positive emotions. Considering that there are few studies that demonstrate the relationship between positive leadership and compassion in the field of organizational behavior in business administration, this study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for follow-up studies on positive leadership and compassion on outcome variables in the future. In addition, it is expected that the improvement of positive leadership and compassion will form a positive and compassionate organizational culture within the organization. In other words, this study has practical implications that the positive emotions felt by members who have experienced positive leadership and compassion will contribute to the formation of a positive organizational culture at the organizational level.

긍정적 정서가 심리적 자본 및 마음챙김에 미치는 영향: 심신수련 프로그램의 효과

서성무,이지우,장영혜 한국경영교육학회 2012 경영교육연구 Vol.27 No.6

The psychological capital is one of an individual's personal assets that Fredrickson(1998) argues are important in our survival. She maintains that frequent experiences of positive emotions such as pleasure, love, peace and satisfaction would first broaden his/her ‘thought-action repertoire’ that in turn lead to build his/her psychological, cognitive, emotional and physical resources. Mindfulness is another kind of mental asset that Fredrickson mentions as a by-product of frequent positive emotions. It is often defined as 'non-judgmental awareness' or 'keeping attention to the present moment experiences with a non-judgmental attitude'. It has been one of the most actively investigated subjects in the recent psychology literatures and consistently related to the physical and psychological illness or wellness variables. For example, mindfulness is associated with lower levels of emotional disturbances (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress), higher levels of subjective well-being (lower negative emotions, and satisfaction with life) and higher levels of eudemonic wellbeing (e.g., self-actualization). This study has two objectives. First it investigates if a 15 week, 2 credit hour mind-body training program would increase the college students' positive emotions. Second, it tests the validity of the 'Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions'. It examines if the increased positive emotions through the training would gradually build the students' psychological capital and mindfulness. The mind-body program was designed by the first author of this research by referring to the MBSR(Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Kabat-Zinn 1990) and K-MBSR(장현갑 2004). It consists of three parts; 20 minute lecture on positive psychology subjects, 10 minute meditation (mindfulness and loving-kindness), and an hour Kooksundo Danjun Breathing (stretching, Danjun breathing and physical exercises). Study I was conducted in the fall semester of 2010. The research design was a Before and Post Between Group Difference. The experimental group had 72 students (male 40, female 32) while the control group had 88 students (male 36, female 52). As expected the between group differences were significant (p < .05). Accordingly it was concluded that the mind-body program was effective to increase the positive emotions and to decrease the negative emotions. Study II was conducted in the fall semester of 2011. The research design was the same as in Study I but there were three observations; the first week of the semester, the 8th week and the 15th week. The number of samples used in the final analysis were 53 (experimental group) and 38(control group). After confirming that the program was effective to increase the positive emotions and decrease the negative emotions of the experimental group, the two hypotheses were tested by applying the LTM (Latent Trajectory Model) and Path Analysis. The data supported the two hypotheses; the increases in both the psychological capital and the mindfulness were followed by the increase in the positive emotions. This study has two contributions. First it is the first experimental study in Korea to test the theoretical validity of the Broaden and Build Theory of the Positive Emotions. Second, the study shows that a total of 25 hour mind-body training program can increase the participant's psychological capital and mindfulness. The study has three major limitations. First, a follow-up test after the final measurement was not administered. Second, the participants were students enrolled in the academic course. A future study using a general public is needed. Third, the study did not investigate the program's individual element's effect. For example, it did not try to measure the impact of the instructor. To develop a better training program, a more rigorous study is needed. 기쁨, 사랑, 평화, 만족과 같은 긍정적 정서가 개인의 심리적, 정서적, 신체적 자원 형성에 미치는 영향에 주목하는 심리학계의 최신 연구들이 경영현장에서 응용되고 있다. 인기를 끌고 있는 웃음 치료, 펀 경영과 같은 교육 프로그램들이 그 예라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 긍정심리학의 주요 주제를 소개하는 강의, 스트레칭 및 명상 실습, 그리고 일상생활에서 긍정정서를 유도 하는 과제로 구성된 매주 1회씩 100분, 총 15회에 걸친 심신수련 프로그램이 대학생들의 긍정적 정서 경험 빈도와 개인적 자원 형성에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 연구의 근거가 되는 ‘긍정적 정서의 확장-형성 이론’(Fredrickson, 1998; 2001)은 국내에서는 아직 종단적 실험을 통해 검증된 사례가 없다. 본 연구는 두 차례에 걸친 실험조사를 통해 이 이론의 타당성을 확인하고 기업, 학교, 스포츠 단체 등 다양한 조직에서 구성원들의 수행성과(performance)를 높일 수 있는 심신수련 프로그램의 가능성을 탐색해 본다.