Utilization of Dietary Nutrients, Retention and Plasma Level of Certain Minerals in Crossbred Dairy Cows as Influenced by Source of Mineral Supplementation

Gowda, N.K.S.,Prasad, C.S.,Ashok, L.B.,Ramana, J.V. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.2

Nutrient utilization and plasma level of minerals were studied in lactating crossbred cows fed diet supplemented from different source of minerals. Twelve crossbred cows of first to third lactation during their mid stage of lactation were distributed equally under two groups and were fed concentrate mixture, green fodder (para grass) and finger millet straw as per requirement. Cows in group I were fed concentrate mixture supplemented with 1% mineral mixture whereas cows in group II were not supplemented with mineral mixture in the concentrate mixture but were offered additional quantity of green fodder (1 kg DM/cow/day) to compensate for the requirement of minerals. Balance study conducted towards the end of 120 days of feeding experiment indicated that the total dry matter intake in both the groups did not differ significantly. The cows in group II offered additional quantity of green fodder consumed significantly (p<0.05) more of green fodder (5.11 vs. 4.51 kg /animal/day) and the cows in group I consumed significantly (p<0.01) more of finger millet straw (1.71 vs. 0.92 kg/animal/day). The digestibility of major nutrients did not differ between the groups except for ether extract which was significantly (p<0.05) lower in cows fed additional green fodder. The total daily intake of P, Cu, Fe and Co did not differ significantly in both the groups whereas significantly higher intakes of Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn were observed in cows supplemented with inorganic source of minerals. However, supplementation through both the sources could meet the mineral requirement in group I and group II. The gut absorption (%) of all the minerals was comparable between the groups except for Mg which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cows supplemented mineral mixture. The net retention of all the minerals was significantly more in the group supplemented with inorganic source of minerals. Except for P, Mg and Co the retention as percentage of total intake was comparable for all minerals in both the groups. Irrespective of source of mineral supplementation the average monthly blood plasma mineral levels (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe) were within the normal range and comparable between the groups. Lower level of Cu observed at the start of the experimental feeding in both the groups increased with the advancement of supplemental feeding. The plasma Zn and Fe content in cows of both the groups did not vary. The blood plasma level of some minerals (Ca, P, Mg and Cu) was significantly higher towards the end of experimental feeding as compared to the initial values due to the reduction in milk yield with advancement of lactation or due to supplemental effect of minerals. It could be concluded that supplementation of minerals through inorganic source is better utilized in terms of retention as compared to green fodder (para grass), which is a moderate source of most nutrients.

성인 남녀에서 영양표시 활용 정도에 따른 영양섭취 및 식사의 질 평가: 2010~2011 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여

배윤정 한국영양학회 2014 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.47 No.3

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate nutrient and food intake status and dietary quality in Korean adults according to nutrition label utilization. Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2010-2011 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 8190 adults aged 19 to 64 years. In this study, according to nutrition label utilization, we classified the subjects according to the “non-utilization of nutrition label (NUNL)” group (male, n = 2716, female, n = 3147), “identification of nutrition label (INL)” group (male, n = 143, female, n = 330), and “Utilization of nutrition label (UNL)” group (male, n = 363, female, n = 1491). Nutrient and food group intake, NAR (nutrient ad-equacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), and INQ (index of nutritional quality) were analyzed using data from the 24- recall method. Results: Results of this study showed that subjects in the NUNL group were significantly more likely to drink alcohol compared with the other two groups. The NUNL group showed a significantly higher frequency of consuming in-stant noodles, Soju (male), and carbonated drink (female) than the UNL group, whereas the NUNL group showed a sig-nificantly lower frequency of consuming milk, soymilk, and yogurt than the UNL group. In addition, regarding diet quality (NAR and INQ), significantly lower vitamin B2, vitamin C, and calcium was observed in the NUNL group compared with the UNL group. For both male and female, significantly higher MAR was observed in the UNL group than in the NUNL group. The NUNL group showed significantly lower consumption of milk compared to the UNL group. Conclusion: Good dietary practice such as referring to nutrition labels and its influence can affect the quality of nutritional intake and selection of food, while it can also provide basic data for specific nutrition education regarding use of nutrition labeling. 본 연구에서 국민건강영양조사 데이터를 활용하여 우리나라 성인에서 성별 영양표시의 활용 정도에 따른 식습관, 생활 습관 및 식사 섭취 상태에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 영양표시를 읽지 않고, 영양표시의 영향을 받지 않는 성인의 경우 음주 빈도가 높거나 (남성), 라면의 섭취 빈도는 높은 반면 우유, 요구르트, 두유와 같은 바람직한 식품의 섭취 빈도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 영양표시를 활용하지 않는 대상자에서 비타민 B2, 비타민 C 및 칼슘과 같은 미량영양소 섭취의 질이 낮게 나타난 의미있는 결과를 도출하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 영양표시의 이용 및 영향 여부와 같은 적절한 식태도가 영양소 섭취의 질 및 식품 선택에도 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 제안할 수 있는 근거자료가 될 수 있으며, 향후 영양표시 이용에 대한 세분화된 영양교육시 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Effect of Different Source of Energy on Urea Molasses Mineral Block Intake, Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Pattern and Blood Profile in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Hosamani, S.V.,Mehra, U.R.,Dass, R.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

In order to investigate the effect of different sources of energy on intake and nutrient utilization from urea molasses mineral block (UMMB), rumen fermentation pattern and blood biochemical constituents, 18 intact and 9 rumen fistulated male Murrah buffaloes aged about 3 years and average weight 310.8 kg were randomly allocated into three groups of 9 animals in each, thus each group having 6 intact and three rumen fistulated buffaloes. All animals were fed individually for 90 days. All buffaloes were offered wheat straw as basal roughage and urea molasses mineral block for free choice of licking. Three different energy sources viz., barley grain, (group I), maize grain (group II) and jowar green (group III) were offered to meet their nutrient requirement as per Kearl (1982). At the end of feeding trial, a metabolism trial of 7 days duration was carried out on intact animals to determine the digestibility of nutrients. Rumen fermentation studies were carried out on rumen fistulated animals. After the metabolism trial blood was collected from intact animals to estimate the nitrogen constituents in blood serum of animals fed on different sources of energy. Results revealed no significant difference in the intake of UMMB in three groups. Similarly, the intake of DM (kg), DCP (g) and TDN (kg) per day was similar in three groups statistically. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) was significantly (p<0.05) more in group II than group III, whereas the digestibility of DM, OM and NFE was similar in group I and II. The digestibility of crude fiber (CF) and all the fiber fractions i.e. NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose was alike in 3 groups. Nitrogen balance (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) more in group III as compared to group I and II, which were alike statistically, though the N intake (g/d) was similar in 3 groups but N balance (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) less in group III as compared to other 2 groups. Significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), total nitrogen (TN) and its fractions were observed in group I and II as compared to group III. There was no effect on rumen pH, rumen volume and digesta flow rate due to different sources of energy in 3 groups. Similarly the blood serum biochemical parameters (NH3-N, urea-N and total protein) were statistically identical in 3 groups.

Different Sources and Levels of Copper Supplementation on Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Castrated Black Bengal (Capra hircus) Kids Diet

Mondal, M.K.,Biswas, P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.7

Twenty eight 3-4 month old castrated Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus) were used to determine the effects of source and level of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on their performance and nutrient utilization. Cu was supplemented (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg diet DM) as copper sulfate ($CuSO_4$, $5H_2O$) or copper proteinate (Cu-P). Kids were fed a basal diet containing maize (19.5%), soybean (17.0%), deoiled rice bran (56.5%), molasses (4.0%), di-calcium phosphate and salt (1.0% each) and mineral and vitamin mixture (0.5% each) supplements at 3.5% of body weight to meet NRC (1981) requirements for protein, energy, macro minerals and micro minerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5.7 mg Cu/kg, 122.5 mg Fe/kg, 110 mg Zn/kg, 0.26 mg Mo/kg and 0.32% S. $CuSO_4$ or Cu-P was added to the basal diet at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. Kids were housed in a well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding in aluminum plated metabolic cages. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 0, 30, 60 and 90 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase and aspertate transferase). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that source and level of Cu supplementation improved live weight gain (p<0.04) and average daily gain (p<0.01). No significant contribution of source and level of Cu to alter serum serum enzymes was evident. Goats fed Cu-P tended to have higher Hb, PCV and TEC than with $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Cu-P increased digestibility of ether extract (EE, p<0.02) and crude fiber (p<0.05) and showed an increasing trend (p<0.09) for digested crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Supplemental dose of Cu linearly improved (p<0.02) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE and nitrogen free extract (NFE). Though the absorption of nitrogen (N) was not affected (p>0.10) by both source and dose of Cu, N retention was affected (p<0.04) and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction (p<0.05). Final body weight (BW) was not influenced (p>0.10) by the source of Cu but increasing dose of Cu increased (p<0.04) the BW of kids. TDN intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was higher (p<0.05) with the increased dose of Cu and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction. It was concluded that supplementation of Cu from different sources and varying dose level in a concentrate based diet may improve performance, nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in castrated Black Bengal kids. The effects on performance and nutrient utilization are more pronounced with Cu-P than $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Higher dose of Cu showed better result than lower dose.

Holocene paleoceanography of Bigo Bay, west Antarctic Peninsula: Connections between surface water productivity and nutrient utilization and its implication for surface-deep water mass exchange

Kim, Sunghan,Yoo, Kyu-Cheul,Lee, Jae Il,Khim, Boo-Keun,Bak, Young-Suk,Lee, Min Kyung,Lee, Jongmin,Domack, Eugene W.,Christ, Andrew J.,Yoon, Ho Il Elsevier 2018 Quaternary science reviews Vol.192 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Paleoceanographic changes in response to Holocene climate variability in Bigo Bay, west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) were reconstructed through geochemical, isotopic, sedimentological, and microfossil analysis. Core WAP13-GC47 is composed of 4 lithologic units. Unit 4 was deposited under ice shelf settings. Unit 3 represents the mid-Holocene open marine conditions. Unit 2 indicates lateral sediment transport by a glacier advance during the Neoglacial period. The chronological contrast between the timing of open marine conditions at core WAP13-GC47 (<I>ca</I>. 7060 cal. yr BP at 540 cm) and the ages of calcareous shell fragments (<I>ca</I>. 8500 cal. yr BP) in Unit 2b suggests sediment reworking during the Neoglacial period. Unit 1 was deposited during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). Surface water productivity, represented by biogenic opal and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, increased and bulk δ<SUP>15</SUP>N (nitrate utilization) decreased during the warmer early to middle Holocene and the MWP. In contrast, surface water productivity decreased with increased bulk δ<SUP>15</SUP>N during the colder Neoglacial period and LIA in Bigo Bay. The nitrate utilization was enhanced during cold periods in association with strong surface water stratification resulting from increased sea ice meltwater discharge or proximity to an ice shelf calving front in Bigo Bay. Reduced nitrate utilization during warm periods is related to weak stratification induced by less sea ice meltwater input and stronger Circumpolar Deep Water influence.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Enhanced stratification caused high nitrate utilization during cold periods. </LI> <LI> Low nitrate utilization is ascribed to CDW input/less sea-ice melt water during warm periods. </LI> <LI> Surface water productivity was high (low) during warm (cold) periods with opposite patterns of nitrate utilization. </LI> <LI> Surface-deep water mass exchange in the WAP fjord is influenced by ice shelf/sea-ice variation. </LI> </UL> </P>

소화기 질환과 영양

백현욱 ( Hyun Wook Baik ) 대한소화기학회 2004 대한소화기학회지 Vol.43 No.6

Gastrointestinal tract is an organ for digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients. Also it functions as an immunological organ in the human body. Patients with gastrointestinal disease are at increased risk for nutritional problem due to dietary restriction during the treatment or diagnostic examinations, anorexia or altered nutritional requirement. Clinically, it is important for gastroenterologists to be aware of the principles of nutritional therapy and the relationship between gastrointestinal diseases and the combined nutritional abnormalities. Removal of enteral feeding causes mucosal atrophy and leads to increased mucosal permeability to bacteria and endotoxin. The intestinal endotoxemia results from the translocation of bacteria and endotoxin to systemic circulation, may triggers off systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Therefore, it is crucial in critically ill patients to maintain the gastrointestinal mucosal integrity along with the intestinal flora that enables the host immunity to be maintained or enhanced. Immunonutrition is a therapeutic approach to enhance the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier with various specific nutrients. The intestinal endotoxemia and immunonutrition will also be reviewed briefly. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2004;43:331-340)

Effect of Replacing Til Oil Cake by Poultry Excreta on Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Growing Bull Calves

Khan, M.J.,Shahjalal, M.,Rashid, M.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.4

An experiment was conducted for 90 days using 9 growing bull calves (initial LW 71.5 kg) to investigate the effect of replacing til oil cake by poultry excreta on growth performance and nutrient utilization. The animals were randomly divided into three groups. The control group A was fed with conventional concentrate mixture containing til oil cake, rice bran, wheat bran, bone meal and common salt and the groups B and C were offered diets in which 50 and 100 percent of til oil cake of diet A were replaced by dried poultry excreta. All the animals were fed urea soaked rice straw ad libitum and concentrate mixture was given at the rate of 10 g per kg LW. Towards the end of growth trial a conventional digestibility trial was conducted. Average daily live weight gain was 216, 211 and 188 g for animals fed diets A, B and C, respectively. Average daily dry matter intake in groups A, B and C was 3.42, 3.37 and 3.30 kg per 100 kg LW, respectively. The daily live weight gain and dry matter intake did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the dietary groups. The digestibility coefficient for DM or NFE was almost similar but that for OM, CP, CF and EE was significantly different (p < 0.01) among the dietary groups. TDN percent in diets A, B and C was 57.3 53.3 and 50.8, respectively and the difference was significant (p < 0.01). Animals in all the groups were in a state of positive nitrogen balance. The results indicated that til oil cake can be replaced by dried poultry excreta in bull calf ration.

Effect of Feeding Calcium Salts of Palm Oil Fatty Acids on Performance of Lactating Crossbred Cows

Purushothaman, Sajith,Kumar, Anil,Tiwari, D.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.3

Twenty lactating crossbred cows yielding 10 to 15 litres of milk daily during mid lactation were selected and divided into four groups of five animals to assess the effect of feeding calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids (bypass fat) on milk yield, milk composition and nutrient utilization in lactating crossbred cows. The animals in groups 1 (control), 2, 3 and 4 were fed concentrate mixture containing 0 (no bypass fat), 2, 4 and 6% bypass fat, respectively. The average daily dry matter consumption in the various groups ranged from 13.1 to 13.6 kg and showed no significant difference among treatment groups. There was no significant difference among different groups in digestibility of DM, OM, CP and CF, however, ether extract digestibility in cows of groups 2 and 4 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control group. The average milk yields of the cows in group 3 (4% bypass fat) showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher value than cows of groups 1 and 2. Similarly, a significant (p<0.05) increase in fat yield, 4% FCM yield and SNF yield was observed for the cows in group 3 (4% bypass fat). The milk composition in terms of total solids, fat, lactose, protein, solids-not-fat and ash percentage showed a varying response and bypass fat feeding did not have any effect on milk composition of cows in different groups. The gross and net energetic efficiency of milk production ranged from 23.6 to 27.5% and 37.1 to 44.4%, respectively, and showed no significant difference among different treatment groups. The gross and net efficiency of nitrogen utilization for milk production ranged from 24.0 to 28.7% and 37.2 to 43.5%, respectively, and no significant difference was noted among different treatment groups. The supplementation with calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid reduced the proportion of caproic, caprylic and capric acids and significantly (p<0.01) increased the concentration of palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids in milk fat with increase in level of bypass fat supplementation. It was concluded that incorporation of calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids at a 4% level in the concentrate mixture of lactating crossbred cows improved the milk production and milk quality in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids without affecting the digestibility of nutrients.

The Effect of Feeding Mannan-Oligosaccharides (Bio-MOS) on the Performance of Meat Chickens under Two Different Vaccination Programs

Shafey, T.M.,Al-Mufarej, S.,Shalaby, M.I.,Jarelnabi, A.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.4

The effects of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) from 0 to 3 g/kg diet and vaccination program on 1- to 35-day performance (growth and feed efficiency), metabolizable energy, nitrogen utilization and carcass composition of meat chickens were investigated. A general vaccination program was used against IB, IBD and ND with half of the birds per diet receiving a booster dose of IB and ND vaccines at 12 days of age. Dietary supplementation of Bio-Mos (BM) did not influence body weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient utilization. The highest dietary BM (3 versus 1.5 or 0 g/kg) increased carcass abdominal fat and reduced the proportion of drumstick in the carcass of meat chickens. The booster dose reduced the performance of birds. It was concluded that the addition of BM to the diet of chickens did not significantly influence the performance and nutrient utilization of meat chickens.

Non-Conventional Roughages in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Asian-Australasian Countries - Review -

Nitis, I.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.3

Non-conventional roughage (NCR) is shrub and tree fodders, crop residues and agroindustrial oy-products which is not commonly used as livestock feed traditionally and commercially. Eventhough many sources of NCR is available, the farmers perceptions on NCR not only vary from country to country in tropical and sub-tropical Asian-Australasian countries, but also vary from region to region within the country. Chemical composition and nutritive value of NCR are not only vary from species to species but also vary between species within the genera, between provenances/cultivars within the species and such variations are affected by season, climatic zone, topography and land utilization. The nutritive value of NCR can be improved by physical, chemical and biological treatments and conservation. Feeding NCR to ruminant and non-ruminant is not only improve performance of the livestock but also economically feasible. Future direction of NCR is inventarization, exchange information through NCR information centre, integration with either agrisilvicultural, agrisilvipastoral or silvipastoral system, and use of genetic engineering to produce high quality NCR that ultimately become conventional roughage for agroindustry and agribissiness.