해양폐기물의 관리 및 처리에 대한 법적 검토 - 개념의 정립과 해양폐기물법안에 대한 검토를 중심으로 -

최승필 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2018 외법논집 Vol.42 No.2

Interest in marine waste has so far been relatively weak compared with that inland wastes. However, since the implementation of the obligations as a contracting state of the London Convention has begun in full-scale, active discussions and activities have recently been made like introducing a bill on marine waste and marine sediments. The first thing to be identified before any study regarding marine waste could be conducted is its concept. Although the concept of marine waste is defined in the Marine Environment Management Act, there have been suggestions that the act should be handled in a manner consistent with the concept of Waste Control Act since the wastes in the Act differ in their scope and representation Accordingly in consideration of the special circumstances of the ocean and having consistency with Waste Control Act, the definition for ocean waste should be adjusted to include “the substances that are not needed for human life or business activities, such as garbage from the ocean or into the ocean, burnt materials, sludge, fish processing residues and shells of shellfish.” On the other hand, because marine waste and marine polluted sediments are overlapped in many respects in terms of shapes and properties, although their nature and disposition are different, they need to be treated within the connotation of a single law. The Marine Waste Bill basically prohibits waste from being disposed of in the sea, without few exceptions, and when it is allowed to be released in the sea, a declaration to the authorities is required. In case of breach of the declaration, penalties are set to be higher than those by the Marine Environment Management Act. In addition, a legal ground on the establishment of an outflow prevention facility is set to stop land wastes from entering the ocean. The bill maintains the basis for collecting marine wastes from the coast, sea, and seabed, and for issuing orders for collection. The bill further provides the possibility of isolating marine wastes onto the ocean floor, like land wastes being taken out for landfill. Also, it supports the chance for the carbon dioxide stream to be stored permanently in the sediments. The legal nature of the carbon dioxide stream is that it is a special form of waste rather than a simple waste or general waste. On the other hand, the bill prescribes the purification of pollutants, just as it is ready with a provision for the administrative office to issue a purge order to the person in charge of purification or to specify a purifier in case it finds the necessity to clean up the waste. The bill also lays the groundwork for maritime deployment in response to changes in the marine environment, such as red tides. The bill divides the marine emission management business into waste ocean discharge business, immersed waste collection business, and marine pollutant sediment purification business, and those involved in these businesses can conduct their businesses through registration in the relevant authorities. Discussions on marine wastes are now at the beginning stages, and this is one of those early studies. I hope that this study will be helpful for more future discussions. 지금까지 해양폐기물에 대한 관심은 육상폐기물에 비해 상대적으로 적었다. 그러나 런던협약 체약국으로서의 의무이행이 본격적으로 시작되면서 최근에는 해양폐기물 및 해양퇴적물에 대한 법안이 제출되는 등 활발한 논의가 시작되고 있다. 해양폐기물에 대해서 가장 먼저 획정하는 것은 개념이다. 해양환경관리법상 해양폐기물에 대한개념이 정의되어 있으나, 폐기물법상의 폐기물과 그 범위와 표현을 달리하면서 이를 폐기물법상의개념과 정합성 있게 구성하자는 견해들이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 해양이 처한 특수한 상황을 고려하되 육상폐기물법과 정합성이 있는 정의로 “해양에서 발생되거나 또는 해양으로 유입된 쓰레기, 연소재, 오니, 생선가공잔여물 및 패류의 껍질 등으로 사람의 생활이나 사업활동에 필요하지 아니하게 된 물질”을 들 수 있다. 한편 해양폐기물과 해양오염퇴적물은 성상과 성질 면에서 중첩되는 부분이 많다는 점에서, 비록 그 성질과 처리방식이 다르지만 하나의 법률 내에서 포섭하여 규정할 필요가 있다. 해양폐기물법안은 폐기물의 해양배출을 원칙적으로 금지하고 예외적으로 허용하고 있으며, 배출시신고하도록 하고 있다. 그리고 신고내용 위반시 벌칙은 해양환경관리법보다 강화된 수준으로 정하고있다. 아울러 육상폐기물이 해양에 유입되지 못하도록 유출방지시설의 설치에 관한 근거를 두고 있다. 법안은 해양폐기물을 연안, 해상, 해저에서 수거하거나 수거명령을 발할 수 있는 근거를 마련하고있다. 법안은 해양폐기물을 육상에서의 매립과 같이 해저에 고립시킬 수 있는 근거를 두고 있다. 아울러 이산화탄소스트림의 경우도 해저퇴적층에 영구적으로 저장할 수 있는 근거를 두고 있다. 이산화탄소스트림의 법적성질은 폐기물이나 일반적인 폐기물과는 특별한 형태의 폐기물이라고 할 수있다. 한편, 법안은 오염물질의 정화에 대해 규정하고 있는 바, 행정청이 직접 정화를 하거나, 정화의무자를 특정할 수 있는 경우 해당 정화의무자에게 정화명령을 내릴 수 있는 근거를 두고 있다. 또한 적조등과 같은 해양환경변화에 대응하고자 해양배치의 근거를 두고 있다. 법안은 해양배출관리업자를 폐기물해양배출업, 침적폐기물수거업, 해양오염퇴적물정화업으로 나누고 등록을 통해 사업을 영위하도록 하고 있다. 해양폐기물에 대한 논의는 이제 시작이며 금번 연구는 그 초기 연구 중의 하나이다. 이 연구가 향후의 논의에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

Decision-making for the Sustainable Beneficial Use of Marine Sediments using Ex-situ Remediation Technologies in Colombia

Wendy Tatiana Gonzalez Cano,Kyoungrean Kim 한국퇴적환경준설학회(구 한국환경준설학회) 2022 한국환경준설학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

Marine sediments are one of important natural resources for humans. By applying various remediation technologies, marine sediments (naturally or contaminated including dredged materials) could be transformed into commercially useful products. However, selecting appropriate technologies may still be challenging for decision-makers. This research aims (1) to develop a comprehensive environmental assessment criterion to evaluate and identify promising ex-situ technologies for marine sediments in Colombia and (2) propose management frameworks to obtain sustainable beneficial uses from treated sediments. The achieved results identified solidification/stabilization as promising technologies to be adopted in Colombia based on their cost-benefit, high efficiency and environmental feasibility according to several evaluation criteria. Optimal conditions for successful sediment treatment were also identified. Sustainable beneficial use of marine sediments may provide environmental and economic benefits from the point of view of new circular economies. Best-suited technologies can be chosen based on site and sediment characterization without neglecting essential aspects such as cost-effectiveness, treatment time, and removal efficiency, which were considered in this research. The various environmental assessment tools developed may aid decision-makers in selecting optimal technologies and achieving the sustainability of marine sediments by optimizing their beneficial uses. Additional issues including qualities of the Colombian Caribbean marine sediments will be presented during the 2022 KEDS conference. More innovative and practical environmental risk assessments tools are still needed to evaluate the feasibility of various remediation technologies.

Empirical models of the ocean-sediment and marine sediment-bedrock density contrasts

Xiang Gu,Robert Tenzer,Vladislav Gladkikh 한국지질과학협의회 2014 Geosciences Journal Vol.18 No.4

We utilize empirical density models of the seawater,marine sediments and bedrock to evaluate the ocean-sediment and(marine) sediment-bedrock density contrasts. The depth-dependentseawater density model and a density model of the upper sedimentarylayer are used in computing the ocean-sediment densitycontrast. A definition of the sediment-bedrock density contrast withrespect to the average bedrock density is based on applying themarine sediment density model. Density samples from the Deep SeaDrilling Project are used to establish the density model of marinesediments and to estimate the average bedrock density. The marinesediment density model describes the density distribution within theupper sedimentary layer as a function of the ocean-floor depth, whilethe increasing sediment density due to compaction is defined as afunction of the sediment depth. The depth-dependent seawaterdensity model was derived based on the analysis of oceanographicdata from the World Ocean Atlas 2009 and the World Ocean CirculationExperiment 2004. The predicted values of both densitycontrasts are compiled on a 5 × 5 arc-min geographical grid for theworld’s oceans and marginal seas. The ocean-sediment densitycontrast varies between 0.05 and 0.63 g/cm3. The maximum densitycontrast is predicted beneath marginal seas due to the accumulationof heavier sediments near coast. Transportation of fine and lightparticles at long distances results in decreasing density contrastbetween the seawater and the underlying deep-ocean sediments. The sediment-bedrock density contrast varies between 0.00 and1.70 g/cm3. The most enhanced density contrast between the marinesediments and the underlying bedrock is predicted beneath thinsedimentary layers, while the density at the lowermost stratigraphicunits of thick sedimentary accumulations is similar to the bedrockdensity due to sediment compaction (and further lithification).

해양퇴적물에서 중금속 용출 차단 및 퇴적물 산소 요구량 감소를 위한 석회석, 제올라이트 및 폐콘크리트의 피복 소재로서 적용

강구,박성직,Kang, Ku,Park, Seong-Jik 한국농공학회 2015 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.57 No.4

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of limestone, zeolite, and crushed concrete as capping material to block the release of heavy metals (As, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and reduce the sediment oxygen demand. The efficiency of limestone, zeolite, and crushed concrete was evaluated in a reactor in which a 1-cm thick layer of capping materials was placed on the sediments collected from Inchon north harbor. Dissolved oxygen concentration and heavy metal concentration in seawater above the uncapped sediments and capping material were monitored for 17 days. The sediment oxygen demand was in the following increasing order: crushed concrete ($288.37mg/m^2{\cdot}d$) < zeolite ($428.96mg/m^2{\cdot}d$) < limestone ($904.53mg/m^2{\cdot}d$) < uncapped ($981.34mg/m^2{\cdot}d$). The capping materials could reduce the sediment oxygen demand by blocking the release of biochemical matters consuming dissolved oxygen in seawater. It was also shown that zeolite and crushed concrete could effectively block the release of Cu, Ni, and Pb but those were not effective for the interruption of As and Cr release from marine contaminated sediments.

Microbial Community Composition in the Marine Sediments of Jeju Island: Next-Generation Sequencing Surveys

( Heebok Choi ),( Hyeon Woo Koh ),( Hongik Kim ),( Jong Chan Chae ),( Soo Je Park ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.5

Marine sediments are a microbial biosphere with an unknown physiology, and the sediments harbor numerous distinct phylogenetic lineages of Bacteria and Archaea that are at present uncultured. In this study, the structure of the archaeal and bacterial communities was investigated in the surface and subsurface sediments of Jeju Island using a next-generation sequencing method. The microbial communities in the surface sediments were distinct from those in the subsurface sediments; the relative abundance of sequences for Thaumarchaeota, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were higher in the surface than subsurface sediments, whereas the sequences for Euryarchaeota, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Deltaproteobacteria were relatively more abundant in the subsurface than surface sediments. This study presents detailed characterization of the spatial distribution of benthic microbial communities of Jeju Island and provides fundamental information on the potential interactions mediated by microorganisms with the different biogeochemical cycles in coastal sediments.

산화제 및 계면활성제 세척에 의한 PCBs오염 해역퇴적물의 정화가능성

최진영(J.Y.Choi),김경련(K.R.Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2014 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

본 연구에서는 산화제와 계면활성제를 이용한 산화 및 세척처리방법의 해양오염퇴적물에 함유된 PCBs에 대한 처리 가능성과 그 정도를 평가하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 해양오염퇴적물 정화사업이 예정된 국내 세 해역을 선별하여 오염퇴적물시료를 채취하였다. 대상 오염퇴적물의 입경별 오염분포는 유기물 및 PCBs농도가 퇴적물의 입경이 작을수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 대상해역의 퇴적물의 처리는 산화제인 H₂O₂, KMnO₄ 5M과 계면활성제인 Triton X-100 0.05%를 퇴적물과 1:3의 비율로 각각 1시간동안 회분식 처리하여 퇴적물 내 PCBs제거효율을 확인하였다. 전체 퇴적물에서 H₂O₂, KMnO₄ 및 Triton X-100의 PCBs제거효율은 각각 평균 10, 24, 19%로 PCBs제거의 가능성을 확인하였으며 KMnO₄의 제거율이 가장 높았다. 그러나 미세입자의 PCBs 제거율은 미비하거나 오히려 PCBs농도가 증가하여, 해양오염퇴적물의 PCBs정화에 적용하기 위해서는 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. Feasibility of marine sediments contaminated with PCBs was investigated on the basis of washing technology using oxidizers and surfactants. Tested sediment samples were collected from three contaminated marine sites in South Korea. The organic contents and PCBs in sediments were associated with grain size, and the highest level of the organic contents (COD, IL, TOC and TN) and PCBs were found in <32 ㎛ or 32-63 ㎛ fraction. Oxidizers, H₂O₂ and KMnO₄ (5M), and a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (0.05%), were used to remove PCBs in the contaminated marine sediments at 1:3 solid liquid ratio for 1 hour. The observed removal efficiency of PCBs by H₂O₂, KMnO₄ and Triton X-100 were 10, 24, and 19%, respectively. The experimental results suggest that KMnO₄ is most effective chemical to remove PCBs and TOC in contaminated marine sediments. However, PCBs in <63 ㎛ fraction did not be removed or even increased. Our experimental results elucidated that the remediation method of this research, based on washing technology using oxidizers and surfactants for PCBs removal from the contaminated sediments, could be possible however, further improvement and optimization might be also needed to remove PCBs from fine the particle fractions, <63 ㎛.

유류사고 이후 안면도 연안 해수 및 퇴적물의 다환방향족탄화수소(PAHs) 오염에 관한 연구

이완석 ( Wan Seok Lee ),박승윤 ( Seung Yoon Park ),김평중 ( Pyoung Joong Kim ),전상백 ( Sang Baeck Jeon ),안경호 ( Kyoung Ho An ),최용석 ( Yong Seok Choi ) 한국환경과학회 2010 한국환경과학회지 Vol.19 No.12

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in seawater and marine sediment from Anmyundo coastal area after oil spill. The concentrations of total PAHs in surface and bottom of seawater at August were 31.1 to 142.6 ng/L and 5.9 to 50.9 ng/L in August and November, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in sediment were 21.0 to 102.9 ng/g D.W. and 32.3 to 57.4 ng/g D.W. in August and November, respectively. PAHs concentrations in seawater and sediment in August were higher than those in November about 2.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. Diagnostic ratio (PhA/AnT and FluA/Pyr) were investigated to identify source of PAHs in seawater and sediment. The PAHs in seawater originated from pyrolytic source and those in sediment originated from pyrolytic and petrogenic source. The glass, wood and coal origin was higher than petroleum origin on the combustion origin of PAHs in seawater and sediment. The seawater of Anmyundo costal area recovered from oil spill, but the sediments of that were weakly influenced by oil spill until now. Because this area is developed many fishing grounds, demanded Long Term Environmental Monitoring Program (LTEMP). The concentrations of PAHs on depth of sediments were investigated at station 8 and 10. The concentrations of PAHs were decreased with increasing depth.

중금속으로 오염된 해양퇴적토의 전기동력학적 정화

김경조 ( Kyung Jo Kim ),유종찬 ( Jong Chan Yoo ),양중석 ( Jung Seok Yang ),백기태 ( Ki Tae Baek ) 한국화학공학회 2013 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.51 No.6

퇴적토는 미사 및 점토와 같은 미세토의 함량이 높으며, 유기물질이 많으며, 완충능이 크기 때문에 퇴적토로부터 중금속을 제거하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 본 연구에서는, 중금속으로 오염된 퇴적토에서 중금속을 제거하기 위해 2 V/cm의 일정한 전압경사를 적용한 실험실 규모의 전기동력학적 (EK) 정화공법을 사용하였다. 실험을 위해 적용한 음극 전해 질로는 0.1 M의 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), HNO3, HCl, 그리고 수돗물을 사용하였으며, 양극 전해질로는 수돗물을 사용하여 순환시켜 주었다. 음극 전해질로 CA를 사용한 실험군에서 Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb는 각각초기와 비교하여 92.4, 96.1, 97.1, 88.1%의 중금속 제거효율을 보였다. 높은 전압경사를 적용하게 되면, 음극 전해질내에 citrate 및 EDTA가 퇴적토로 이동이 용이하게 되며, 그로 인해 중금속-킬레이트 화합물을 형성하여 중금속의 추출률을 높일 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 높은 전압경사를 적용한 EK 실험에서 음극 전해질로 EDTA 혹은 CA를 사용하면 퇴적토로부터 중금속을 효과적으로 추출할 수 있다고 판단된다. Sediment contains a high fraction of organic matter, high buffering capacity, and a large portion of fine grained particles such as silt and clay, which are major barriers to remove heavy metals from sediments. In this study, a lab-scale electrokinetic (EK) technique was applied to remove heavy metals effectively from marine sediment at a constant voltage gradient of 2 V/cm. A concentration of 0.1 M of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), HNO3, and HCl were circulated in the cathode, and tap water was circulated in the anode. CA extracted 92.4% of Ni, 96.1% of Cu, 97.1% of Zn, and 88.1% of Pb from marine sediment. A higher voltage gradient enhanced the transport of citrate and EDTA into the sediment and, therefore, increased metal extraction from the marine sediment through a complexation reaction between metals and the chelates. Based on these results, the electrokinetic process using a high voltage gradient with EDTA and CA might be useful to extract heavy metals from marine sediment.

오염된 해양퇴적물에서 중금속 용출 차단을 위한 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그의 적용성 평가

강구(Ku Kang),김영기(Young Kee Kim),박성직(Seong Jik Park) 한국항해항만학회 2015 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.39 No.4

본 연구에서는 반응성 피복소재인 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그의 피복두께에 따른 오염된 해양퇴적물 내 중금속 용출차단 효율을 평가하였다. 실험결과, As의 용출차단에는 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그 모두 효과적이지 못하였다. 제올라이트는 Cr용출 차단에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 몬모릴로나이트 5 cm 피복은 Cr 용출 차단에 매우 효과적이었다. As 및 Cr과는 대조적으로 Cd, Ni, 그리고 Pb은 미피복 퇴적물에서 조차 용출되지 않았다. Cu와 Zn은 피복 조건에 따른 영향이 가장 뚜렷한 중금속이었다. Cu의 용출은 몬모릴로나이트 피복 두께 1 cm 이상 그리고 제올라이트 피복 두께 3 cm 이상에서 효과적으로 차단되었다. 해양퇴적물에서 Zn의 용출은 모든 피복 물질에서 효과적이었다. 본 연구를 통해서 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그를 오염된 해양퇴적물에서 Cr, Cu, Zn의 용출 차단을 위한 효과적인 피복소재로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of zeolite, montmorillonite, and steel slag as capping materials to block the release of heavy metals from marine sediment depending on their depths. The results showed that all capping materials used this study were not effective in interrupting release of As. Zeolite had negative effect on the block of Cr release but it was significantly reduced to 5 cm by montmorillonite capping. In contrast to As and Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb were not released even from uncapped sediments. Cu and Zn were the heavy metals those were most significantly influenced by the capping conditions. Cu release from marine sediments were effectively blocked by more than 1 cm depth of montmorillonite and more than 3 cm depth of zeolite. All capping materials were found to be effective in interrupting release of Zn from marine sediments. It was concluded that the zeolite, montmorillonite, and steel slag could be used as a potential capping material for interrupting the release of Cr, Cu, and Zn from the contaminated marine sediments.

Determining the viscosity and yield surface of marine sediments using modified Bingham models

정승원 한국지질과학협의회 2013 Geosciences Journal Vol.17 No.3

The rheology of marine sediment-laden flows in a submarine environment is examined. The viscosity and yield stress of marine sediments are key parameters controlling landslide mobility: the former is related to the peak velocity and the latter is related to the final deposition of debris flow. One of the simplest rheological models is the ideal plastic Bingham model, which is often applied to diverse materials. For marine sediments, the flow behavior can be approximated by modified Bingham models, such as the bi-viscosity and Papanastasiou models. The flow of viscoplastic materials can then be described by unyielded (local shear stress τ is lower than a yield stress τy), yield surface (τ = τy), and post-yield (τ>τy) characteristics. It is concluded that modified Bingham models with a proper choice of flow parameters can be used to predict the unyielded, yielding and yielded zones for marine sediments. It is also demonstrated that in some cases the yield surface can be effectively obtained using the relationship between viscosity and shear rate.