Method for determining the design load of an aluminium handrail on an offshore platform

Kim Yeon Ho,Park Joo Shin,Lee Dong Hun,서정관 대한조선학회 2021 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.13 No.1

Aluminium outfitting is widely used in offshore platforms owing to its anti-corrosion ability and its light weight. However, various standards exist (ISO, NORSOK and EN) for the design of handrails used in offshore platforms, and different suppliers have different criteria. This causes great confusion for designers. Moreover, the design load required by the standards is not clearly defined or is uncertain. Thus, many offshore projects reference previous project details or are conservatively designed without additional clarification. In this study, all of the codes and standards were reviewed and analysed through prior studies, and data on variable factors that directly and indirectly affect the handrails applied to offshore platforms were analysed. A total of 50 handrail design load scenarios were proposed through deterministic and probabilistic approaches. To verify the proposed new handrail design load selection scenario, structural analysis was performed using SACS (offshore structural analysis software). This new proposal through deterministic and probabilistic approaches is expected to improve safety by clarifying the purpose of the handrails. Furthermore, the acceptance criteria for probabilistic scenarios for handrails suggest considering the frequency of handrail use and the design life of offshore platforms to prevent excessive design. This study is expected to prevent trial and error in handrail design while maintaining overall worker safety by applying a loading scenario suitable for the project environment to enable optimal handrail design.

뇌졸중 환자의 트레드밀 훈련 시 손잡이 유무 및 위치가 보행 및 균형에 미치는 영향

남석현 ( Seok-hyun Nam ),강경우 ( Kyung-woo Kang ),권중원 ( Jung-won Kwon ),최용원 ( Yong-won Choi ),김중선 ( Chung-sun Kim ) 대한물리치료학회 2013 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.25 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a handrail (presence and position) on treadmill gait and balance in stroke patients during gait training. Methods: 39 patients with stroke (male 31, female 8) participated in this study. The training groups were classified into a no-handrail group (NHG), front handrail group (FHG), and bilateral handrail group (BHG). Each group comprised 13 subjects. The subjects were trained to walk in a straight path 30 minutes per day for 8 weeks. The Good Balance System was used to measure static balance and dynamic balance. To measure walking ability, timed up and go (TUG) was also assessed. Results: The NHG showed no significant differences in static balance, dynamic balance, and TUG. The FHG was significantly different in their medial-lateral speed of static balance, dynamic balance, and TUG. The BHG was significantly different in their static balance, dynamic balance, and TUG. Conclusion: These findings consider the effects of holding handrails concomitantly with changes in postural stability. We conclude that for training stroke patients, treadmill walking while holding handrails improves balance and gait more than treadmill walking without holding handrails. The resulting changes in muscle activity patterns may facilitate the transfer to a gait pattern. The results of this study suggest methods for training treadmill walking in stroke patients.

방호울타리 설치에 따른 교량단면의 공기역학 특성 해석 - 목포대교

김대근,김호경,이상훈 한국풍공학회 2008 한국풍공학회지 Vol.12 No.3

This study utilizes the CFD code to analyze the aerodynamic forces in the girder section of the Mokpo Bridge, expecially the effect of handrails on the aerodynamic characteristics of the bridge section, and arrived at the following conclusions. Installation of handrails increases the drag force by 25-50% depending on the wind attack angle. Especially when the wind attack angle is 0°, the drag force increases by 50% with the influence of handrails. And the proportion of drag force, generated by the influence of handrails, against the entire drag force tends to decline as the wind attack angle increases. Also, the handrails of the bridge serve to decrease the rate of the lift force change with respect to the wind attack angle and increases the pitching moment counterclockwise. As the fairings installed in the bridge restrict the separation of flow and shorten the recirculation length of the separated flow, the flutter derivatives for the girder section of the Mokpo Bridge, whose aspect ratio is 9.7, results in similar behaviors as those of a rectangular section with an aspect ratio of 20. For the Mokpo Bridge, the impacts of the handrails over the flutter derivatives are analyzed to be minimal.

Bactericidal Effect of a 275-nm UV-C LED Sterilizer for Escalator Handrails: Optimization of Optical Structure and Evaluation of Sterilization of Six Bacterial Strains

김종오,정금재,손은익,조두민,김명섭,전동해,김영목,류우찬 한국광학회 2022 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.6 No.2

In the pasteurization of escalator handrails using ultraviolet (UV) sterilizers, a combination of light distribution and escalator speed has priority over other important factors. Furthermore, since part of the escalator handrail has a curved structure, proper design is needed to improve the sterilization rate on the surfaces touched by users. In this paper, two types of sterilizers satisfying these conditions are manufactured with 275-nm UV-C LEDs, after modeling the three-dimensional (3D) structure of an escalator handrail and simulating optical distributions of UV-C irradiation on the handrail’s surface according to light-emitting diode (LED) positions and reflector variations in the sterilizers. Pasteurization experiments with the UV-C LED sterilizers are conducted on six types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with exposure times of 0.2, 5, and 15 s at an actual installation distance of 20 mm. The sterilization rates for the gram-positive bacteria are 10.63% to 27.94% at 0.2 s, 89.44% to 96.30% at 5 s, and 99.64% to 99.88% at 15 s. Those for the gram-negative bacteria are 57.70% to 77.63% at 0.2 s, 98.90% to 99.49% at 5 s, and 99.88% to 99.99% at 15 s. The power consumption of the UV-C LED sterilizer is about 8 W, which can be supplied by a self-generation module instead of an external power supply.

월파실험을 통한 방파제 안전난간에 대한 소고

이규세 한국복합신소재구조학회 2015 복합신소재구조학회 학술발표회 Vol.2015 No.04

In order to create a safe and pleasant hydrophilic coast, the coastal maintenance projects are under way in the concept of the marine park. However, a lot of accidents are happened because of the unpredictable climate change and the accidents are increased due to the lack of safety in the Coastal Zone. The number of the accidents that the overtopping waves on the breakwater have swept the peoples on the breakwater into the sea result in the many deads, have grown in the recent. And the damage of facilities caused by overtopping wave have increased in addition to the casualties. In this study, the experiments of overtopping wave force acting on the handrail on the breakwater have conducted to consider the safety design for the handrail. Through the several types of the experiments, the dangerous wave patterns are identified, Also, the appropriate design guidelines and material for handrail to prevent the pullout of the anchor bolt are proposed.

핸드레일조명을 활용한 보행환경 조도에 관한 연구

이도훈,이은영,이돈일 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.5

(Background and Purpose) During the period of early civilization, humans developed the ability to make fire. Even today, the era of the LED, lighting continues to positively influence our lives, However, even the lighting effects us in a gpositive way, we are currently facing a problem in the form of the light pollution. Given that artificial lighting is a major cause of light pollution, it is imperative to consider the proposed pedestrian environment in accordance with the appropriate lighting requirements. This study suggests a safe, comfortable environment and level of the illumination using handrail lighting for the pedestrians. (Method) Accordingly, it distinguishes suitable lighting methods for the walking path by simulating the results of various installation methods in the handrail lighting environment. It also proposes appropriate product performance and installation methods and level of illumination that can be utilized for future reference for the implementation of handrail lighting conditions. In this backdrop, this study focuses on the spatial scope of the night pedestrian path using handrail lighting. In addition, it proposes suitable LED lighting performance proposals and optimized pedestrian illumination and walking environment proposals using Relux, a lighting simulation program. (Results) First, the optimized specification could be confirmed through handrail lighting for pedestrians in walking envrionment. Through the vertical plane analysis, it was confirmed that the most suitable light distribution was 60 degrees and the irradiation angle was 35 degrees. Second, in residential and commercial areas, one-way and central survey handrail types were found to be most suitable for the pedestrians. The horizontal illumination criterion was fulfilled at a distance of 1m between the lights. In the case of the bidirectional cross handrail lighting method, it was confirmed that it is suitable for commercial areas at the distance of 2m. Third, it was confirmed that the vertical pedestrian illumination of 5 ~ 10lx was satisfied even in the handrail lighting environment. Although the height of the lighting was as low as 1m, it was confirmed that the vertical illumination of 1.5m height satisfies the criterion. (Conclusions) This study focuses on illumination using handrail lighting in pedestrian paths and defines the basic specifications of lighting to prevent light pollution. In addition, the types of handrails and lighting intervals satisfying horizontal illumination were specified, and simulations confirmed that the vertical illumination of pedestrians could be fulfilled through handrail lighting. These findings could be considered as guidelines for future use of handrail lighting. (연구배경 및 목적) 인류가 문명의 시기로 접어들기 시작하면서 접하게 되는 것이 불빛이었고 오늘날에 LED조명의 시대에 이르게 되기까지 많은 발전을 해왔으며, 현재는 빛 공해에 대한 문제가 제기되고 있는 시점에 이르렀다. 이러한 인공적인 조명으로 인해 빛공해에 대한 다양한 피해가 발생하고 있으며 보행자 환경에 따른 적합한 조명의 제안과 보행환경에 대한 제안이 필요하다고 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구는 보행환경에서 핸드레일조명을 활용한 안전하고 편안한 환경과 그에 따른 조도 제안을 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 이를 위해 보행환경별 적합한 조명방식을 구분하고 그 중 핸드레일조명 환경에서의 다양한 설치방법에 따른 결과를 시뮬레이션을 통해 도출하고자 한다. 본 연구의 주안점은 도시환경을 구성하는 요소 중 하나인 핸드레일조명이 야간 이용 보행자에게 적합한 환경을 제공하고 있는지 살펴보고, 연구자가 설계한 실험 및 시뮬레이션 도구를 통해 보행자에게 최적화된 조명, 조도환경을 제시하는 것이다. 연구의 범위는 보행공간을 구성하는 요소 중 하나인 핸드레일조명을 활용한 야간보행로를 공간적 범위로 하고, 적합한 LED조명 성능 제안과, 조명시뮬레이션 프로그램인 Relux를 활용하여 최적화된 보행자 조도환경 및 보행환경 제안을 내용적 범위로 하였다. (결과) 이를 통해 얻어지는 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보행환경에서의 핸드레일조명으로 최적화된 배광 사양이 60°임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 둘째, 주거·상업지역에서 편방향 및 중앙조사형의 핸드레일 유형이 가장 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 핸드레일조명 환경에서도 보행자 연직면조도 5~10lx를 만족함을 확인하였다. (결론) 본 연구는 보행환경에서의 핸드레일조명을 활용한 조도에 관한 연구로 빛공해 방지를 위한 조명의 기본사양을 정의하고 수평면조도를 만족시키는 핸드레일의 유형과 조명간격을 규정하였으며, 핸드레일조명을 통해 보행자의 연직면조도를 만족시킬 수 있음을 시뮬레이션을 통해 확인 할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 향후 핸드레일조명 설계 및 사용에 지침서가 될 것으로 기대한다.

해양플랫폼 알루미늄 핸드레일 적용을 위한 소켓 구조강도 평가법

김연호,박주신,서정관 해양환경안전학회 2022 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.28 No.2

The aluminum handrails used for promoting structural strength and weight reduction of the topside in an offshore platform are designed according to international standards (ISO, NORSOK , and Austria Standard), and consider the most conservative load combinations. Existing aluminum handrails are bolted to a socket when installed on the topside of a platform, and the amount of deflection of the handrail is largely influenced by the socket design. However, the importance of socket design has been overlooked, and furthermore, separate evaluation procedures or guidance for socket design are ambiguous. Therefore, a series analysis was performed for estimating the structural strength of aluminum handrails to obtain the governing parameters that minimize their deflection against loads. Experimental verification was performed to validate the structural safety of the new model, and we confirmed that all were satisfied within allowable deflection according to international standards. The developed model could be used in several areas in the future as it is lighter and more productive compared to existing models from overseas makers. 해양플랜트 상구구조물의 중량 절감을 위한 알루미늄 핸드레일 적용을 위하여, 소재의 항복강도 향상 및 관련 국제기준에 부합한 강도평가를 통하여 설계가 이루어지고 있다. 기존에 해양프로젝트에 설치된 알루미늄 핸드레일은 플랫폼에 설치 시 소켓에 볼트 연결되며, 소켓의 설계 정도에 따라서 핸드레일 처짐 량이 크게 좌우된다. 그러나 국제기준에서는 소켓에 대한 중요성 언급이 없으며, 별도의 평가 절차나 기준도 모호하다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해서 핸드레일 소켓 설계 시 고려해야 하는 주요 인자들에 대한 강도 해석을 수행하고, 최적의 치수를 도출하였다. 개발모델의 구조 안전성을 확보하기 위하여, 실험을 통한 검증을 수행하였고, 국제기준에서 요구하는 허용 처짐 이내에서 모두 만족함을 확인하였다. 개발된 국산화 모델은 기존 외국 제조사와 비교하여 가볍고, 생산성이 향상되어 향후 많은 분야에서 사용이 될 것으로 판단된다.

태양광 패널을 적용한 들로네 패턴 난간 디자인 개발에 관한 연구

장중식,정우진 디자인융복합학회(구.한국인포디자인학회) 2024 디자인융복합연구 Vol.23 No.1

태양전지의 발전으로 인해 일반 또는 공공시설물에서 심미성이 확보된 다양한 태양광 패널 사례를 살펴볼 수 있으나 주거용 건축물에서는 아직까지 무분별 한 블루/블랙 계열의 태양전지 사용으로 인해 도시 미관을 저해하고 있는 실 정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도시미관 창출을 위해 들로네 삼각 분할 기법 을 적용한 패턴 디자인을 난간 프레임에 적용하며 이를 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 태양광 패널이 적용된 난간 디자인 제시를 위해 문헌조사 및 사례 조 사를 진행하여 기존 태양광 패널이 적용된 건축물에 대한 문제점 및 개선점을 도출하였으며 이를 바탕으로 디자인 방향을 설정하여 3D 데이터를 제작 후 심미성 검증을 위한 3D Rendering을 진행하였고, 안정성 확보를 위해 구조해 석 시뮬레이션을 실시한 후 3D 프린팅 기술을 활용하여 1/1 모델 제작을 실 시하였다. 그 결과, 35m/s와 45m/s의 풍속 환경에서도 안정성이 확보된 새로 운 형태의 난간 디자인을 제시하였고 비형적 특징을 지닌 난간을 3D 프린팅 기술로 제작하여 제품화 가능성에 대한 시사점을 파악하였다. 본 연구는 들로 네 패턴이라는 컨셉을 통해 기존에 없던 태양광 패널이 적용된 난간 디자인을 제시하였다. Due to the development of solar cells, we can see various examples of solar panels that have secured aesthetics in general or public facilities, but in residential buildings, the indiscriminate use of blue/black solar cells is still hindering urban aesthetics. Therefore, in this study, we propose a pattern design that applies the Delaunay triangulation technique to the railing frame to create urban aesthetics. In order to present a railing design with solar panels, this study conducted a literature survey and a case study to derive problems and improvements for existing buildings with solar panels. Based on this, the design direction was set, 3D data was created, 3D Rendering was performed for aesthetic verification, structural analysis simulation was performed to ensure stability, and 1/1 model production was performed using 3D printing technology. As a result, we presented a new type of handrail design that is stable even in wind speeds of 35m/s and 45m/s, and identified implications for the possibility of productization by manufacturing handrails with non-typical features using 3D printing technology. In this study, we presented a handrail design with solar panels through the concept of Delaunay pattern.

계단손잡이 활용에 따른 젊은이와 고령자의 계단보행 특성

민병찬,권진한,김영선 한국산업경영시스템학회 2008 한국산업경영시스템학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.하계

The present study aimed to examine the influence of handrail use of the kinematic effects of ascending and descending stair in old and young age. A total of thirty-two subjects ascended and descended a purpose-built stair. This experiment conducted to three conditions within no hand, one hand and both hand as use handrails and analyzed gait characteristics. During stair up-down the elderly and young adults generated similar joint movement. However, the difference that noted at hip-rotation between elderly and young adults in case of both hands and one handle use on up-stairs.

『세종대왕태실석난간수개의궤(世宗大王胎室石欄干修改儀軌)』 에 대하여

김해영 ( Hae Young Kim ) 한국고문서학회 2014 古文書硏究 Vol.45 No.-

『세종태실석난간수개의궤』 는 임진왜란 뒤 파괴된 세종 태실의 돌 난간 등을 고치는 과정에서 그 경위와 내력을 기록한 책자이다. 본 의궤는 현전하는 조선 왕실의 태실 관련 의궤 가운데 가장 오래된 의궤일 뿐 아니라, 현전하는 조선왕조의 의궤 전체를 통털어서도 가장 오래된 의궤의 하나이다. 기록 내용은 전부 13면에 걸쳐 있는데, 여기에는 세종 태실의 개수(改修)와 관련해서 곤양군에 하달된 각종 공문(公文)등이 시기 순으로 등재되어 있다. 이에 따르면 임진왜란을 거치면서 왜적에 의해 훼손된 세종 태실의 수개 문제는 왜란이 끝난 직후 경상도 관찰사의 보고로 중앙에 알려지게 되었다. 이에 따라 예조 관원이 관상감 관원을 데리고 태실이 파괴된 현장을 조사하기에 이른다. 당시 현지에 내려와 세종 태실의 파괴된 현장을 살핀 예조 관원의 보고에 따르면, 돌 난간의 기둥돌과 덮개돌 정도가 훼손이 심각하였고, 그 밖의 석물은 온전하였던 것으로 나타난다. 처음 세종 태실의 수개는 경자년(1600) 2월 28일에 공사를 완료하는 것으로 계획하여, 이 일정에 맞추어 공사 준비를 추진하였다. 그러나 공사의 개시에 임박해서 왜군의 침략에 대한 대비가 시급하다는 경상도 감사의 요청으로 공사가 중단되었다. 이에 따라 세종 태실의 수개 문제는 이 해(1600) 가을에 다시 논의하기로 하였으나, 뒤이어 이 해 여름 선조비(宣祖妃)의 국상으로 세종 태실의 수개 계획은 논의조차 하지 못하였다. 그러다가 이듬 해 전국에 소재하는 선대 국왕의 태실 관리 문제가 전반적으로 거론되면서 세종 태실의 개수 계획이 급속히 추진되게 되었다. 그리하여 태실 수개 시역 일자를 이 해(1601) 2월 27일로 택정하여 마침내 한 달 뒤인 3월 22일에 공역을 마치게 된다. 본 의궤에는 태실 수개 공사의 개시를 전후한 감역관의 활동이나 부역군의 조달 등 공사 현장에서의 주된 준비 활동이 등재되어 있어 당시 국왕 태실의 석물을 수개하는 역사가 실제로 어떠했는지를 살필수 있다. 이 밖에 본 의궤를 통하여 시역 당일의 행사 및 공사 내역, 공역을 끝낸 뒤에 행해진 제례와 관련된 축문과 제관, 제례 의주, 진설도 등을 살필 수 있고, 당시 조성된 태실 석물의 규격에 대해서도 살필 수 있다. 『Sejong Taesil Seoknangan Sugae Uigwe』 (The Royal Protocols on Placenta Chamber of King Sejong Stone Handrail Repair) is not only the oldest Uigwe (Royal Protocols) among currently existing Placenta Chambers related Uigwes of the Joseon Dynasty but one of the oldest Uigwes among currently existing all Uigwes of the Joseon Dynasty. The findings of this study on Uigwe can be summarized as follows. 『Sejong Taesil Seoknangan Sugae Uigwe』 is a book that recorded the details and history in the process of fixing the stone handrail of Placenta Chamber of King Sejong destroyed after the Japanese invasion. Recorded contents are all over 13 pages and how Placenta Chamber of King Sejong was created can be examined because various official documents issued to Gonyanggun with regard to repair of Placenta Chamber of King Sejong are recorded in the time sequence. The repair problem of Placenta Chamber of King Sejong damaged by Japanese invaders going through the Japanese invasion became known to center by reporting of the Gyeongsang governor immediately after Japanese Invasion of Korea. So the protocol government official with the Gwansanggam government official came to investigate the site where Chamber has been destroyed. According to reporting of the protocol government official who went down to the site at that time to look around the site where Placenta Chamber of King Sejong has been destroyed, only the pillar stone and capstone of the stone handrail were seriously damaged and other stone figures appeared to be unimpaired. At first, repair of Placenta Chamber of King Sejong was planned to be completed by February 28, 1600 and construction was prepared according to this schedule. On the verge of the start of construction, however, construction was stopped one time by the request of the Gyeongsang governor that it is urgent to prepare for the invasion of Japanese troops and then repair of Placenta Chamber of King Sejong was not even discussed due to the state funeral of King Seonjo`s wife in the summer of that year. Then in the following year, as Placenta Chamber management problem of previous kings located all over the country was generally brought up, the repair plan of Placenta Chamber of King Sejong was quickly promoted. In this Uigwe, the main preparation activities at the construction site are recorded such as activities of inspectors before and after the start of Placenta Chamber repair construction or procurement of workers etc. and related official protocol documents are listed. In addition, events on the day of Placenta Chamber construction and construction history, ancestral ritual conducted after public service and related detailed events, specification of Placenta Chamber stone figure created and post-treatment of used goods etc. were also recorded in this Uigwe.