〈만화로 보는 그리스 로마 신화〉 속 아동의 사회학습과 연관된 만화의 윤리적 표현 분석

박경철(Park, Keong-Cheol),정선진(Jung, Sun-Jin),정선미(Jeong, Sun-Mee) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2013 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.30

만화가 아동에게 미치는 접근성과 영향은 크다. 만화는 글과 그림으로 정보를 전달하는 매체이기에 어느 매체보다도 쉽게 아동에게 다가가는 특성이 있다. 특히 이야기를 들려주거나 읽어주는 방식에서 나아가 보여주는 방식이라는 점에서 아동들에게의 접근성은 어느 매체보다 뛰어날 수밖에 없는 것이다. <만화로 보는 그리스 로마 신화>는 주 독자층이 아동이다. 글로 읽는 신화가 아닌 만화로 보는 신화이기 때문에 아동에게 쉽게 수용되는 특징이 있다. 하지만 신들이 보여 주는 형태는 비윤리적인 표현들로 가득하다. 모자의 근친혼, 남매의 근친혼, 조카와의 근친혼 및 혼외정사의 성적 표현은 비윤리적인 경향이 강하여 아동에게 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 제우스는 바람피우는 행위를 자주하며, 혼외정사에 의하여 생긴 제우스 자녀에 관한 이야기들이 자주 등장한다. 독자가 성인이라면 이성적 판단에 의한 가치 기준이 서 있지만, 아동은 옳고 그름의 이성적 판단이 부족하기 때문에 의문이 있더라도 그대로 수용하기 쉽다. 아동의 무비판적인 관찰학습에 대한 대안으로서, 작가의 개입을 통해 아동이 올바른 가치관 형성을 할 수 있게 연출할 필요가 있다. 아동을 독자로 하는 교양만화나 학습만화에서 비윤리적이거나 성적 표현을 사용할 수밖에 없는 경우에는 몇 가지를 기준으로 삼아 만화의 스토리와 연출을 할 수 있을 것이다. ① 이야기를 들려주는 등장인물을 통해 비윤리적인 내용이나 성적 표현의 경우, 현재에는 수용할 수 없는 것이라는 분명한 표현을 보이는 것이 중요하다. 아동의 관찰학습에 있어서 벌은 즉각 주어지는 것이 효과적이므로 교양?학습만화에서 학습효과를 높이기 위하여 아동에게 잘못된 학습이 될 수 있는 표현에는 작가가 적극적으로 개입할 필요가 있다. ② 이야기를 들려주는 등장인물과 질문하는 아동의 대화를 통해 올바른 가치관 형성을 할 수 있게 연출하여야 한다. 본 연구는 현 시점에서 아동에게 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 신들의 비윤리적인 표현을 분석하였으며, <만화로 보는 그리스 로마 신화>에서 아동의 사회학습에 미칠 수 있는 제우스와 신들의 성적 표현을 분석하는 것이 목적이다. The accessibility and effect of cartoon on children are very significant. Since cartoon is a medium of conveying information through text and pictures, it has a characteristic of being easily approached by children than any other medium. Its accessibility to children is inevitably more exceptional than any other medium in the sense that it is a method of not only telling or reading stories but also showing stories. The main audience of <Greek & Roman Mythology in Cartoon> is children. It has a characteristic of being easily accepted by children since it"s mythology seen in cartoon than read in text. However, gods conducts are full of unethical expressions. Sexual expressions of intermarriages between mother and son, between brother and sister and between uncle and niece, as well as extramarital intercourse are very unethical that could have negative effects on children. This study analyzed the unethical expressions of gods that could have negative effects on children at current point in time. Zeus was often unfaithful to his wife with many stories about the children of Zeus that were created from extramarital intercourse. Standard of value on rational decision has been established for adult readers, but children can readily accept things since they lack their own rational decision on what"s right and wrong. As an alternative to children"s uncritical observatory study, there is a need for author"s intervention to help children form desirable values. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sexual expressions of Zeus and gods in <Greek & Roman Mythology in Cartoon> that could affect children"s social study.

신약 헬라어 본문 분석 방식의 새로운 연구

김상훈(Sang Hoon Kim) 한국복음주의신약학회 2007 신약연구 Vol.6 No.1

The New Testament Greek is often a compulsory pre-requisite course in theological seminary education. Although it becomes heavy burden to most students who take the course, spending much time to learn to read the NT in Greek, most of them fail to maintain their Greek after graduation. I think we need to advance some useful tool for Greek study, particularly from the pedagogical point of view, such as a syntactic-semantic arranged method contributed by Johannes Louw, Douglas Stuart, Walter Kaiser, Gordon Fee, William Mounce, and others. These sorts of methods differ from the traditional way of interpretation, the grammatical-historical method, in terms of how to approach the text. The texts arranged for the purpose of visualization, letting the reader to see the text with much clarity in terms of grammatical function of each phrase and their connections between them. The visualized arrangement itself is applied from the area of syntax and semantics in modern linguistics. There are various types of syntactic arrangements of the Greek text. Each pattern has its own principles and rules to be arranged in certain ways. I have compared, in this paper, those models of syntactic arrangements to my model, the Kim's diagram. For the purposes of this paper, I have posed several questions to my students in my classes, regarding their experiences on the syntactic-analytic arrangement of the Greek Bible (SAGB) and their practical uses of both the method and its materials, analyzing their questions in order to show up how much this type of study to be needed for the student

Women, Death and the Body in some of Plutarch`s writings

( Evy Johanne Haland ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2011 The Mediterranean Review Vol.4 No.2

This article focuses on some of Plutarch`s texts on women, death and the body, based on a comparison with material from modern Greece, where we find many of the same opinions about women, death and the body among men, and which are different from the women`s thinking about themselves. This article will also try to explain why we encounter many contradictions in Plutarch`s work on the topics: Women are assumed to be ruled by their men, to stay indoors without exposing themselves or talk in public, a habit which is considered extremely unmanly in connection with, for example, mourning. Simultaneously, women who act manly while saving their home and city by exposing not only their bodies, but even their private parts are considered to be brave women. How can we explain these contradictions, many of which Plutarch shares with other ancient male authors of sources? Based on studies in ancient Greek sources, mainly produced by Plutarch, combined with results from fieldwork which the author has carried out in contemporary Greece, and other ethnographic writings, a comparison is made through an analysis of women, death and the body. This is a useful way to try to consider the female part of society from a new approach and try to explain the contradictions we encounter in Plutarch`s texts, which presents the official male value-system, from which the ancient society traditionally has been considered, and which is also very similar to the values found in the writings of modern, particularly male, ethnographers. The absence of the female value-system leaves previous analyses one-sided and incomplete. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis requires the female point of view to be included. Hence, the article argues for the importance of changing our approach when working with ancient Greek culture. Taking account of the female sphere, which still exists in Greece, provides us with a basis for considering the female part of society, but, by so doing, the official male perspective, which is similar to the Western male perspective generally applied within Greek studies, has to be deconstructed.

Lament Paramousos

Andrea Fishman 한국서양고전학회 2018 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.57 No.3

This article presents an interpretation of ritual lament in fifth-century BCE Greek tragedy which examines the semantic relations between lament, music and gender by contextualizing descriptions of lament in tragedy’s rhetorical language of music. I argue that within tragedy’s diction of music, descriptions of ritual lament stand as a unique genre of “anti-musical” music. I further hypothesize that descriptions of ritual lament in Greek tragedy may be understood as a genre of “marked” music and song: marked semantically by the metaphor of the nightingale’s lament, by diction that indicates a lack of musical or dance accompaniment, and by its association with the figure of Hades. By situating tragic representations of female lament within the context of music and song, I argue for the association of this predominantly female speech-act with the negative associations of song and music that is essentially “unmusical.” I conclude with a discussion of the relevance of women’s actual ritual lament practices in modern rural Greek communities. Modern analogs support the notion that lament is a predominantly female speechact and a gendered genre that continues diachronically as a women’s oral tradition; they can illuminate the relations between lament, gender and music in the context of literary representations of female lament in ancient Greek tragic poetry. Much of this relevant context has been shown to hinge on the issue of gender in modern rural Greek society: lamentation and painful cries are for women; song and joyful music are for men. Such a cognitive stance in modern times illuminates a traditional male attitude toward female lament practices in ancient Greece where male audiences witnessed performances of female lament as tragic theater at a time when real women were denied access to public, political speech and political power.

『영미어문학』에 나타난 고전 르네상스 드라마 연구 동향: 연구방법론을 중심으로

홍은숙 한국영미어문학회 2020 영미어문학 Vol.- No.137

This study summarizes and analyzes the research trends in the dramatic genre of classical and English Renaissance dramas from the 1960s to the present in the journal, Studies in British and American Language and Literature, and to further contribute to the literary and theatrical development of the research on the classics in the Korean drama circles. It was no other than Shakespearian dramas which were the most reflected with a wide range of perspectives and spectra. This study sheds light on the two kinds of literary themes and research methodologies to find a way to reflect today’s human conditions and social imaginary. One is about 'interculturality and adaptation'. The majority of the volumes in the journal examined the literary/theatrical methodologies such as intercultural and intermedial ‘adaptation and appropriation,’ and reinterpreted the classical and Shakespearian dramas. The other is about ‘aesthetics and politics’ based on literary criticism. Studies in British and American Language and Literature has expanded the classical and Shakespearian research into social, political, and interdisciplinary discourses. It can be said that Studies in British and American Language and Literature has opened sociopolitical discourse for a public awareness.

Discoveries, Voiceovers, and Greek Poetry: the Colonization of Lands, Languages, and Literatures in James Joyce`s Ulysses and Anne Carson`s Autobiography of Red

( Wiebke Ommus ) 한국영어영문학회 2010 영어 영문학 Vol.56 No.6

What does an Irish modernist have in common with a contemporary Canadian classicist? The present paper attempts an unlikely comparison to bring out previously unnoticed facets of meaning by analyzing James Joyce`s Ulysses (1922) and Anne Carson`s Autobiography of Red: A Novel in Verse (1998) together. While Joyce and Carson write at different times and in different places, I suggest that they are also remarkably similar. First, both of these authors can be said to have re-invented the genre of the novel in the two aforementioned works. Second, they both set themselves the task of re-writing a Greek text, in Joyce`s case Homer`s Odyssey, in Carson`s case Stesichoros`s Geryoneis, transferring it to their own present reality. The focus of the article is to read Ulysses and Autobiography of Red together in light of their engagement with colonialism. This concept is central to both novels, as literary critics have noted. However, rather than examining the concept in the traditional sense, I use it as a platform to examine the roles that sociolinguistic colonialism, and what I call literary colonialism, play in these two innovative and groundbreaking novels. Finally, I analyze the ways in which these authors position themselves against the tradition. Comparing works by Carson and Joyce allows me to arrive at conclusions that transcend their time and apply to humanity in general.

새로운 모색과 과제 - 서양고대사 2015~2016 -

안희돈 역사학회 2017 역사학보 Vol.0 No.235

In this paper I reviewed the Korean scholarship published during the past two years(2015~2016) in the field of ancient western history and found that, on the one hand they adhered the traditional ways, on the other, they attempted new ways to study the history and explored new fields of ancient western history. But as it is common in general, the new efforts made new tasks. For example, many historians studied various cultural histories in order to overcome of the traditional politics-centered histories. But Studying various cultural histories of ancient western world, and drawing from that some conclusions meaningful for Korean people, need some agenda founded in this country. In addition, the new studying trend in history of criticizing Euro-centrism gave a powerful shock to many historians studying ancient western history, for Greco-Roman civilization had been considered the essence of western civilization. These many new tasks require that we should find our agenda in studying ancient western history rooted in Korea. So I think that, the keywords which characterize the scholarship of Korean Ancient Western History of this session, are exploring of new ways of studying ancient western history and its new tasks.

Transcending Cultural Boundaries

Demetrios Th. Vassiliades 한국동서비교문학학회 2013 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.29

This paper examines the philosophical pursuit of two eminent figures of the modern Greek and world culture, who lived, worked and embraced spiritual traditions, different from those they were born in. Demetrios Galanos lived and worked in India. He is the first Greek Indologist, who made the Sanskrit literature and philosophical thought known to the Greek reader. Lafcadio Hearn, known also by his Japanese name Koizumi Yakumo, spent the last part of his life in Japan. His pioneering books convey the glimpses of an unfamiliar Japan to the western world. Besides, the present study highlights the ways both men followed to overcome the cultural restrictions they experienced in their personal lives, and how those expanded their global understanding and affected their works.

신구약중간사와 관련된 번역용어, 그리스어 인명표기 및 유대교 문헌표기법 통일제안

박정수(Park, Jung Soo) 한국신약학회 2013 신약논단 Vol.20 No.2

신구약중간사와 관련한 용어의 통일은 신약학 자체의 토론을 위해서는 물론, 학문적으로 서양고대사 및 인문학과 소통하기 위해서도 반드시 필요하다. 서양고대사에서 고전 그리스시대와 헬레니즘시대를 통칭했던 용어 ‘헬라’는 더 이상 사용하지 않는다. 하지만 개역개정성서는 여전히 ‘헬라’를 사용하고, 게다가 신약학에서는 이 용어를 헬레니즘시대만을 가리키는 용어로 있다. 따라서 ‘헬라’ ‘헬라인’ ‘헬라어’는 공동번역과 표준새번역을 따라 각각 ‘그리스’ ‘그리스인’ ‘그리스어’로 교정되어야 한다. 여기에서 파생된 신약학용어 형용사 ‘헬라적’ ‘헬라주의적’도 ‘헬레니즘적’으로 바뀌어야 한다. 신구약중간사에 관련한 공동번역의 그리스어 인명표기법 역시 문제점을 가지고 있다. 라틴어와 그리스어를 혼용하는 표기방식은 물론 그리스어 ‘u’와 ‘eu’를 ‘이’와 ‘유’로 표기하고 있다. 그리스어 인명은 그리스어로 표기법을 따르되 ‘u’와 ‘eu’를 각각 ‘위’와 ‘에우’로 통일하고, 관용(慣用)의 범위와 용례를 별도로 예시해야 한다. 마지막으로, 헬레니즘시대 유대교문헌 가운데 외경과 위경의 문헌표기로 다음과 같은 원칙을 제안한다. 1. 외경과 위경을 표기할 때는 《 》를 사용하지 않되, 문헌이름 끝에 기본적으로 ‘서(書)’를 붙인다. 2. 다만 ‘시(편)’나 ‘편지(서신)’, ‘묵시’(환상, 계시)와 같이 독립된 문학양식으로 끝날 경우에는 ‘서’를 붙이지 않는다. 3. 외경표기와 축약어는 공동번역을 따르는 것을 원칙으로 한다. 4. 후대에 인용되어 남아있는 단편은 원저자의 이름을 〈 〉안에 표기하고, 그 단편의 표제는 ‘ ’로 표기한다. The unification of terms related the intertestamental studies is inevitable for discussions of the New Testament studies itself, but also for her communication with Ancient History and the humanities. The transcribed term ‘Hella(s)’ which embraced both Ancient Greek and Hellenistic era is not used anymore. The New Korean Revised Version still uses this term. Futhermore, it is called Hellenistic era in NT scholarship too. Therefore, the transcription ‘Hella(s)’ etc. should be corrected into ‘Greece’ or ‘Greek’ according to the Korean Common Translation (KCB) and the Revised New Korean Standard Version. And the technical translational term ‘hellenic’ etc. should be changed to ‘hellenistic’ too. Next, the Korean transcription principles of Greek proper names (which belong to intertestamental and hellenistic era) has also problems: The KCB’s transcription uses Latin mixed with Greek; its transcriptional mode ‘u’ into [e] and ‘eu’ into [u] in Korean is problematic. In that case shall apply the Korean transcription principles of Greek proper names but not of Latin; in this case the principle ‘u’ into [y] and ‘eu’ into [eu]. In addition, the range and examples of common uses should be illustrated on a case by case basis. Finally, The Korean denoting principles of Jewish references belong to the intertestamental period are to be suggested as follows: 1. The references of Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha shall not be designated by 《》, but be denoted by ‘-seo’(書) in its auslaut. 2. This rule (No. 1) shall not apply exceptionally in the cases of ending with some literature types like ‘psalm’, ‘letter’ (epistle) and ‘apocalypse’ (revelation, vision). 3. The references and abbreviation of Apocrypha shall principally follow the KCB’s. 4. Some fragments transmitted to an after age by quotation shall be designated by 〈 〉 in the name of the original author, and the title of the fragments by ‘ ’.

Classical Greek Political Science in Action: Social Critique in Thucydides’ Mytilenean Debate and Melian Dialogue

Otto Linderborg 한국서양고전학회 2021 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.60 No.1

This article brings together two central episodes in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. The interpreted episodes are the Mytilenean Debate in Book III and the Melian Dialogue in Book V of the History. In the present study, these episodes are approached as original inquiries into moral and political matters, assuming the shape of subversive social criticism: immanent critique. A particular focus lies on the socio-political ordering principles scrutinized in the Thucydidean episodes. In the Mytilenean Debate, it is the principle of expediency (τὸ ξύμφορον) that is given the upper hand, whereas in the Melian dialogue the dominating social ordering principle is that of safety and survival (σωτηρία). In each episode, a contending point of view aims at undermining the pre-eminence of the stronger principle. However, the critique only succeeds if the subversion is managed from within, and if it pays outward allegiance to the frames determined by the supreme communal will.