도서산림 관리를 위한 관련 법제도 고찰과 개선방안에 관한 연구

이호상 ( Lee¸ Ho-sang ),현창석 ( Hyun¸ Chang-seok ),이보라 ( Lee¸ Bo-ra ),이광수 ( Lee¸ Kwang-soo ),신순호 ( Shin¸ Soon-ho ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2021 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 도서지역 산림 관리를 위해 현행 법·제도에 관한 고찰을 통하여 지속적인 도서지역의 산림 생태계 보전을 위한 도서산림관리 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 최근 국내외적으로 도서 생물다양성 보전 등에 대한 논의가 증가하고 있으며, 우리나라 도서(섬) 관리정책도 주민의 삶, 경제, 생태적 지속성 등을 고려하는 방향으로 변화되고 있다. 우라나라의 도서는 각 부처에 따라 그 수치가 상이하나 최근의 발간한 관련 서적과 행정안전부 및 해양수산부 발표에 따르면 2020년 4월 기준으로 총 3,383개(유인도서 465개, 무인도서 2,918개)로 파악되었으며, 산림의 분포하는 도서는 2,325개(69.5%)로 산림면적은 총 220,819㏊로 전국 산림면적의 약 3.5%를 차지하고 있다. 도서지역 관련하여 유인도서는 행정안전부와 국토교통부, 무인도서는 해양수산부, 특수도서는 환경부와 해양수산부 그리고 행정안전부가 법적 근거를 가지고 관리함으로써 도서 관리주체가 다원화 되어 있고, 주로 유인도서는 개발, 무인도서 및 특수도서는 보전적인 특징을 가지고 있다. 산림분야는 산림보호를 직접적인 대상으로 하는 「산림보호법」이 있고 그 밖에「자연환경보전법」 등과 같이 환경보전이나 생태계보전과 관련하여 산림을 간접적으로 보호하는 법체계를 가지고 있다. 도서지역에는 여타지역과 기후나 자연 생태적 환경이 다르고, 오랫동안 육지부와 격절되어 있는 삶의 여건에 의해 산림자원적 측면에서 독특한 특성을 가지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 산림자원은 근래 개발행위와 생태계 자체의 교란 등으로 인해 여러 가지 부정적 변화가 야기되고 있다. 도서지역의 산림보호는 섬 자체의 가치를 제고해 줄 뿐만 아니라 독특한 산림자원의 안정적 보호라는 측면에서 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 이 같은 도서산림을 보호하는데 궁극적 목적을 두고 그 제도적 개선방안을 모색하고자 한다. 도서산림 관리를 위한 법제의 개선안으로 첫째, 현행 법령 등을 개정하는 방안과 ‘(가칭)도서지역 산림보전 및 관리에 관한 법률’을 제정하는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 현행 법률 등의 개정(안)은 도서지역 산림관리 위주로 산림자원조성과 산림보호 및 예산을 강화하기 위한 규정만을 개정하는 안으로 가장 용이한 개선방안이라고 할 수 있다. ‘(가칭)도서지역 산림 보전 및 관리에 관한 법률’을 제정하는 방안은 도서산림 관리의 권한을 보다 명확하게 하여 부처간 충돌문제가 발생하지 않을 수 있다. 이를 통해 도서지역 산림관리의 실효성을 확보하고, 산림청이 도서지역에서도 산림의 체계적인 관리에 대한 책임을 지는 당위성을 확보할 수 있을 것이다. This study was undertaken to suggest the direction of island forest management for the conservation of the forest ecosystem in the island region through the review of the current legal system for forest management in the island area. Recently, there has been an increasing discussion on the conservation of island biodiversity both domestically and internationally, and the island management policy in Korea has also been changed to consider the life, economy, and ecological sustainability of local residents. The total number of islands that are geographically cut off from land and surrounded by the sea was 3,383(465 inhabited islands and 2,918 uninhabited islands), 2,325 (55.9%) distributed forests and 220,819ha forest area, which is estimated to account for about 3.5% of the nation's forest area. In relation to the island area, the principal agents in island management are diversified by managing the populated islands via the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, the uninhabited islands with the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, and the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Mainly, inhabited islands are developed while uninhabited islands and special islands have conservation characteristics. In the forest sector, other than the Forest Protection Act, which is directly subject to forest protection, forests are indirectly protected in connection with environmental conservation or ecosystem conservation, including by the Natural Environmental Conservation Act. The legal system that approaches the concept of island forest as a different concept rather than that of a collective is needed, as most of the current forest-related laws are applied to develop, use, preserve, and manage forests and mountainous areas. As a measure to improve the legal system for the management of island forests, first, it is intended to suggest a plan to revise the current laws and regulations and to enact the Act on the Conservation and Management of Forests on Islands (tentative name). The revision (proposal) of the current law is the easiest improvement plan by revising only the regulations to create forest resources, protect forests, and strengthen budgets, mainly for forest management in the island areas. The plan to enact the Act on the Conservation and Management of Forests in Island Areas (tentative name) may make the authority of the management of island forests clearer, so that no conflict between ministries may occur. Through this, it will be possible to secure the effectiveness of island forest management and to secure the necessity of the Forest Service to take responsibility for the systematic management of forests in the island areas.

A Study on the Forest Management Policy and Revitalization Alternatives of the Private Forest Management in Korea

Jong-Choon Woo,In-Hwa Choi 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2009 Journal of Forest Science Vol.25 No.1

This study is tried to investigate and analyze the changing history of Korean forest management policy and revitalization alternatives of the private forest management. Korean forest management policy could be divided by two group periods, one is the forestry policy age through afforestation and reforestation, the other is the forestry policy age through forest management. Recently, the revitalization policy for the private forest management was evaluated through the result analysis of the 4th forest basic planning age for 10 years that is gone from 1998 to 2007, but it is not sufficient for the private forest management revitalization, and has still some fundamental problems. Therefore, this study is aimed to present various kinds of plans for the private forest management revitalization during the 5th forest basic planning age that has begun since the beginning of 2008.

Collective Forest Management System in Japan: a Case Study in Osawa Property Ward Forest

Mangala Premakumara De Zoysa,Makoto Inoue,Utako Yamashita,Okuda Hironori 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2013 Journal of Forest Science Vol.29 No.1

Iriai an Indigenous forest management system in Japan from the viewpoint of “common pool resources” was a success resilient institution and resulted with sustainable production system and environmental conservation. This study was conducted in Osawa of the Nagano prefecture through group discussions, field observations and an in-depth field survey. Osawa Property Ward Forest is managed under the concept very much similarly to raditional “Iriai”. This study firstly examined the changes of collective forest management system in terms of awareness and interest in forest management; forest management activities; role of forest; and collection of forest products. Then it analyzed the current threats for collective forest management have been identified as: land abandonment due to loss of benefits and lack of active community participation; deterioration of forest environment particularly the micro-climate and aesthetic values; conflict with local government authorities restraining the use of money in property ward forest and conflict with outsiders on damping of the garbage. Community cantered forestry management rules; livelihood contribution; protection of environment; local initiatives for protection and economic activities are the prevailing opportunities for collective forest management. The main requirements for revitalization of collective forest management are explained as local reciprocity; imposition of community based forest rules; encouraging local innovations; and building partnerships with stakeholders. Collective forest management system addresses the limitations of conventional forestry models, which had invalidated traditional ‘iriai’ institutions, and key to restoring sustainable use of forest and environmental resources. Cross-institutional collaborations together with responsibilities of local communities would ensure the revitalization of forest resources.

Enhancing the Application of Total Quality Management on the Sustainable Forest Management

( Syazwan Roslan ),김계수,( Athirah Irwan ) 한국품질경영학회 2019 한국품질경영학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.-

Total Quality Management, TQM, is a concept that have been used many decades as a problem solving method and boosting organization performance. TQM concept emphasize on Juran’s main element, Quality Planing, Quality Control, and Quality Improvement. Besides, TQM is a concept that rely on evidence of process in order to obtaining the quality decision making procedure. Sustainable forestry or sustainable forest management is one of industry that very much rely on evidence in the process for decision making procedure. Sustainable forest management has been defined in various ways. Despite widespread support for the concept of sustainable forest management, disagreements can arise about the specifics of how to achieve it. Forest management or forest use that seems reasonable to one person or group may not appear so to another. Conflicts over planned or ongoing forest management are inevitable, and people who share concern about forest resources sometimes disagree about priorities for those resources. Forests can be managed for several purposes simultaneously, and, thus, jointly meet the interests and priorities of multiple groups. A proper forest planing are highly required partly the result of the outcome could take many decades. Currently, there is a gap in forest management plan mainly in the operational aspect. Operation procedure affected the decision making and providing a concrete evidence as a planing basis is highly demanded. With the current method, There is no much indication on the continued development of techniques to further improve the sustainable forest management. The use of IT techniques and drone is not shown. The improvement of manpower on the analytical aspects of data is not properly shown. Tree mapping technique is been used to show the current forest standing, species distribution and distribution (with the coordinate of trees). with the use new method in estimating the tree damage it will provide more efficient in cutting regime. The estimate could be done using the location of the trees in that area. Besides, by provide prediction on the future forest in the next cycle, as evidence that the forest could grow and could be harvested in the next cycle. Lastly, by provide the image result taken from drone to monitor the progress of forest growth. Comparing the trees in terms of their height could be indicate how much tree have grown after logging. The study will provide a alternative technique in accordance with Total Quality Management in sustainable forest management issues.

산림경영사업지의 개발용지 전환 사례조사 및 개선사항의 도출

방상원 ( Sang-weon Bang ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2017 한국환경정책평가연구원 기초연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

최근 들어 국내의 일부 사유림에서 산림경영계획 인가를 받아서 벌채한 이후에 산림경영을 지속적으로 이행하지 않은 채 골프장, 농공단지, 산업단지, 관광지 등의 개발용지로 전환되는 사례가 점차 증가하고 있다. 이 경우 산림경영지의 기존 식생은 벌채되어 유령림 조림지, 나대지 또는 초지 등으로 전환되게 되고, 그 결과 환경영향평가제도상 개발이 용이해지는 부지로 전환되게 된다. 산림경영지의 개발용지로의 전환 사례로는 골프장용지로의 개발 전환, 수련원용지로의 개발 전환, 복합테마파크부지로의 전환을 비롯하여 거의 모든 개발사업에서 개발용지로 편입·전환되고 있다. 산림경영계획의 계획내용에 따라서 산림경영계획 인가 후 모두베기, 솎아베기 등을 실시하여 기존 식생을 벌채하고 난 후에 유령림을 식재하여 육성하던 산림경영지와 우량 대경목생산 목적의 천연림보육 산림경영지 및 불량임분 개량 목적의 천연림개량 산림경영지 등이 이에 속한다. 이 경우, 산림경영지는 기존 식생이 벌채 또는 개량되어 기존의 식생보전등급보다 등급이 하락한 나대지, 초지 등으로 전환되어 환경영향평가제도상 개발이 용이한 부지(식생보전 IV등급 또는 V등급)로 전환된다. 산림경영지의 개발용지 전환 사례 유형은 크게 3가지이다. 첫째는 산림경영지 식생을 벌채한 후 산림경영을 1~3년 동안 실행하다가 개발용지로 전환되는 경우, 둘째는 산림경영지를 대상으로 천연림보육 또는 천연림개량을 3~10년 동안 실행하다가 개발용지로 전환되는 경우, 셋째는 수종개량사업 등으로 산림경영지의 식생을 벌채한 후 경제수종을 식재하여 운영하다가 특정 사유로 인하여 산림경영을 지속하지 못하게 될 시에 개발용지로 2차적으로 전환되는 경우이다. 이렇듯 산림경영지가 개발용지로 전환되는 사유로는 산림경영제도의 근간이 되는 「산림자원의 조성 및 관리에 관한 법률」에 제도적 미비점이 존재하기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 즉, 관계 법령에 산림경영계획 미이행 시에 대한 벌칙 조항이 부재하고, 산림경영계획 미이행시의 부과 과태료가 현실성이 낮은 금액으로 부과되고 있기 때문이며, 또한 산림경영계획서의 인가 시에 산림경영지가 개발용지로 전환되는 사례를 억제하기 위한 계획 검토사항이 충분히 마련되어 있지 않기 때문이다. 따라서 산림경영지의 지속가능한 이행 진작과 산림경영지의 개발용지로의 전환을 억제하기 위해서는 「산림자원의 조성 및 관리에 관한 법률」에 관련 조항을 신설하거나 기존 조항을 보완하는 노력이 필요하다. 한편 현행 환경부의 식생보전등급 판정기준 또한 개발용지로 전환된 산림경영지에 대해 적정한 보전의 기능과 억제 기능을 반영하지 못하고 있는 한계점도 존재하고 있는바, 식생보전등급의 판정기준을 갱신하거나 새로운 판정기준을 제정하는 것이 시급히 요구된다고 하겠다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계점을 해결하기 위하여 3개의 환경영향평가 기초방안을 도출하였다. 동 기초방안은 1) 모두베기 또는 솎아베기 등을 실시하여 벌채가 광범위하게 실시된 산림경영지의 경우 벌채 이전의 과거 식생현황을 유추하여 현재의 식생현황으로 간주하여 평가하는 방안, 2) 우수 대경목 생산을 위해 잔풀베기, 가지치기 등을 실시한 천연림보육지 또는 불량임분 개량작업을 실시한 천연림개량지의 경우 현행 식생보전등급 판정기준의 일부 갱신을 통하여 산림경영지의 식생등급을 판정하는 방안, 3) 모두베기 또는 솎아베기 등 벌채가 광범위하게 실시된 산림경영지와 천연림보육 및 천연림개량 작업을 실시한 산림경영지 이외에도 산림경영이 미실시된 모든 식생지를 대상으로 할 수 있는새로운 식생보전등급 판정기준을 제정·적용하는 방안이다. 결과적으로, 산림경영지의 개발용지로의 전환을 억제하기 위해서는 현행 산림경영제도상의 제도적 미비점을 보완하고, 개발용지로 전환된 산림경영지에 대해서는 새로운 식생보전등급 판정기준을 마련하거나 기존의 기준을 일부 갱신하는 것이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통하여, 산림경영계획의 지속적인 이행을 진작하여 산림경영제도의 당초 목적과 취지를 최대한 달성하고, 동시에 산림경영지가 개발용지로 전환되는 사례를 최대한 억제함으로써 보전가치가 높은 산지 산림식생을 온전하게 보전하고 당초의 산림경영 목표를 달성하도록 하는 것이 필요한 시점이다. There have been gradually increasing the conversion of forest management mountain areas into the development sites such as golf courses, industrial parks, tourist complex and etc. without continuous implementation of the forest management. Mostly, the existing trees of forest management mountain areas of high conservation value are all cut down and the areas are subsequently transformed into either bare grounds or vegetation fields of low conservation value. When this happens the forest management area is easy to converted into a development sites due to the demotion of vegetation conservation rating in the current Environmental Impact Assessment protocol. This study investigates case study of the conversion of forest management mountain areas into the development sites. It is found that the conversion cases are divided into three categories. After getting permission of forest management plan from a relevant authority, the land owners do as follows; first, the land owners cut down all trees in the forest management mountain areas, and economic trees are planted instead and cultivated for several years according to the forest management plan permitted. At some points, the owners no longer cultivate the economic trees, and cease the forest management plan. Subsequently, the forest management mountain area is sold to land developers, resulting in the conversion of forest management mountain area into a development site. Second, the owners cut down and trim the weeds, shrubs and younger trees except well-grown indigenous trees for several years according to the forest management plan. At some points, when the owners cease the forest management plan, the forest management mountain area is sold and converted into a development site. Third, the owners plant and cultivate the economic trees, and make profits out of the economic trees by implementing the forest management plan. However at some points the owners give up the cultivation, and cease the forest management plan due to personal reason like aging. Subsequently, the forest management mountain area is sold and converted into a development site. The reasons why these kinds of conversion are getting more frequently based on the loopholes resided in CREATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES ACT. The loopholes are as follow; first, there are no penal provisions for incompletion of a 10-year forest management plan even though the forest management mountain area is exploited and converted into a development site. Second, the amount of administrative fines for incompletion of a 10-year forest management plan is too low and impractical so that it is more profitable to sell the forest management mountain area of the deforestation to a developer rather than paying fines of reforestation costs. Third, when a relevant authority is to review a forest management plan for a permission, there are insufficient reviewing criteria in order to prevent the conversion of forest management mountain areas into the development sites such as checking a possibility of whether the proposed forest management mountain area indeed is included in the sites in the local development plan or located in a proximity to the sites of local development plan which is vulnerable to the conversion. In order to discourage conversion of the forest management mountain areas into the development sites further, new systems of vegetation conservation ranking are devised in this study. The new systems are as follows; for a forest management mountain area of deforestation, previous vegetation conservation ranking is analogized from the available relevant data such as MOE’s ecosystem-naturality map and land-environment evaluation map, KFS’s forest type map, the petition documents of forest management plan, and vegetation conservation ranking map of the surrounding areas of the forest management mountain area. Second, for permitted natural forest cultivation and improvement areas, several ranking criteria should be either excluded or less graded such as poorness of lower vegetation, incompleteness of vegetation layer structure, plant diversity, rarity, naturality and completeness of vegetation structure. Third, a whole new vegetation conservation ranking system should be designed not only for a forest management mountain area of deforestation but also for other mountain areas in general. To do this, new ranking criteria should be reflected into the current ranking. These include carbon sequestration value, vegetation-landscape value, aesthetic value, level of biodiversity promotion, values of supporting wildlife conservation such as providing breeding place, food suppling and nest and future potential value of artificial forest as well as natural forest. In conclusion, it is strongly needed to plug up the loopholes in CREATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES ACT for the conversion of forest management mountain areas into the development sites. Meanwhile, a new vegetation conservation ranking system should be devised in order to cope with the recently increasing cases. In this way, this study can discourage the conversion of forest management mountain areas into the development lands and promote implementation of 10-year forest management plan so as to its original purpose.

日本의 國有林施業 展開에 관한 考察 : 施業計劃 方針을 中心으로 Emphasis on the Management Plan and Regulation

崔麟和 江源大學校 林科大學 森林科學硏究所 1993 Journal of Forest Science Vol.9 No.-

본 연구는 우리나라 國有林의 施業計劃의 體系化와 바람직한 發展方向의 수립에 기여하고자 日本 國有林의 施業計劃 方針에 대한 史的 展開過程을 검토, 고찰하였다. 戰前期 日本의 國有林 施業은 土地純收穫과 森林純收穫 合倂體系의 施業方針에 의해, 주로 作業級 및 伐採列區를 수반한 小面積의 皆伐作業과 간이한 面積平分法, 그리고 절충적인 中長期의 輪伐期가 채용되어져, 法正林 思想이 점차 정착되었다. 戰後期에는 이전의 合倂體系의 施業으로부터 企業的 經營이 전개되었다. 高度成長期에는 豫想成長量의 伐採와 大面積 皆伐作業에 의해 掠奪的 施業이 추구됨에 따라, 본래의 施業法 및 法正林思想은 부정되었고, 그 결과 森林의 荒廢를 초래하였다. 低成長期에는 減量經營에 의한 放置的 施業과 不況의 深化에 의해, 森林資源의 保續生産을 곤란하게 하였다. 그러므로, 금후의 國有林 施業은 地力을 維持하여 森林資源의 再生産과 環境의 保全을 동시에 실현할 수 있는 施業法을 確立시켜 나가야 한다. 伐出과 更新의 통일을 기하고, 立地條件에 最適한 作業法 및 收穫規整法의 채택 등, 제반 조건의 종합적 고려를 통한 集約的 施業體系의 確立이 필요하다. 또한, 森林資源의 機能的 특성상, 森林에 대한 보다 적극적인 投資의 擴大가 이루어져야 한다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the historical development process on management plan and regulation in Japan in order to contribute to the systmatic management plan of national forest in Korea. Before the World War Ⅱ, remarkable national forest management plan in Japan was introduction of the normal forest ideas by the management plan of the combination system of maximum forest rent and maximum soil rent, employing the clear-cutting of small area, simplified area-period method, and about 70-80 years rotation. After World War Ⅱ, enterprise management was developed from the previous combination system. During the rapid economic development period, the original working system and normal forest ideas were not recognized, so that the destructions of forest and environment were resulted from the yield of future increment and clear-cutting of large area. During the slow economic development period, on the other hand, the reproduction of forest resources was difficult, as the result of the negligent management system and the depression of management. Future management system of national forest, therefore, should establish the working system and the management plan for the purpose of both forest resources reproduction and environment maintenance, simultaneously.

A Study on the Revitalization of Forest Management by Improving the Implementation Rate of FOREST Projects

Jangwoo Lee,Giseok Kwon,Wookwang Cheon,Wonhyeon Lim J-INSTITUTE 2020 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.5 No.2

Purpose: Driven by the society’s demand arising from global climate change, privately owned forests in South Korea, which make up two thirds of the total forested area of the country, have been playing a pivotal role as sites of forest resource development and major carbon sink. Forest management plans serve as the basic plans for managing privately owned forests. Therefore, it is necessary to compare and check whether the forest manage-ment plans are well-prepared and whether the forestry projects based on the approved plans have been efficiently implemented and managed. This study was conducted to analyze forest owners’ views and demands through surveys, albeit at a regional level, with a view to providing basic data for establishing measures for improving future forestry policy. Such a policy framework for efficient private forest management should be based on efficient preparation of forest man-agement plans and their evaluation through correct methods. Method: Therefore, this study proposes measures for promoting private forest management by conducting survey-based analysis of private forest management plan preparation and the ratio of forestry project implemen-tation with respect to the approval status. Results: To enable a proper prediction of future forest changes and ensure sustainable forest management through the proposed measures, a reliable evaluation of the general issues related to forest project implementa-tion was performed from the perspective of forest owners. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in proposing measures to promote private forest management, and it is expected to offer opportunities to private forest owners to manage their private forests more efficiently.

公有林 經營合理化에 關한 硏究 : 太白市 公有林을 中心으로 A Model Analysis of Taebaek City Area

崔鍾天,金東周,徐榮完 江源大學校 林科大學 森林科學硏究所 1993 Journal of Forest Science Vol.9 No.-

본 연구는 江原道 道有林과 太白市 市有林의 經營實態와 문제점을 파악하고 그에 대한 개선 방안을 제시하는데 있으며 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 江原道 道有林은 25,896ha, 太白市 公有林은 550ha였으며, 太白市 公有林 중 道有林은 470ha, 太白市 私有林은 80ha로서 그의 관리는 太白市에서 담당하고 있다. 2. 太白市 公有林 550ha를 현지 조사한 결과 창죽동 산 1-2번지의 443ha를 제외하고 나머지 107ha는 32개 지역으로 小規模로 分散되어 있었다. 3. 창죽동 산 1-2번지에 소재하고 있는 산림의 경우 석탄공사에서 대부를 받아 석탄을 채취하고 있으며, 나머지 公有林은 小規模로 分散되어 있어 山林經營 生産基盤이 취약하고 經營管理 상태는 매우 열악한 것으로 나타났다. 이와같은 점을 고려해 볼 때 太白市 公有林의 合理的인 經營을 위해서는, 첫째, 小規模로 分散되어 있는 公有林을 團地化 할 필요가 있고, 둘째, 體系的인 經營 計劃을 수립하여 지속적인 木材生産이 가능하도록 유도하여야 하며, 세째, 自然休養林 造成을 고려한 合理的 山地利用 體系를 강구하여야 할 것이다. The situation and the problems of the management of public forest owend by Kangweon provincial and Taebaek municipal governments were investigated throughout literature and field survey. The results were as follows; 1. Kangweon provincial forest is 25,896ha and Taebaek municipal forest is 550ha, which consists of Kangweon provincial forest, 470ha and municipal forest, 80ha. Taebaek city is responsible for the management of the province-owned forest in its administrative district in addition to its own forest. 2. Except San 1-2Changjookdong(443ha) which is leased by Dai Han Coal. Cooperation for mining coal, the remaining forest(107ha) consists of 32 scattered, small-area forest lands. 3. Due to small area and dispersal of municipal forest, the management base for forest production is not sound and the management at present is nearly absent. Based on these actual conditions, the following suggestions are provided for the rationalization for the municipal forest management. First, scattered, small-scale forests should be gathered to prepare a management complex. Second, the sustaining production of timber should be attained through the estblishment of systematic management plan. Third, the reasonable system for forest land utilization shoule be established in consideration of the recreational use of public forest.

산림생태계 관리: 개념, 원칙 및 적용방법을 중심으로

손요환,김진수 한국생태학회 1997 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.20 No.3

Forest managers are increasingly being challenged to produce goods and services to society while managing for ecosystem sustainability. Forest ecosystem management is an emerging philosophy to achieve these objectives. We synthesized some basic concepts of forest ecosystem, sustainability in forests and forest ecosystem management, and described the importances of long-term ecological studies. Also we presented few relatively simple principles of forest ecosystem management, strategies, and case studies for integrating forest ecosystem management principles into the forest management planning process. It was emphasizd that in forest ecosystem management process, society, land managers, forest managers, and scientists be entered into a partnership to reshape management goals, redefine objectives, and redirect management actions in response to changing socioeconomic information and evolving bioogical, physical, chemical, and environmental conditions. Agreement or disagreement with our synthesis and opinions on forest ecosystem management is out of the primary objective of this paper, which is to stimulate new and creative approaches to forest ecosystem management as an emerging issue in forestry.

법인(法人)과 집합건물 관리인과 관리위원의 자격

김영두 한국집합건물법학회 2022 집합건물법학 Vol.42 No.-

The manager of condominium is a representative of the unit owners’ association of condominium. The unit owners live together in condominium building, form the unit owners’ association and manage the building together. A manager shall exercise leadership for all members with responsibility as a representative of the unit owners’ association and should listen to the unit onwers’ opinions while communicating with them. However, if a corporation becomes a representative, it is unclear who should be responsible for the decision of the corporation, because not only representative but also general meetings, audits, and bylaws affect the judgments made by corporation. It is difficult to expect the corporation itself to lead unit owners’ association with leadership. For this reason, it is generally accepted that a corporation cannot become a director or a representative of a legal entity in Korea. Therefore the manager of condominium needs not be a unit owner, but must be a natural person. Whether a corporation can be a manager is closely related to the question of whether a management company can be a manager. In order for a management company to become a manager, a corporation should be allowed to be a manager. However, regardless of whether a corporation can be a manager, a management company should not a manager. The management company is a contract party of a management contract with the unit owners’ association, and if the contract party that enters into the contract with unit owners’ association becomes the representative of it, the interests of unit owners’ association and the management company conflict. A corporation can be a management committee member of condominium? Since the Condominium Act stipulates that only the unit owner can be a management committee member and does not allow the representative of the corporation which is a unit owner to be a management committee member. a corporation which is a unit owner can become a management committee member. However, even if a corporation can be a management committee member, it is necessary to stipulate in Condominium Act that a corporation should designate a person to perform the affairs of the management committee and notify the unit owners’ association. Otherwise, the Condominium Act should stipulate that if a corporation is a unit owner, the representative of the corporation or a person designated by the corporation can be a management committee member on behalf of the corporation. Regardless of whether a corporation can be a management committee member, a management company cannot be a management committee member, considering that the representative or employees of a management company cannot be a management committee member. 관리인은 구분소유자로 구성된 관리단의 대표자이다. 구분소유자들은 집합건물이라는 공간 속에서 공동생활을 하며 관리단을 구성하여 함께 건물을 관리하면서 건물을 통하여 각자의 목표를 실현시키고자 노력한다. 관리인은 관리단 구성원의 대표자로서 책임감을 갖고 모든 구성원을 위하여 리더십을 발휘해야 한다. 구성원들과 소통하면서 구성원들의 의견에 귀 기울여야 한다. 그런데 만약 법인이 대표자가 된다면 법인의 판단에 대해서 누가 책임을 져야 하는지 책임소재가 불분명하게 된다. 법인이 내리는 판단에는 이사뿐만 아니라 사원총회, 감사, 정관이 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 법인 자체가 리더십을 갖고 관리단을 이끌어가기를 기대하기도 어렵다. 이런 이유 때문에 우리나라의 민법상 사단법인과 상법상 회사에 관한 논의에서도 법인은 이사가 될 수 없다는 견해가 다수설을 차지하고 있다. 따라서 관리인은 구분소유자일 필요는 없지만, 자연인이어야 한다. 법인이 관리인으로 선출될 수 있는지 여부는 위탁관리회사가 관리인으로 선출될 수 있는가 하는 문제와 밀접하게 연관되어 있다. 위탁관리회사가 관리인이 되기 위해서는 법인도 관리인이 될 수 있다는 전제가 성립되어야 하기 때문이다. 그런데 법인이 관리인이 될 수 있는지 여부와 상관없이 위탁관리회사는 관리인이 될 수 없다. 위탁관리회사는 관리단과 위탁관리계약을 체결하는 당사자인데, 관리단과 계약을 체결한 당사자가 관리단의 대표자가 된다면 관리단과 위탁관리회사의 이해가 상반되기 때문이다. 법인도 관리인이 될 수 있다는 근거로 일본에서도 법인이 관리자가 될 수 있다는 점이 언급된다. 그런데 우리나라 집합건물법상의 관리인과 일본의 구분소유법상의 관리자는 개념에 있어서 차이가 있다. 우리나라의 관리인은 관리단의 대표자이지만, 일본의 구분소유법에는 관리단과 같은 단체에 대해서 규정하고 있지 않기 때문에 구분소유자들의 대표자가 아니다. 관리자는 구분소유자들을 대리하여 건물을 관리하는 사람일뿐이다. 그렇기 때문에 일본에서는 법률로서 법인은 비영리법인이나 주식회사의 이사가 될 수 없음을 규정하고 있음에도 불구하고 법인이 관리자가 될 수 있다는 주장이 성립할 수 있다. 일본의 구분소유법은 구분소유자들이 관리조합법인이라는 법인의 설립에 대해서 규정하고 있는데, 그 법인의 이사장은 관리자에 해당하지만, 관리조합법인의 대표자이기 때문에 법인은 관리조합법인의 이사장이 될 수 없다고 본다. 이러한 여러 이유를 고려한다면 법인은 관리인이 될 수 없다고 보아야 한다. 법인이 관리인이 될 수 있는지 여부와 유사하게 법인이 관리위원이 될 수 있는지 여부도 문제될 수 있다. 집합건물법은 구분소유자만이 관리위원이 될 수 있다고 규정하고 있으므로 법인이 구분소유자인 경우에 이러한 문제가 발생한다. 관리위원은 관리위원회의 구성원이지만, 관리인과 마찬가지로 관리단의 임원에 해당하기 때문에 법인이 관리인이 될 수 없는 이유와 마찬가지로 관리위원이 될 수 없다고 보는 것이 타당하다. 그러나 집합건물법은 구분소유자만이 관리인이 될 수 있음을 규정하고 있고 법인이 구분소유자라고 해서 법인의 대표자가 구분소유자가 되는 것은 아니므로 법인의 대표자는 관리위원이 될 수 없다. 따라서 집합건물법의 규정에 따르면 법인이 구분소유자인 경우에 ...