Sports Injury Status Survey by Gender and Career of the Taekwondo Poomsae Athletes

Wookwang Cheon(Wookwang Cheon),Jusik Park(Jusik Park) J-INSTITUTE 2022 International Journal of Martial Arts Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the prevention of sports injuries in Taekwondo Poomsae athletes by investigating and analyzing sports injuries. Method: This study, a survey was conducted to study the condition of sports injuries targeting Taekwondo Poomsae players. A total of 144 subjects were included in the study, including 72 males and 72 females. The experience was classified into 55 people with less than 3 years of experience, 42 people with 4-5 years of experi-ence, and 47 people with more than 6 years of experience. As a research tool, questionnaires were obtained from participating athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association and used to investigate the actual sports injuries of Taekwondo Poomsae athletes. The questionnaire was constructed and used for demographic charac-teristics and sports injuries. Results: As a result of examining Taekwondo Poomsae athletes' experience with sports injuries within the past year, 121 out of 144 athletes answered that they had experienced, and 23 athletes answered that they had never experienced it. As a result of cross-analysis between the sexes concerning whether the athletes experienced sports injuries, there was a significant(p=.000) difference. As a result of analyzing sports injuries that occurred during competition and training, by gender, 10 male(100%) and 14 female(58.3.4%) athletes experienced injuries during training, respectively, and both during training and competition. The number of experienced players was 48 male(45.3%) and 58 female(54.7%). As a result of cross-analysis, there was a significant difference(p=.001). As a result of analyzing the frequency of sports injuries according to the gender of Taekwondo athletes, it was found that both male and female athletes suffered the most sports injuries in the order of ankle, knee, waist, and foot. As a result of analyzing the frequency of sports injuries according to the gender of Taekwondo athletes, the hamstring and waist were the most damaged in both male and female athletes. Conclusion: Taekwondo Poomsae athletes experienced sports injuries, and it was found that injuries occurred a lot during training. In addition, the injured joints were found in the order of ankle, knee, and waist in both men and women, and the hamstring was the most common muscle in both men and women.

Analysis of Adult Disease-Related Indicators by Age of Males 19 Years and Over in Korea

Wookwang Cheon(Wookwang Cheon) J-INSTITUTE 2022 Kinesiology Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to live a healthy life and prevent geriatric diseases in Korean adult males. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in adult disease-related indicators according to age of Korean adult males over 19 years of age. Method: In this study, the raw data of the 7th 1st year of the 2016~2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES 2016~2018) was downloaded and reprocessed for use according to the purpose of study. A total of 8,106 males aged 19 years or older who participated in the 2016-2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey were selected and classified by age group as the study subjects. For statistical processing, the mean and standard deviation of all items were calculated using SPSS 27.0 Package. One-way ANOVA was per-formed to compare the differences in adult disease-related indicators by age group. The post-hoc test for the main effect was performed using the Tukey method. Statistical significance level was based on p<.05. Results: As a result of analyzing adult-specific indicators for Korean adult males, significant differences were found in TC, HDL-C, TG, and LDL-C in blood lipid-related variables according to age. There were significant differ-ences in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertension-related variables according to age. For diabe-tes-related variables, there were significant(p<.001) differences in fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and glucose intake. In terms of muscle strength, there was a significant difference in both grip strength(left and right). There were significant(p<.001) differences in both health and body type perception according to age. Conclusion: As a result of analyzing each measurement variable according to age, TC, TG, and LDL-C were the highest among blood lipid variables in the 40s, and DBP was high in the hypertension variable. As for diabetes-related variables, FBS and HbA1c appeared higher with increasing age, and sugar intake increased with age. Combining these results, it was found that in each age group, those in their 40s were most at risk for adult dis-ease-related indicators, and it is considered that caution is needed even in those in their 30s.

Analysis of the Lower Limb Muscles Function for the Prevention of KNEE JOINT INJURIES of the Intramural Baseball Pitchers of Colleges and Universities

Wookwang Cheon J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Crisis & Safety Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this analysis is to provide the basic data for the prevention of knee joint damages by analyzing differences in the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints as per the pitching speed of 21 intramu-ral baseball players of colleges and universities. Method: The subjects of this study were 21 intramural baseball players of colleges and universities, whose length of experiences were 2 to 7 years. By measuring the pitching speed, they were classified as S1 group whose maximum ball speed was 110km/h or greater, S2 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 110km/h to 100km/h or greater, and S3 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 100km/h, respectively. The isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints was measured for all of the 3 groups, and the strength of the left and right flexors and extensors were measured at 60°, 180°, and 240°, respectively. The data processing for this study was performed by using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program to calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of the items, and the one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the differences for each item by group, while using the Tukey method as an ex post analysis between the groups. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression was performed to identify the influence of the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints according to the angular speed on the pitching speed. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05, respec-tively. Results: The results of measuring the isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints are as follows. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 60°, the S1 group turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left flexors and extensors than S3 group. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 180°, the S1 and S2 groups turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left extensors than the S3 group. As for the PT measured at an angular speed of 240°, S1 and S2 groups in the left extensor turned out to be significantly high-er(p<.05) than S3 group. As for the WPR, S1 group turned out to be significantly(p<.05) higher than S3 group. The results of performing the multiple linear regression are as follows with a view to discover the effect of iso-kinetic muscular strength of knee joints on the pitching speed. At the angular speeds of 180° and 240°, the regression segments of the left knee joint extensors for both the PT and WPR turned out to have a significant ef-fect at the 5% level. R2, which is the explanatory power of the regression model which explains changes in the pitching speed for the left knee joint extensors, turned out to have an explanatory power in the range of 37.9-55.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Gathering the results above, it turned out that the higher the pitching speed for the group, the superior the muscular function, and in particular, the extensors on the left side demonstrated such remarkably pronounced characteristics. Such results suggest that the extensor muscles could influence the pitching speed for the stretching motion(acceleration) of the left legs during the pitching. Furthermore, in order to prevent injuries, attention ought to be paid to strengthening the counter muscular of the muscles which are primarily used.

The Effect of the Isokinetic Muscle Function of the Shoulder Joint of Amateur Club Baseball Pitchers in Their 20s on the Speed of a PITCHED BASEBALL

Wookwang Cheon,Jusik Park J-INSTITUTE 2020 Kinesiology Vol.5 No.2

Purpose: This study analyzed the effect of the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint on the speed of a pitched baseball with 21 amateur club baseball players in their 20s in the D city area as subjects. Method: The subjects played the sport for between two years and seven years, have no pain or disease in their upper and lower limbs over the past year, and are divided into three groups: S1 for the maximum ball speed of 110 km/h or faster, S2 for 100 km/h or faster to slower than 110km/h, and S3 for slower than 100km/h in their pitched ball speed. The data for this study were processed using SPSS 18.0, calculating mean and standard deviations. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the differences between each item between the groups, and the Tukey method was used for follow-up analyses between the groups. In addition, multi linear regression was used to determine the effect of the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint on the speed of a pitched baseball by angular velocity. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05. Results: The faster the pitching speed, the higher the statistical significance of the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint (at an angular velocity of 60 degrees, 180 degrees, and 240 degrees). Among the isokinetic muscle function factors, it was shown that the extensor of the shoulder joint had a high explanatory power. Peak torque of right shoulder joint at 180 degrees angular velocity had 44.9%, and work per repetition at 240 degrees had 54.2% had 54.2% explanatory power. To sum up the above results, the better the muscle function the group has, the faster the speed of a pitched baseball, and especially extensor showed higher statistical significance than flexor. Conclusion: It was also shown that the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint showed a stronger effect on the ball speed in extensor than in flexor of the right shoulder joint.

The Effects of Saturated and Unsaturated Fat Intake on the Skeletal Muscle’s LPL mRNA Expression in Rats

Wookwang Cheon,Jusik Park J-INSTITUTE 2021 Kinesiology Vol.6 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for the fatty acid metabolism research by analyzing the expressions of body weight, blood components(TG, FFA, Glucose) and rat skeletal muscle’s LPL mRNA after 5 weeks of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids intake. Method: For this experiment, 30 rats were divided into the control group(CON), saturated fat intake group(BT) and the unsaturated fat intake group(SF) with 10 rats allocated each, and 2 rats each received a different diet inside the breeding cage. Their body weight was measured before meals and at the interval of 1 week, and after ingestion of each group s diet for 5 weeks, anesthetic was injected and slaughtered, and blood sampling was performed to analyze the blood components. Soleus muscles were extracted and were stored frozen, then ana-lyzed using the Real Time PCR in order to analyze the expressions of the skeletal muscles LPL mRNA. For the statistical processing of the study, the mean and standard deviation of all items were calculated using the SPSS 18.00 Package, and the one-way repeated ANOVA was performed to examine and understand the changes in the blood components and LPL mRNA according to each group. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05. Results: After 5 weeks of the dietary intake, all groups demonstrated increases in their weight as the dietary intake period have elapsed. The differences in the TG concentration according to the dietary intake in blood components turned out to be significantly lower for the BT group(p<0.05) and the SF group(p<0.001) than for the CON group, and also for SF group compared to the BT group in terms of the TG concentration being significantly higher. There turned out to be no significant difference for the FFA concentration, and the difference in the glu-cose concentration turned out to be significantly higher for the SF group than for the BT group. As for the LPL mRNA expressions, there turned out to be no significant difference between the groups in terms of the difference in GAPDH mRNA expression according to the dietary intake, and the difference in the LPL mRNA expressions for the BT group(p<0.001) and the SF group(p <0.01), the LPL mRNA expression turned out to be significantly higher. Conclusion: As a result of gathering the study results, the unsaturated fat intake rather than the saturated fat intake brought about the effective improvement of the triglyceride concentration and the increases in the LPL mRNA expression when structuring the dietary intake for the prevention of adult diseases related to obesity and arteriosclerosis, it is thought that the lipolysis is facilitated.

Comparison of Physical Fitness Factors of High School and College TAEKWONDO Athletes with Anaerobic Exercise and Isokinetic Muscle Function

Wookwang Cheon,Changbae Hong,박주식 J-INSTITUTE 2020 International Journal of Martial Arts Vol.5 No.2

Purpose: Considering the development curve, there may be individual differences, but in the 2nd and 3rd grades of high school, it can be seen that there is no significant difference from that of adults in form. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the differences in body composition and physical strength factors of Taekwondo Gyeorugi players who are attending morphological similar high school and university in form, and provide basic data for physical fitness training of athletes based on the results of this study. Method: The subjects of this study were 13 competition players attending G high school in D city and 13 com-petition players attending K University, and body composition, physical factors, anaerobic exercise ability, and knee joint isokinetic muscle function were tested. For data processing, the mean and standard deviation of the measured items were calculated using the SPSS 25.0 statistical program. An independent t-test was conducted to find out the difference between high school taekwondo players and college students taekwondo players. Results: University Taekwondo competition players were statistically significantly higher in height, lean body weight, and lower extremity than high school competition players, and their body fat percentage was lower. In terms of physical strength, college competition players were superior to high school athletes in terms of strength, endurance, quickness, agility, coordination, and flexibility. The anaerobic exercise ability was significantly higher in college athletes than high school athletes in Peak Power(W), Average Power(W), and Total Energy(J). It was also found that college athletes were superior to high school athletes in knee joint isokinetic muscle function measured at an angular velocity of 60 degrees. Conclusion: The statistically significant difference in the height and lower extremities, which are the physique factors, is judged as the result of not considering weight class in the selection of subjects for this study. The differ-ence in physical strength factors is thought to be a result of the higher athlete experience and training amount of college players than the difference in shape development.

Analysis of Indicators Related to Adult Disease in Middle-Aged Obese Women in Korea

Wookwang Cheon J-INSTITUTE 2022 Kinesiology Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the differences in adult disease related indicators according to the presence or absence of obesity for a healthy life and prevention of the adult diseases for the middle aged women. Method: In this study, the raw data of the 8th 1st year of the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Exam-ination Survey (KNHANES 2019) was downloaded and reprocessed for use according to the purpose of study. A total of 8110 males and females participated in the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur-vey, of which 4381 females were extracted. From the data of 4381 women, 658 people in their 40s (ages 40-49) were extracted, of which 598 people were selected as the study subjects, excluding 26 underweight and 34 miss-ing people. For the statistical processing, the mean and standard deviation of all questions were calculated by using SPSS 27.0 package. In order to compare the differences among the adult disease related indicators for the women according to obesity, t-test was conducted to compare the differences for each measurement question according to the presence or absence of obesity. The statistical significance level was based on p<.05, respectively. Results: In terms of the differences in the blood lipids related variables according to obesity, TC, TG, and LDL-C turned out to be significantly higher in the obese group than in the normal group (TC; p<.01, TC; p<0.001, LDL-C; p<0.5). and HDL-C turned out to be significantly (p<.001) higher in the normal group than in the obese group. In terms of the hypertension related variables, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures turned out to be significantly higher in the obese group than in the normal group (systolic: p<.001, diastolic: p<.01), respectively. The diabetes related variables turned out to be significantly (p<.001) higher in the obese group than in the normal group in fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and insulin concentration, respectively. Conclusion: Gathering the results above, it was evident that obesity among women in their 40s are more likely to contract adult diseases such as blood lipids, high blood pressure, and diabetes. In the future studies, it is con-sidered that additional analysis of age, gender and related variables are necessary.

Effect of leucine uptake on hepatic and skeletal muscle gene expression in rats: a microarray analysis

( Wookwang Cheon ) 한국운동영양학회 2015 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.19 No.2

Purpose This study was performed to explore the physiological functions of leucine by exploring genes with leucine-dependent variability using DNA microarray. [Methods] Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 20) were separated into a HPD (30% High Protein Diet, n = 10) group and a NPD (0% Non Protein Diet, n = 10) group and fed a protein diet for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2-week period, the rats were fasted for 12-16 hours, further separated into subgroups within the HPD (Saline, n = 5, Leucine, n = 5) and NPD (Saline, n = 5, Leucine, n = 5) groups and administered with a leucine solution. The liver and muscles were harvested after 2 hours for RNA extraction. RNA purification from the isolated muscles and target gene identification using DNA chip were performed. The target gene was determined based on the results of the DNA chip experiment, and mRNA expression of the target gene was analyzed using Real-Time PCR. [Results] In the skeletal muscle, 27 genes were upregulated while 52 genes were down regulated after leucine administration in the NPD group. In the liver, 160 genes were up-regulated while 126 were down-regulated. The per2 gene was one of the genes with leucine-dependent induction in muscles and liver. [Conclusion] This study was performed to explore the physiological functions of leucine, however, a large number of genes showed variability. Therefore, it was difficult to definitively identify the genes linked with a particular physiological function. Various nutritional effects of leucine were observed. High variability in cytokines, receptors, and various membrane proteins were observed, which suggests that leucine functions as more than a nutrient. The interpretation may depend on investigators’ perspectives, therefore, discussion with relevant experts and the BCAA (Branched-Chain Amino Acids) society may be needed for effective utilization of this data.

A Study on the Improvement Plan of the Creation and Management of HEALING FORESTS

Myunghee Kim,Wookwang Cheon,Wonhyeon Lim J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the current status of the creation and management of healing forests in Korea to derive the improvement plan. Methods: Based on the hypothesis that there will be differences in the creation and management of each operator, 10 items including annual status, regional status, location standard, size, facility status, number of visitors, number of program users, management entity, construction cost, and operation status were investigated and analyzed. Results: The number of healing forests has been steadily increasing, and the area of composition has been found to be large. By region, Jeolla-do has the largest number of places, 7 places (25%), Gyeonggi-do (30%) has the largest area of composition, and the average area of composition is more than twice as large as the national public. In the forest species of healing by location criteria, coniferous forests were preferred, and trees of age class IV had higher frequency and area. There is no difference in the accessibility of each operator to healing forests by size and facilities, and there were many healing forest paths as forest healing facilities. The average number of program users and average visitors per year has been decreasing since 2015. According to the status of each management entity, the Western Regional Forest Service manages the most with a total of nine national and seven public places, while the Eastern Regional Forest Service manages two places. The average creation cost of the healing forest is KRW 4.5 billion/place for the national healing forest, KRW 6.4 billion/place for the public healing forest, and in the case of the average creation cost per area, KRW 0.6 billion/ha for the national healing forest and KRW 0.9 billion/ha for the public healing forest, and the national healing forest is lower. In the case of operation status, the usage fees are in the order of public, national, and private, and the National Forest Service is operated by the Korea Forest Welfare Institute under the Korea Forest Service. Conclusion: ‘Based on the improvement plan for healing forest creation and management, the evaluation items for healing forest creation and operation to introduce a certification system for healing forests should be presented, research on revitalization measures should be conducted, and many people should benefit from forest welfare services.

Comparative Analysis of OFFENSIVE SKILLS According to Gender and Grade of Judo Athletes in Middle, High, and University

Byeongchan Kim,Wookwang Cheon,Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2021 Kinesiology Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is one,and-intended to provide a basis for performance improvement compared to the difference of the attack techniques according to sex and grade of the University of inducing the player. Method: In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 198middle,high,andcollege judo athletes,andthe collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 Statistical Program.Frequency analysis was performed to understand the general characteristics of the study subjects, and Cronbach sαcoefficient was calculated toverify the reliability of the questionnaire.A t-test was conducted to find out differences in attack techniques according to gender, and One Way ANOVA was conducted to find out differences in attack techniques according to grades. Results: It did not show the difference statistically significant attack skills according to gender. in the case of the attack techniques of the grade hand techniques and foot techniques of college students showed highly significant statistically than high school. On back technology of middle school students, it was significantly higher than high school students and college students. Conclusion: Syntehsizing this study, these results, in the case of hand techniques and foot techniques, according to the grade of, compared to high school with high frequency utilization of college players, it should be taken into account that as identified in prior studies, on the training program plan of high school elite athletes, therefore, it is necessary to find a plan for physical strength and skill training to increase the scoring rate of hand skills and foot skills.