공전자기록 위작·변작죄에서 위작·변작의 개념

강동범 한국형사판례연구회 2016 刑事判例硏究 Vol.24 No.-

This study reviews the definition of false preparation and alteration in the crime of false preparation or alteration of public electromagnetic records(Article 227-2 of Criminal Act). Article 227-2 of Criminal Act protects the trustworthiness of the general public concerning the authenticity of public electromagnetic records, not the accuracy of information processing with electromagnetic record. Additionally in view of the fact that electromagnetic record crimes(Article 227-2 and Article 232-2 of Criminal Act) was enacted by following the form and contents of document crimes, the stand of Criminal Act which takes formalism(punishment of unauthorized preparation of document) on document crimes in principle, materialism(punishment of preparation of false document) exceptionally should be accomplished. So false preparation means to make an electromagnetic record without authority and alteration means to change the contents of a ready-made electromagnetic record without authority. This interpretation results from the systematic analyses of the penal clauses of crimes concerning documents and electromagnetic records, not from the mechanical identity of document with electromagnetic record. So I don’t agree with this judgement of the Supreme Court(2013do9003). Although we can not deny the necessity and worthiness of punishment of the preparation of false public electromagnetic record, the act of defendant cannot be punished by Article 227-2. In order to punish the preparation of false public electromagnetic records, it’s necessary to legislate a new clause. I think the terms of false preparation and alteration of public electromagnetic records are not appropriate, because these are very unfamiliar and confused with counterfeit or alteration of official document(Article 225 of Criminal Act) and private document(Article 232 of Criminal Act). So I recommend “to make an electromagnetic record without authority and to change the contents of a ready-made electromagnetic record without authority, instead of false preparation(falsification) or alteration of public and private electromagnetic records(Article 227-2 and Article 232-2 of Criminal Act). And as a result it needs to legislate a new clause that punishes the preparation of false public electromagnetic records.

전자기록 부정행사의 형사책임

황태정(Hwang Tae-Jeong) 한국형사법학회 2007 刑事法硏究 Vol.19 No.4

  A few years ago, The Supreme Court of Korea gave a decision upon the use of KT card(deferred payment telephone card issued by Korea Telecom), denying unlawful use of facilities for convenience(§348-2) and admitting unlawful uttering of private document(§236). I think that the argument of the decision is not appropriate in two points of view.<BR>  First of all, It is not rational to admit unlawful uttering of private document. When we use KT card in public telephone, only magnetic stripe of the card is uttered. Criminal Act of Korea has a provisions to punish falsification or alteration of electromagnetic records(§227-2, §232-2), uttering falsified or altered electromagnetic records(§229, §234) and unlawful uttering of official or private document(§230, §236). But the Act does not have a provision to punish unlawful uttering of electromagnetic records.<BR>  Secondly, unlawful uttering of KT card should be valued not only from social point of view but individual point of view. It is very important value to protect individual property as well as to protect social reliance on document. In this case, the accused uttered other person"s KT card without paying price, acquired benefits to property and caused loss to telecomunication service provider or the owner of KT card. For that reason, I think it is needed to admit unlawful use of facilities for convenience in this case.

‘문언의 가능한 의미’의 해석 : 문서죄에서 전자기록 ‘위작’의 의미에 관한 판례를 대상으로

김혜경(Kim, Hye-Kyung) 한국형사법학회 2021 刑事法硏究 Vol.33 No.3

특히 많은 경우 특정 해석을 동의하거나 반대하는 모든 견해들이 모두 가장 큰 법리적 근거를 ‘문언의 가능한 의미’라고 함으로써, 문언의 가능한 의미 또는 문언의 해석가능한 범위가 얼마나 자의적 해석의 근거가 되는지는 여실히 보여주고 있다. 많은 판결들에서 해석의 법리로서 제시되어 왔던 ‘문언의 가능한 의미’가 왜 서로 다른 결론의 논거로서 작용하는지, 그것이 법해석자 스스로 모순에 빠지게 하는 것은 아닌지 재고하여야 할 것이다. 여기에서는 문서범죄와 관련하여 법문언의 가능한 의미의 해석에 있어서의 기준으로 보호가치의 동등성, 법적 가치평가의 동가치성, 법적 체계적합성, 그리고 마지막으로 해석의 한계로서 피고인에게 불리한 법형성의 금지라는 네 가지를 제시하고자 하였다. 그리고 이 네 가지 해석기준 또는 방법을 통해서, 사전자기록위작죄에 허위사전자기록작성행위가 포함된다고 해석함은 문언의 가능한 의미를 넘어서는 법형성에 해당한다고 보았다. 가장 중요한 점은 역시 법해석의 한계이다. 사회적 요청에 대한 정책적 부응이 법해석의 역할인가에 관하여도 매우 조심스러워야 할 것이다. The Supreme Court frequently uses the criterion of the possible meaning of literature in interpreting criminal law. In general, the possible meaning of a law is the threshold of acceptable law discovery and at the same time the starting point of its formation. Not only is the method of creating a law through analogy and reduction, but it can also vary depending on whether it is a civil law or criminal law, especially whether it is possible to create a law in the interpretation of criminal law that prohibits the interpretation of an analogy as a derivative of criminal justice. This is because it can go beyond the limit of criminal law interpretation in that the creation of the law is made through analogy, whether it is internal or transcendent. Of course, the creation of laws by interpretation beyond the realm of law formation should be prohibited, as the creation of laws by interpretation is beyond the scope of interpretation. However, it is not easy to find a way to specifically confirm whether it is the formation of laws that fill the law or the creation of laws beyond the realm of interpretation. The Criminal Act established Article 227-2 and Article 232-2 of the 1995 Amendment to punish for forgery of electronic records. In relation to document crime, this paper was wanted to present four criteria for the interpretation of the possible meaning of the law: equivalence of protective value(law benefit to protect), homogeneity of legal valuation, conformity of legal system, and finally prohibition of legal formation unfavorable against defendants as limitations of interpretation. And through these four interpretation standards, it is concluded that article 232-2 (Falsification or Alteration of Private Electromagnetic Records) cannot include the false charge of private electromagnetic records. At that result, the crime of preparing falsely any electromagnetic records should be punished not private area but public area. The most important point is also the limitation of interpretation of the law. It would be necessary to reconsider why the possible meaning of a law that has been presented as the legal principle of interpretation in many rulings serves as the basis for different conclusions, and whether it is contradictory to the legal interpreter himself.

전자문서의 문서성과 형법상 범죄성립

김혜경(Kim Hye Kyung) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2012 경찰학연구 Vol.12 No.3

최근 사회전반에 걸쳐 전자문서가 종이문서를 대체함으로써, 법률적으로도 전자문서에 대한 규제와 법적 정비가 이루어지고 있지만, 형법은 전자기록에 관한 규정을 두면서도 전자문서에 대한 어떠한 언급도 하지 않고 있다. 따라서 전자문서가 형법상 어떠한법적 성격을 가지는지에 관한 논의가 요구되는 시점이라 할 것이다. 본 논문에서는 전자문서를 전자기록의 일종이 아닌 일반문서로 이해하고자 한다. 전자기록에 대하여는 문서로서의 가장 중요한 기능인 보장적 기능을 인정할 수 없는 반면,전자문서는 계속적 기능, 증명적 기능 이외에 보장적 기능 역시 기술적으로도 법적으로도 해결되었기 때문이다. 물론 복사문서의 문서성을 인정하는 형법 제237조의2와 같은규정과 유사하게, “이 장의 죄에 있어서 정보처리시스템에 의하여 전자적 형태로 작성되어, 송신ㆍ수신 또는 저장된 정도도 문서로 본다”는 정의규정 또는 간주규정을 신설한다면 입법적으로 해결될 문제이기도 하다. 다만 여기에서는 입법적 개선방안을 별론으로하고, 해석론상으로도 전자문서는 문서의 개념에 포섭될 수 있는가를 살펴보고자 한다. 전자문서를 문서의 개념에 포함시키는 것은 특별법으로 존재하는 전자문서위조․변조죄의 법적 관계를 명확히 하는 의미가 있다. 즉, 특별법상의 전자문서위조․변조죄를 형법상 문서위조․변조죄와 법조경합 중 특별관계를 인정함으로 인하여, 전자문서에 관하여 특별법을 적용할 수 없는 경우 일반법인 형법에 의하여 처벌할 수 있는 법적 해석방법이 가능해지며, 이로 인하여 전자문서를 이용한 범죄에 대하여 입법상 불비의 영역을영으로 만드는 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 형법 내에서도 전자문서를 전자기록의 일종으로 간주하는 경우 이를 부정행사하는 행위를 처벌할 수 없다는 입법상의 문제점은, 전자문서를 문서의 개념에 포섭시킴으로서 자연스럽게 해석론적으로 해결할 수 있게 될 것이라는 점에서도 이러한 해석이 의미를 가질 것으로 기대한다. Recently, electronic documents have been alternated in place of general paper document in every area, including e-government or e-commerce as well as private field. So Korea law system notice the lawmaking of Framework Act on Electronic Commerce in 1999. In that law, the term 'electronic document' means any information prepared, transmitted, received or stord in the electronic form by the information processing system. And the electronic document shall not be denied its validity only because it takes an electronic form, except as otherwise provided for in any other Acts. 63)Korean Criminal Law is not any articles about electronic document but only the article of electromagnetic records. But electronic document is different of electromagnetic record. In this study, it is insisted on that electronic document is not electromagnetic record but general document of Criminal Law. Because electronic document can maintain faculties of continuance, evidence and guarantee as general paper document. but electromagnetic records can't hold the faculties of evidence and guarantee. This interpretation method can be offset the deficiency og punishment. If not,Criminal law can't be applied in the case that the lawmakers don't enact falsification provisions of electronic document in Special Criminal laws.

근접장 광기록 시스템용 전자기구동 액추에이터의 설계 및 평가

김석중,이용훈,이철우,서중언 대한기계학회 2000 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.24 No.11

Combination of magnetic recording technology and optical recording technology such as Near Field Optical Recording is watched recently. In order to accomplish this technology, the development of an electromagnetic driven mm-sized mirror shifting laser beam in track direction have to needed. In Near Field Optical Recording System, shifting laser beam in track direction mean as fine tracking and means as coarse tracking. Therefore in Near Field Optical Recording, 2-stage actuator is composed of servo controller in reading or recording information on disc layer. In our research, through design and simulation process of driven mm-sized mirror, we arrange systematically design process of driven mm-sized mirror having good frequency transfer characteristics. Design and simulation processes included modal analysis of spring, calculation of magnetic moment according to the number of turns and geometric configuration of coil and magnetic circuit analysis meaning that calculation of magnetic flux density in air gap of magnetic circuit. After that we design and make parts of driven mm-sized mirror, assemble and evaluate our electriomagnetic driven mm-sized mirror. we compared design values with actual characteristic values and present solution scheme. Through these processes we performed manufacturing of an electromagnetic driven mm-sized mirror having good frequency-domain characteristics and high sensitivity characteristics.

문서위조죄에서의 복사와 행사의 개념

김혜경 한국형사판례연구회 2010 刑事判例硏究 Vol.18 No.-

Any copies of documents or drawings reproduced using the electronic reproduction machines, facsimile telegraphs or other similar apparatus should be considered as document or drawing in Criminal Law. But it seems not to coincide with the concept of copy and meaning of duplicated document. Especially as far as media records, such as another person's electromagnetic records are concerned, there are many unsettled problems. The interests protected by law of crime concerning Documents are public credibility. so I think that constituent elements of a crime have to be interpreted by means of improving public credibility. That's to say that we should connect with crime-concerning condition and something protected by criminal law. but Supreme court didn't accept copies of documents concerning copy from documents to electromagnetic records in 2007do7480 and 2008do 5200. Any copies of documents should be protected because they establish the existence of original documents. that's reason that Any copies of documents reproduced using the electronic reproduction machines, facsimile telegraphs or other similar apparatus should be considered as document or drawing in Criminal Law. So someone would scan the documents and make new electromagnetic reproduction records of the scanned document, we must regard that as duplicated documents.

Development of a Broadband Self-recording Hydrophone

Kim, Bong-Chae Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2006 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.28 No.2

A broadband self-recording hydrophone was developed to conveniently assemble a hydrophone array for use in receiving underwater sound waves. A trigger device with an electromagnetic induction coupler was also developed to control the hydrophone's operation. Main configurations and specifications of the self-recording hydrophone are introduced in this paper. We present experiment results conducted in a water tank to examine the operating behavior of the hydrophone. Some advantages are discussed when the self-recording hydrophones are used to make up a hydrophone array.

사전자기록위작죄에서 ‘위작’의 의미 - 대법원 2020. 8. 27. 선고 2019도11294 전원합의체 판결 -

신동훈 한국비교형사법학회 2022 비교형사법연구 Vol.24 No.2

의사의 전달이나 법적으로 중요한 사실을 증명하는 수단으로서 문서가 사용되어 왔으나, 정보통신의 발달로 인하여 전자기록이 그 자리를 점차 대체해가고 있다. 그러나 우리 대법원은 전자기록을 문서에 관한 죄에서 규정한 ‘문서’로 보지 않았다. 우리 형법은 1995년 개정을 통하여 전자기록등 특수매체기록에 관한 여러 구성요건을 신설하였다. 그런데 전자기록에 관한 범죄는 기존의 문서에 관한 죄의 체계와는 다소 달리 입법되었고, 행위 태양 역시 문서에 관한 범죄의 구성요건과는 다른 표현인 위작을 사용하여 그 의미에 논란이 있었다. 대법원은 전원합의체 판결로 사전자기록에 관하여 전자기록의 생성에 관여할 권한이 없는 사람이 전자기록을 만드는 경우와 시스템의 설치ㆍ운영 주체로부터 입력 권한을 부여받은 사람이 그 권한을 남용하여 허위의 정보를 입력함으로써 시스템 설치·운영 주체의 의사에 반하는 전자기록을 생성하는 경우도 형법 제232조의2에서 말하는 전자기록의 ‘위작’에 포함된다고 판단하였다. 위작의 의미는 문언적으로는 권한 없는 작성에 한정하는 것도 가능하고, 권한 있는 자가 허위의 내용을 작성하는 경우까지 포함하는 것도 가능하다. 그런데 전자기록의 특성 및 사회적 기능 확대에 따른 규율의 필요성, 입법 과정에서 드러난 입법자의 의사, 관련 법률이나 조항과의 체계적 해석을 종합하면, 권한 있는 자의 허위작성도 위작의 의미에 포함시키는 것이 타당하다. 위 대법원 판결은 위작을 허위작성 중 권한을 남용한 경우에 한정하였으나 그와 같이 볼 근거가 부족하다. 따라서 위작은 권한 있는 자의 허위작성은 모두 포함한다고 해석하여야 한다.

온라인 동영상 수업 사례 : 전문대학 ‘전기자기학’ 교과목을 중심으로

김미라 한국공학교육학회 2022 공학교육연구 Vol.25 No.5

In this study, we examined the cases of online video classes conducted under the COVID-19 situation for 46 first-year students majoring in electrical engineering at a 3-year college in Gyeongnam. The research was carried out according to the course development process so that classes could be conducted efficiently, focusing on electromagnetism(1) course in the second semester of the first year. The online class consisted of uploading PPT recorded videos and lecture materials to the LMS and giving assignments. The contents of the study were in the scope of examining learners' perceptions through online learning contents, assignment submission, mutual feedback between instructors and learners, university-level lecture evaluation, and free opinions on online video-based electromagnetism(1) classes. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that online lecture review and problem-solving are particularly important for understanding lecture materials, and also given the nature of engineering subjects that require plenty of mathematical expressions, the detailed and immediate feedback provided by instructor enhances learners' class satisfaction and understanding. Based on these, the direction of online classesto be developed after the COVID-19 pandemic and teaching and learning methods suitable for the characteristics of subjects were discussed.

형법 제232조의2 사전자기록등위작죄에서 ‘위작’의 의미와 입법 제언 - 대법원 2020. 8. 27. 선고 2019도11294 전원합의체 판결 판례평석 -

안재서(Jaeso Ahn),장성진(Sungjin Jang) 서울대학교 법학평론 편집위원회 2023 법학평론 Vol.13 No.-