한국농촌에서 마을의 역량과 마을사업체 : 1960-70년대 경기도 송라마을 사례연구

송화진 한국농촌사회학회 2022 農村社會 Vol.32 No.2

This article examines the contribution of village capacity to the establishment and operation of village enterprises through the case of rural villages in Korea in the 1960s and 1970s. Previous studies have analyzed factors affecting rural development in Korea by dividing them into government, village leader, and village residents. The existing experiences of cooperation among village people and the village-level cooperative organizations in the 1960s closely connected to the Saemaul Undong in the 1970s. However, this continuity has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore this study empirically analyzed how the village's capabilities contributed to the operation of the village business, an economic cooperative organization at the village level, by selecting Songra Village, Icheon, Gyeonggi-do as the case. Specifically, I analysed three research questions. First, I explore how the cooperative experience of social organizations within the village functioned as a resource for the establishment of village businesses. Secondly, I examined how the face-to-face relationship of villagers contributed to the reduction of transaction costs of village business operation. Thirdly, I analyzed how Daedongkye, a village operating organization, was utilized for the smooth operation of village businesses. Overall, this study is meaningful in that it focused on continuity between the cooperative experience of villagers and the cooperative organizations, particularly paying attention to the rural village, a social unit. In addition, it provides policy implications for the need to pay attention to and nurture social relations among village residents in the village to revitalize rural areas. 본 연구는 1960-70년대 한국 농촌마을의 사례를 통해 마을의 역량이 마을사업체의 설립과 운영에 기여한 내용을 살펴본다. 마을의 역량은 한국 농촌발전의 세 요인인 국가, 지도자, 마을 중 하나로 강조되어 왔다. 그러나 마을의 역량과 그 역량이결집된 협동조직은 충분히 연구되지 못했다. 또한 한국농촌의 선행연구들은 시기적으로 1970년대에 집중되어있다. 1960년대까지 이어져온 마을 내 협동의 전통 및경험들은 1970년대 농촌발전의 내용과 긴밀히 연결되지만, 이러한 연속성은 충분히 연구되지 않았다. 1960년대까지의 농촌마을의 발전상을 바탕으로 1970년대 농촌발전이 가능했다는 연속적이고 종합적인 이해가 필요하다. 본 연구는 사례지역으로 경기도 이천 송라마을을 선정하여 마을의 역량이 마을단위 경제적 협동조직인 마을사업체의 운영에 어떻게 기여했는지를 실증적으로 분석했다. 연구자료로경기도 성남 새마을운동중앙연수원이 소장한 마을기록물을 활용했다. 또한 문서기록의 맥락을 파악하기 위해 마을 주민들을 면접하였다. 면접은 2018년 3월과2020년 10월에 집중적으로 이뤄졌다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청년회, 부녀회, 계 등 마을 내 사회조직의 협동경험이 마을사업체의 설립의 자원으로 기능했다. 둘째, 마을주민들의 대면관계가 마을사업체 운영의 거래비용 절감에 기여했다. 셋째, 마을운영조직 대동계가 마을회의와 마을기금을 통해 마을사업체의 원활한 운영에 기여했다. 본 연구는 마을이라는 사회적 단위에 주목하여 마을주민들의 역량과 협동조직의 연속성을 본격적으로 연구했다는 것에 의의가 있다. 이 연구결과는 농촌지역의 활성화를 위해서는 마을에 존재하는 주민들 간의 관계자원에 주목하고 이를 육성해야 한다는 정책적 시사점을 제공한다.

협동 공동체와 폴케 호이스 콜레

신명직 동아대학교 석당학술원 2012 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.53

The effort to overcome the problems of capitalism is not only ‘scientific socialism’. The experiment of Robert Owen is always followed by the modifier of ‘fantastic’ or ‘utopian’, but it is necessary to shed new light on his experiment as ‘the cooperative community’, out of the dichotomy of ‘revolution or reaction’ and ‘revolution or reform’. The experiment of Owen on the New Lanark and New Harmony is the result of trying to solve the basic contradiction of capitalism, not by competition but by cooperation. It was continued to not only the peasant consumers' cooperation, the movement of a Divine Land, and the socialism of the Love on Kagawa Toyohiko, but also the peasant association, the movement of the village of Jesus on Bae Munsik, Yu Jaeki, and Choi Munsik built the ‘Association of Christian Agricultural Study’. The ‘Peasant Cooperative Association’, the ‘Cooperative Cultivation Kye’, and the ‘Independent-Peasantry Village’ of the Chosunnongminsa (of the Ch'ondogyo Youth Party) is also the experiment based on the cooperative community to get over the theory of competition of the capitalism, not on the violent revolution. The essence of the theory of cooperative community is the theory of peasant cooperative education, and the Folk High School (Folkehøgskole) of N. F. S. Grundtvig, not focused on the elite, but focused on the peasants. This influenced on the Nationary High School to build peasant cooperative community of Uchimura Kanzo and Kagawa Toyohiko during the period of Taisho democracy in Japan. And this also influenced on the High Agricultural School, and the Peasant Self-culture School of christian corollary, and on the Peasant School of the Ch'ondogyo corollary. The experiment of cooperative communitarian to dream and practice the another way to stand against the capitalism is the present progressive form, not the perfect tense as the movement of Japanese Coop and Mondragon of Spain. 근대가 시작하면서 제기되기 시작한 자본주의의 제 문제점들을 해결하기 위한 노력은 비단 ‘과학적 사회주의’를 통해 이루어졌던 것은 아니다. ‘공상적’ 혹은 ‘유토피아적’이란 수식어가 따라다녔던 로버트 오언의 실험은, 혁명과 반동 혹은 혁명과 개량이라는 이분법의 잣대에서 벗어나, ‘협동에 기초한 공동체론’으로 새롭게 재조명될 필요가 있다. 특히 오언의 ‘뉴 라나크’와 ‘뉴 하모니’에서의 실험은 ‘경쟁’이 아닌 ‘협동’을 통해 자본주의의 기본적인 모순을 해결하고자 한 것이라 할 수 있다. 이는 가가와 도요히코의 ‘농민 소비조합’운동과 ‘신국(神國) 운동’․‘사랑(愛)의 사회주의’로, 식민지 조선에선 ‘기독교 농촌 연구회’를 만들었던 배문식, 유재기, 최문식의 ‘농우회’와 ‘예수촌 건설’운동으로 이어졌다. 천도교 청년당이 중심이 되어 움직였던 조선농민사의 농민공생조합이나 공동경작계, 아울러 그 연장선상에서 추진되었던 ‘자주촌’ 건설 역시, 폭력적 혁명론과는 일획을 그은 자본주의 ‘경쟁’원리를 넘어설 ‘협동 공동체론’에 기초한 실험이라 할 수 있다. 협동 공동체론의 골간을 이루는 것은, 엘리트 중심이 아닌 농민을 그 중심에 세운 덴마크 그룬트비히의 농민 공생 교육론과 그 농민학교인 ‘폴케 호이스 콜레’이다. 이는 일본 다이쇼 데모크라시 시기 우치무라 간죠와 가가와 도요히코 등이 농민 협동 공동체를 만들기 위한 ‘국민 고등학교’로, 식민지 조선에선 기독교 계통의 ‘고등농사학교’와 ‘농민수양소’, 천도교 계통의 조선농민사가 운영하던 ‘농민 강습소’와 농민야학으로 구현되었다. 자본주의에 맞설 또 다른 길을 꿈꾸어오고 실천에 옮겨온 이들 협동 공동체론자들의 실험은, 2차 세계대전 이후 일본의 생협운동과 스페인 몬드라곤 등의 경우에서 볼 수 있듯이 완료형이 아닌 현재진행형이다.

도시재생뉴딜사업 마을관리 사회적 협동조합의 목적 달성에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석

연제욱,류상규,황지현,김용진 (사) 한국도시재생학회 2023 도시재생 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that affect the achievement of the objectives of village management social cooperatives. Recognizing the need for a new approach to village management social cooperatives, this study, unlike previous studies on cooperatives and social cooperatives, set financial sustainability, the ability to maintain village spaces and facilities, and the formation and strengthening of village communities as the objectives of village management social cooperatives, and conducted the analysis. For the analysis, this study conducted a survey of cooperative members, executives, and officials, and then conducted IPA analysis and regression analysis based on the survey results. The results of the IPA analysis showed that the most important tasks for achieving the objectives of village management social cooperatives are publicizing the cooperative and its business, non-business communication among members, space and facility support, and business cost support. These results can be understood as village management social cooperatives require a higher level of competence than existing social cooperatives to operate and manage spaces created through urban regeneration projects, and a stable business model is important. Next, the regression analysis revealed that business strategy, organizational capacity, communication and cooperation, and government support were all important factors in achieving the cooperative's purpose. These findings confirm that village management social cooperatives, as an organization that values democratic decision-making and social contribution, require a different approach than general enterprises in order to create value for their original purpose.

1970년대 원주지역의 부락개발사업 연구

김소남(Kim So-nam) 한국역사연구회 2011 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.82

Examined in this study is the 3rd ‘Village Development Program’ of the General Restoration Plan initiated to respond to the Namhan-gang flooding in the river’s basin area (filled with agricultural and mine districts) by the Relief & Rehabilitation Committee in the early and middle 1970s. Since the beginning of 1973, the Village Development program was promoted in 38 villages which had to leave severely flooded areas. After a survey of the villages’ respective aptitudes, villages were selected and their leaders were invited to a training course before the program began. They organized Village Development Councils where they discussed project plans, and the Committee requested the village councils to organize cooperatives which would receive the loans. The loans must be repaid without an interest, in four equal installments after a grace period of one year. The loans were calculated in the form of rice, at the ‘government-purchase’ price. Guidance workers were employed to assist the Village Development program. The program included productive cooperative projects that would increase the income, and it was encouraged to create many cooperative organizations in marketing, loan business, insurance and utilization. Potential leaders of the villages were discovered and trained steadily so that they could carry out the projects of their villages independently, cooperatively, and democratically. The inhabitants chose their own projects, organized a body to carry out them, and worked out a reasonable project plan of operation. All these achievements were attained through free and democratic conferences of the participants. As a result, the level of self-reliance on the participants’ part got higher. They raised their own capacity of meeting, comprehended the principles of cooperation, and kept improving their cooperative ways in farming and management. The village development program showed the possibility of a village development conducted in a democratic fashion and also with the collaborative experience of the farmers, and at the same time it indicated the potential strengths of the peasant movements. Such experience was a great asset for the upcoming efforts and struggles of the Korean Catholic Farmers’ Movement, and it also played a great role in pioneering the farmer educations in the Christian Academy’s peasant movements in the 1970s. At the time, the Village Development program was only conducted in 2 percent of all the towns located in three provinces and 11 cities, yet with those efforts the importance and necessity of rural development projects led by the private sector came to be duly recognized.

서울 백사마을 여성 공동체의 형성과 변화

최성희(Choi, Seonghui) 서울민속학회 2014 서울민속학 Vol.- No.1

백사마을은 1967년 이후 청계천, 중랑천 등지의 도심지역 환경정비사업의 일환으로 철거된 판잣집 거주자들이 강제로 이주되어 형성된 지역으로 재개발 대상 구역이다. 백사마을의 일부지역은 보존적 재개발의 방식으로 기존의 경관이 보존되는데 필자는 전면 재개발이 진행될 예정인 1통과 2통 일대 35년 이상 거주한 여성 세 명을 선정하여 인터뷰 및 참여관찰을 통해 조사를 진행하였다. 다양한 서울의 도시마을 사례들과 비교해 볼 때 각기 상이한 출신지를 지닌 서울 백사마을의 구성원들은 비자발적인 강제이주로 백사마을로 이주하게 되었고 여성 공동체 구성원들의 마을 내 사회적 역할이 중요하게 부각되는 특징을 보인다. 본 논문에서는 서울 백사마을의 여성 공동체의 특징과 변화에 대해 통시적으로 고찰하기위해 자료제공자 A, B, C를 통해 각각 백사마을 여성 공동체 구성원들이 여성 공동체를 구성하게 된 동기와 재개발이라는 마을의 변화에 대응하는 방식을 알 수 있었다. 도시마을(Urban Village)의 사례인 서울 백사마을의 여성 공동체 구성원들은 골목이라는 공간을 중심으로 하는 비공식적 소규모 모임으로서 여가 및 친목 그리고 생활 전반에 있어 품앗이적인 요소의 생활 공동체를 지속한다. 구체적으로 화장실, 빨래터, 우물, 골목 등 생활공간의 공유는 여성 공동체를 형성과 유지를 가능하게 하였다. 결론적으로 백사마을에의 공통된 기억과 경험은 여성 공동체로의 참여에 대한 조건이며 여성 공동체의 구성과 지속은 재개발이라는 삶의 공간의 변화에 대한 생존 대응방식으로서 작용한다. This research is focused on a women’s community in 104-Village. The 104-Village is cultivated by settlers migrated from the demolished illegal shacks in downtown near Cheonggye-stream and Jungnang-stream of Seoul. That village is located in Joonggyebon-dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul. The Range of 104-village is from 1-tong to 8-tong. The 104-Village were designated by Seoul City for redevelopment. In this research, the writer has interviewed and observed residents of 104-Village, living in the full redevelopment area. Three women designated A, B, and C who have lived in 104-Village for over thirty five years were interviewed. In comparison Urban Village like 104-Village in Seoul has the some similar characteristics. All the residents of 104-Village have different birthplaces. In 104-village women’s social participation plays a very important role in the village. As a result, the 104-Village is a case of ‘Urban Village’. The members of women’s community are cooperating with each other while living in the same area. Because the number of members in women’s community is so small, it is formed and maintained by a informal methods. It consists of trust and exchange of services without compulsion. The cooperations on public ownership of community facilities such as public spring waters, public lavatories, and alleys. Also, preserving and remembering the history of 104-Village is one of the most important factor in formation of women’s community in 104-Village.

해양생태보존을 위한 마을어장 모델에 관한 연구: 제주특별자치도의 어촌계 사례를 중심으로

강경민 ( Kyeong Min Kang ) 제주대학교 탐라문화연구소 2015 탐라문화 Vol.0 No.49

본 연구는 제주특별자치도의 어촌계 사례를 중심으로 마을어장의 관리에 대한 연구를 통하여 해양생태보존을 위한 마을어장모델에 대한 제시할 수 있는 원리를 발굴하는 데 있다. 연구방법은 사례에 대한 과정의 이해를 바탕으로 한 논의의 전개가 필요하고, 이용주체, 이용체계, 이용규칙, 집합적 장치 등 상호 다양한 관계를 문헌과 면담 및 토론 등을 통하여 밝혀낼 수 있기 때문에 질적 연구방법을 통하여 진행하는 것이 보다 적절하다고 판단하였다. 연구를 수행하면서 6개의 어촌계에 대하여 마을어장 관리규약을 상호 비교하였고, 어촌계를 방문하여 어촌계장과 면담을 실시하였다. 규약과 면담을 통하여 얻은 결론은 해양생태보존을 위한 마을어장모델은 다음의 원리가 있어야 함을 발견하였다. 첫째, 공존의 원리이다. 해양생태보존을 위한 마을어장모델은 이용자와 상호 공존할 때 가능하다. 둘째, 신뢰의 원리이다. 신뢰는 지속가능성의 원천이다. 셋째, 순응의 원리이다. 마을어장 관리는 규범과 규칙에 순응을 전제로 한다. 넷째, 나눔의 원리이다. 해양생태보존을 위해서는 서로 나누어야 한다. The purpose of this study is to find some principles that can be applied to the model of village Fisheries for marine and ecology preservation through case study of management of village fisheries, primarily focused on fishing village cooperatives in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. I used methodology combing of qualitative research methods. Through this study, I tried to compare regulations on management of village fisheries between village to village cases among six selected fishing village cooperatives. I conducted intensive interviews with the chief of fishing village cooperatives about some achievements and effectiveness of their management at their organizations. The findings of this research of regulations is resulted as quires following principles: First, When ecology preservation models bring benefits to both village fisheries and users, we can become can say it is effective. Second, credibility is the source of sustainability. Third, as for good management of village fisheries, it requires for them to respect or keep basic regulations and rules for handing those activities. Fourth, users must share spirits of keeping their community alive in order to achieve marine and ecology preservation in their communities.

어촌마을의 사회자본과 어촌계

김도균(Do Kyun Kim) 한국농촌사회학회 2010 農村社會 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 농촌마을과 다른 어촌마을의 사회자본 축적 조건을 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위해 3개의 어촌마을을 비교 연구하였다. 경제적 보상수준이 높고 외부집단과의 경계가 명확한 폐쇄형 연결망을 갖는 집단 혹은 조직이 사회자본 축적에 유리한 조건을 제공한다는 선행 연구들의 결과를 받아 드린다면 어촌마을 사회자본의 축적에 있어 어촌계가 중요한 변수로 작용한다. 연구 결과에 의하면 마을어장의 경제적 가치가 높아 어촌계에 대한 주민들의 경제적 의존도가 높고 어촌계원과 주민들 간의 인적 통합 수준이 높은 마을일수록 사회자본 축적에 유리하였다. 즉 마을공동체와 어촌계간의 인적·경제적 통합수준이 높은 어촌마을의 사회자본 축적수준이 높았다. 그러나 단순히 어촌계의 경제적 보상과 같은 도구적 특징이나 폐쇄성이 사회자본 축적에 유리한 조건을 제공한 것은 아니다. 보다 중요한 것은 어촌계의 운영 방향이 경제적 효율성에만 매몰 되지 않고, 어촌계의 공유자원인 마을어장에 대한 평등한 접근과 분배를 통하여 구성원들의 결속력과 신뢰를 증진시켰다는 점이다. 폴라니(Polanyi) 식으로 표현하자면 어촌계의 경제적 행위가 비경제적 목표를 포함한 보다 넓은 범위의 사회적 관계 안에서 이루어진다. 즉 어촌계는 공유자원의 호혜적 분배와 재분배를 통하여 시장경제체제 하에서 취약계층일 수밖에 없는 영세 어민들을 보호함으로써 사회자본을 축적시킨다. The study aims to identify necessary conditions for accumulating social capital uniquely for fishing villages, different from that for farming villages. With this aim, the study conducted comparative research into three fishing villages. Provided that the research result, which a group or an organization that has a high level of economic compensation and has a closed network of which the border is clear from outside groups, is accepted, fishing village cooperatives may be an essential variable in the accumulation of social capital for fishing villages. According to the research results, the higher the economic dependency of residents on fishing village cooperatives was due to the high economic value of village fishing grounds and the higher the level of the integration of human resources between fishing village cooperatives members and residents, was in a village, the more advantageous it was for accumulating social capital. That is, the level of accumulating social capital in a fishing village, of which the level of integration of human resources and economy between a village community and fishing village cooperatives is high, is also high. However, it does not mean that only the economic compensation of fishing village cooperatives, namely an instrumental characteristic, furnished advantageous conditions for the accumulation of social capital. More importantly, the direction of the operation of fishing village cooperatives makes a commitment to the economic stabilization of its members through an equitable approach and distribution regarding a village fishing ground, which is a common-pool resource, without being solely focused on economic efficiency. When putting it in the way of Polanyi, the economic activity of fishing village cooperatives has been performed within a social relationship in a broader range involving a non-economic goal. In other words, fishing village cooperatives accumulate social capital by protecting destitute fishermen who have no choice but to become a vulnerable class in the market economy system, through the mutually beneficial distribution and redistribution of shared resources.

지속성 있는 마을관리 사회적협동조합의 역량요구도 분석

문선남,이석환 (사) 한국도시재생학회 2023 도시재생 Vol.9 No.3

Village management cooperatives, which are the key players in urban regeneration projects, are organized as non-profit corporations to manage and manage various facilities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the importance and performance of competencies perceived by participants in urban regeneration projects for the sustainable operation of village management cooperatives, to derive priority groups, and to provide useful data for the development and operation of capacity-building programs that can be of practical help in the operation of village management cooperatives. A total of 54 competency items extracted from previous studies were selected through focus group interviews (FGI). A survey was conducted among 145 authorized village management cooperatives that were authorized in urban regeneration projects from 2019 to 2022. We applied t-test, Borich needs, and TLfF model to derive priority groups. As a result of the study, the final 12 competency items were identified as priority groups, which can be applied as priorities when planning and operating a capacity building program for village management cooperatives. Continuous capacity-building will help the village cooperatives to establish themselves in the community.

「ムラ」を想像する―集団として、状況として、連鎖として―

渡邉悟史 동서대학교 일본연구센터 2011 次世代 人文社會硏究 Vol.7 No.-

This paper aims to elucidate how villagers living in hilly area in Japan imagine what “village” is like when they have to consider cooperation. In order to address this question, the author would examine various opinions about whether or not villagers should help older villagers to maintain their farm lands in a village at the west side of Kanto region. At first, the category “village” has its importance for both those who promote cooperation and those who attempt to avoid it. Second, there are mainly two ways to imagine “village”: the one is “village” as “group for belonging” and the other is “village” as “situation when people are cooperating.” The former keeps its reality, but villagers think that the latter is losing its basis as villagers started to rely on market and social security service. Third, the author examines practices of a woman in her seventy who tries to re-imagine “chains of interdependence” among villagers.

「ムラ」を想像する―集團として、狀況として、連鎖として―

渡邊悟史 동서대학교 일본연구센터 2011 次世代 人文社會硏究 Vol.7 No.-

This paper aims to elucidate how villagers living in hilly area in Japan imagine what "village" is like when they have to consider cooperation. In order to address this question, the author would examine various opinions about whether or not villagers should help older villagers to maintain their farm lands in a village at the west side of Kanto region. At first, the category "village" has its importance for both those who promote cooperation and those who attempt to avoid it. Second, there are mainly two ways to imagine "village": the one is "village" as "group for belonging" and the other is "village" as "situation when people are cooperating." The former keeps its reality, but villagers think that the latter is losing its basis as villagers started to rely on market and social security service. Third, the author examines practices of a woman in her seventy who tries to re-imagine "chains of interdependence" among villagers.