조나단 에드워즈의 도덕철학에 나타나는 하나님 사랑과 이웃 사랑의 관계

강웅산 한국개혁신학회 2020 한국개혁신학 Vol.65 No.-

This paper is to study the relationship between the love of God and the love of neighbors in the moral philosophy of Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). “Love your neighbors” (Matt. 22:39) is often misunderstood as natural virtue. If so, we can practise this command with our natural inherent ability. The moral philosophy of Edwards, however, qualified the love of God and the love of neighbors as true virtue, that is, belonging to saving grace. The Holy Spirit dwells within us as “new principle” rather than assists outside or above us. According to Edwards’s theory of true virtue the love of neighbors is an extension of the love of God. True virtue by nature is love toward the greatness (being) and excellence (morality) of the object, namely God. The love of benevolence and the love of complacence sprout from it. Now the love of the same kind is headed towards the lesser beings than God, that is, neighbors. True virtue is to love neighbors, as beings simply considered. That is, one loves neighbors, for they are neighbors, and his joy increases for the betterment of neighbors. This is the work of saving grace through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. For Edwards, the secret of true virtue is in union with the object. The “consent” with the object and the “disposition” toward the object is the “union” of the mind. The union with God enables the union with neighbors. Natural morality is to only assist the natural ability from outside rather than uniting within as a new principle. Edwards’s moral philosophy helps our understanding that only the love of God enables the love of neighbors as true virtue. 본 연구는 조나단 에드워즈(Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758)의 도덕철학에 나타나는 하나님 사랑과 이웃 사랑의 관계를 조명하였다. 흔히 “이웃 사랑”(마 22:39) 명령을 일반은총으로 오해하는 경우가 있다. 즉 이웃 사랑이 자연도덕에 속한다면, 그 사랑은 우리의 본성적 능력으로 충분히 할 수 있는 실천이다. 에드워즈의 도덕철학은 하나님 사랑과 이웃 사랑의 실천이 참된 미덕 즉 구원은총에 속하는 것으로 논증하였다. 성령이 우리의 본성을 밖에서 또는 위에서 도우시는 것이 아니라, 우리 안에 내주하시어 “새로운 원리”(new principle)가 되심으로써 가능한 실천이라는 점이 에드워즈가 강조하는 바이다. 에드워즈의 참된 미덕 이론에 따르면, 이웃 사랑은 하나님 사랑의 연장이다. 본질적으로 참된 미덕은 대상의 위대함(존재)과 탁월함(미)에 대한 사랑이다. 즉 하나님 존재와 미를 보고 감각하는 데서 자애(benevolence)와 만족(complacence)의 사랑이 나온다. 그리고 동질의 사랑이 하나님보다 작은 대상 즉 이웃을 향한다. 이웃이 “단지 고려되는 존재”(being simply considered)이기 때문에, 즉 이웃이기 때문에 사랑하고, 그저 이웃의 잘됨을 기뻐할 수 있는 사랑이 참된 미덕이다. 이는 성령의 내주로만 가능하다. 에드워즈에게 있어서 참된 미덕의 핵심은 마음의 “연합”으로 집약된다. 그 대상과 “일치”되고, 그 대상을 향하는 “성향”이 곧 마음의 연합이다. 성령의 내주로 일차적으로 하나님과 연합하고, 이차적으로 이웃과 연합하게 한다. 자연도덕은 대상과 연합하는 것이 아니라 나의 본성적 능력 범위 안에서 그 대상을 돕는 반면, 에드워즈의 도덕철학은 하나님 사랑만이 참된 미덕으로서의 이웃 사랑을 가능하게 함을 확인한다.

Community Discovery in Weighted Networks Based on the Similarity of Common Neighbors

Liu, Miaomiao,Guo, Jingfeng,Chen, Jing Korea Information Processing Society 2019 Journal of information processing systems Vol.15 No.5

In view of the deficiencies of existing weighted similarity indexes, a hierarchical clustering method initialize-expand-merge (IEM) is proposed based on the similarity of common neighbors for community discovery in weighted networks. Firstly, the similarity of the node pair is defined based on the attributes of their common neighbors. Secondly, the most closely related nodes are fast clustered according to their similarity to form initial communities and expand the communities. Finally, communities are merged through maximizing the modularity so as to optimize division results. Experiments are carried out on many weighted networks, which have verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. And results show that IEM is superior to weighted common neighbor (CN), weighted Adamic-Adar (AA) and weighted resources allocation (RA) when using the weighted modularity as evaluation index. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can achieve more reasonable community division for weighted networks compared with cluster-recluster-merge-algorithm (CRMA) algorithm.

Community Detection using Closeness Similarity based on Common Neighbor Node Clustering Entropy

Wanchang Jiang,Xiaoxi Zhang,Weihua Zhu 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.8

In order to efficiently detect community structure in complex networks, community detection algorithms can be designed from the perspective of node similarity. However, the appropriate parameters should be chosen to achieve community division, furthermore, these existing algorithms based on the similarity of common neighbors have low discrimination between node pairs. To solve the above problems, a noval community detection algorithm using closeness similarity based on common neighbor node clustering entropy is proposed, shorted as CSCDA. Firstly, to improve detection accuracy, common neighbors and clustering coefficient are combined in the form of entropy, then a new closeness similarity measure is proposed. Through the designed similarity measure, the closeness similar node set of each node can be further accurately identified. Secondly, to reduce the randomness of the community detection result, based on the closeness similar node set, the node leadership is used to determine the most closeness similar first-order neighbor node for merging to create the initial communities. Thirdly, for the difficult problem of parameter selection in existing algorithms, the merging of two levels is used to iteratively detect the final communities with the idea of modularity optimization. Finally, experiments show that the normalized mutual information values are increased by an average of 8.06% and 5.94% on two scales of synthetic networks and real-world networks with real communities, and modularity is increased by an average of 0.80% on the real-world networks without real communities.

Novel Local Community Detection Algorithm Based on Contribution of Common Neighbor Nodes

Tianhong Wang,Xing Wu,Wangsen Lan 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.9 No.11

Most of the local community detection algorithms based on node similarity often simply count the number of common neighbors as the basis of selecting members of the community that cannot accurately measure the value of a common neighbor node in the information transmission of nodes. For this, we use the new concept of a common neighbor contribution; borrowed from the idea about the local modularity, put forward a new fast community detection algorithm. The algorithm accurately selects candidate nodes to join the community, according to the contribution of the common neighbor node, also without calculating local modularity for each common neighbor node, and greatly improved the accuracy and efficiency in merging Members. the experimental results of the computer-generated network and the real networks verified reliability and efficiency of the algorithm.

Community Discovery in Weighted Networks Based on the Similarity of Common Neighbors

Miaomiao Liu,Jingfeng Guo,Jing Chen 한국정보처리학회 2019 Journal of information processing systems Vol.15 No.5

In view of the deficiencies of existing weighted similarity indexes, a hierarchical clustering method initializeexpand-merge (IEM) is proposed based on the similarity of common neighbors for community discovery inweighted networks. Firstly, the similarity of the node pair is defined based on the attributes of their commonneighbors. Secondly, the most closely related nodes are fast clustered according to their similarity to form initialcommunities and expand the communities. Finally, communities are merged through maximizing themodularity so as to optimize division results. Experiments are carried out on many weighted networks, whichhave verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. And results show that IEM is superior to weightedcommon neighbor (CN), weighted Adamic-Adar (AA) and weighted resources allocation (RA) when usingthe weighted modularity as evaluation index. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can achieve more reasonablecommunity division for weighted networks compared with cluster-recluster-merge-algorithm (CRMA)algorithm.

아파트단지 주민공동 시설의 이용 및 외부개방 선호

송민아(Song, Min-A),정여진(Jeong, Yeo-Jin),강준규(Kang, Jun-Kyu),박경옥(Park, Kyoung-ok) 한국주거학회 2017 한국주거학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.29 No.2

기회적 네트워크에서의 유사도 기반의 포워딩 기법의 성능 분석

김선겸(Sun-Kyum Kim),이태석(Tae-Seok Lee),김완종(Wan-Jong Kim) 한국정보과학회 2018 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지 Vol.24 No.3

기회적 네트워크(Opportunistic networks)의 포워딩은 간헐적인 연결로 인하여 출발지와 목적지 간에 안정된 경로가 존재하지 않아 기존 포워딩 기법들은 성능이 저하되는 문제를 가지고 있다. 최근 소셜 네트워크 관계망을 이용한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 유사도(Similarity)는 소셜 네트워크 분석을 위한 매우 중요한 분석 방법 중 하나이다. 본 논문은 대표적인 유사도를 이용한 포워딩 기법들을 제안하고 기회적 네트워크에서 유사도에 기반한 포워딩 기법을 적용시에 얼마나 성능 향상이 있는지 알아본다. 그 결과로, 이 기법들은 목적지와 유사도가 높은 노드를 중개 노드로 선정하여 포워딩하기 때문에 낮은 트래픽 및 홉 수를 가지게 되며, 준수한 전송 딜레이를 유지한다. Forwarding in opportunistic networks shows low performance because there may be no connecting paths between the source and the destination nodes due to the intermittent connectivity. Currently, social network analysis has been researched. Specifically, similarity is one of methods of social networks analysis. In this paper, we propose forwarding schemes based on representative similarities, and evaluate how much the forwarding performance increases. As a result, since the forwarding schemes are based on similarities, these schemes only forward messages to nodes with higher similarity as relay nodes, toward the destination node. These schemes have low network traffic and hop count while having stable transmission delay.

단지내 공동체의식 활성화를 위한 외부공간 계획방법에 관한 연구

신연호(Shin Yon-Ho),김원필(Kim Won-Pil) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.5

Shortage of housing land in the metropolitan area, aggravated traffic congestion, evasion of high-rise apartment, change of lifestyles including early attendance and leaving the office, the five day work week, or working at home for one's company, make the demand of idyllic housing increase. Consequently the government conducts business to make fishing and agrarian villages cultural ones, spread of standard plan for rural housing, formation of cultural village, marginal farmland development business for interchange between city and country, in addition, local government also attracts citizens by creating idyllic village. Those who seek for idyllic housing attempt to escape from the city resolutely, expecting to be relaxed and refreshed in the disengaged nature, not in complicated downtown. However, there's no standard for creating outdoor environment of complex-typed idyllic housing for now. In order to analyze the outdoor space for activating community at the idyllic housing block in the metropolitan area, the exampled sites were selected centering on the southeast area of it. Through the analysis of the property of complex and the current state of outdoor space composition, and the business model of twenty two cities and districts which participated in idyllic village business promoted by the government, this study attempted to examine the flow of community at the idyllic housing block, through the community facilities, activity program, analysis of outdoor space and foreign cases. Regarding the requisites for planning idyllic housing complex, the major findings were that (1) establishing foundation facility and the whole complex at local government level; (2) separate understanding of surrounding environment as granting identity or peculiarity that might belong to the physical elements of residential area; (3) residents forms community naturally through interchange between children; (4) provision pf wide sidewalk and carefully planned road; (5) preserving the existing woods; (6) design complex by congregating buildings than disposing them with a fixed space; (7) planning exterior materials and colors for building inside complex with unification, sense of identity and belongings. In addition, important design guidelines were proposed for livable community.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Microstructure Evolution During Solidification of Copper Nanoparticles

Yu-Quan Yuan,Xiang-Guo Zeng,Hua-Yan Chen,An-Lin Yao,Yan-Fei Hu 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.11

The effect of cooling rate on the microstructure evolution of liquid Cu nanoparticles during their solidification process is investigated by using a molecular dynamics simulation based on the embedded atom method (EAM) potential developed by Foiles et al.. The potential energy analysis,the pair distribution function and the common neighbor analysis have been used. The results show that the solidification point increases with decreasing cooling rate and that the solidification of the microstructure of Cu nanoparticles varies with the cooling rate. The microstructure consists of fcc,hcp and bcc crystals or mixtures, though the fcc structure dominates, except in the amorphous state. An amorphous structure was obtained when the cooling rate reached 1.0 × 1013 K/s or higher while crystallization degree increased with decreasing cooling rate, and the total content of crystal structures reached to 95% when the cooling rate dropped to 4.0 × 1011 K/s, which was nearly a perfect crystal structure. The results also indicate that a single-crystal nanoparticle will not be obtained by quenching the liquid metal under various cooling rates.

국제개발협력 시각에서의 난민캠프 사업 분석 연구 : 탄자니아 굿네이버스 냐루구수 난민캠프 공동시장을 중심으로

정희율(Heeyul Jeong),성상미(Sangmi Sung),김영완(Youngwan Kim) 한국국제정치학회 2019 國際政治論叢 Vol.59 No.4