10대·20대의 일상언어에 잔존하는 일본식 한자어

이덕배 ( Lee Deok-bae ),정보희 ( Jeong Bohee ) 한국일본어교육학회 2017 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.82

This study is the survey on the usage and the influence factors of 78 words of Japanese style Chinese words remaining in Korean language, targeting Korean people in their 10s and 20s. As a result, 50percent of 10s use the 24 Japanese style Chinese words, and 50percent of 20s use 46 Japanese style Chinese words. It can be seen that the 10s who mainly spend lots of time in limited space with their peers don’t use a lot of words, but they can use more words in their 20s. And most people in their 10s and 20s do not recognize these words as Japanese even use them without reluctance. However, there are a few words that are rarely used in practice. These words are not deeply rooted in the daily life language of 10s and 20s and are likely to be replaced by Korean native words.

日韓両言語における 高頻度外来語の使用実態に関する対照研究 - 9年間(2013年から2021年まで)の新聞社説を基に -

岸本まりこ,손동주 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2022 인문사회과학연구 Vol.23 No.4

In this study, both Korean and Japanese newspaper editorials were investigated, and foreign words in the editorials were manually extracted and investigated for 9 years (2013-2021). In this survey, the number of samples is '(Japanese) 5,912: (Korea) 8,056' and the total number of characters is '(Japanese) 5,379,282: (Korea) 8,744,398'. Among the top 100 words of 'high frequency foreign words' in the two languages, there were 48 'overlapping words' in the two languages. As for the characteristics of loanwords with high frequency, words related to current affairs or international affairs were concentrated from 1st to 20th. And there were 52 'non-overlapping words'. The characteristics of 'non-overlapping words' were loan words with high frequency in one language and low frequency in another language. '(Language A) loan words with high frequency:((Language B) loan words with low frequency' were defined as 'non-overlapping words' and analyzed. Based on this definition, attention was paid to differences in fish species as a non-overlapping factor. As a result, 26 Japanese words and 16 Korean words were selected as 'words to be analyzed'. Of the 26 words analyzed in Japanese, 25 were foreign words with high frequency. One word, 'Breirki (74):歯止め (190)', had a high occurrence rate of non-loan terms (Japanese native words), and both were '~がかかる'. There was also a commonality used in idiomatic expressions in the form of '/~をかける'. On the other hand, in the Korean language, 13 out of 16 were foreign words with high frequency. It was high. The editorial genre covers a lot of words related to current events and international affairs. It's resolved. 본 논문의 연구는 한일 양 언어의 신문사설을 조사대상으로 하여 수작업으로 9년간(2013-2021) 사설에 있는 외래어를 추출조사를 하였다. 본 조사에서 표본은 사설수‘(일) 5,912개:(한)8,056개’이고 총 문자수는 ‘(일) 5,379,282개: (한) 8,744,398개’이였다. 양 언어에서‘고빈도 외래어’상위 100개 단어에서 양 언어가‘중복하는 단어’는 48개이였다. 고빈도 외래어의 특징으로는 시사나 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 상위 1위에서 20위까지 집중해 있었다. 그리고 '중복되지 않는 단어'는 52개이였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'의 특징은 한 언어에서는 고빈도 외래어이나 다른 언어에서는 중빈도 또는 저빈도 외래어였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'에서 '(언어A)고빈도 외래어: (언어B) 저빈도 외래어' 라고 정의하여 분석을 하였다. 이 정의를 기초로하여 중복되지 않은 요인으로 어종의 차이에 주목하였다. 그 결과로 '분석 대상어'로 일본어 26개, 한국어 16개 단어를 선정하였다. 일본어에 있어서 분석 대상어 26개 중 25개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 1개 ‘ブレーキ(74개):歯止め(190개)’에 대해서는 외래어 이외의 어종(일본고유어)의 출현이 높았고 양쪽 모두‘~がかかる/~をかける’의 형태로 관용표현에 이용되는 공통점도 보였다. 한편 한국어에서는 16개 중 13개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 다음의 3개‘네거티브(40개):부정적(241개),이슈(70개):쟁점(153개),캠프(41개):진영(210개)’는 한자어 출현이 높았다.사설이라는 장르는 시사 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 많이 다루어지며 양 언어 모두 사설에서 외래어를 사용했는지 또는 한자어가 사용되었는지 다시 말해 사용하고 있는 단어의 어종의 차이로 외래어가 정착했는지에 대해 해명하였다.

日韓両言語における 高頻度外来語の使用実態に関する対照研究: 9年間(2013年から2021年まで)の新聞社説を基に

岸本まりこ(Kishimoto Mariko ),손동주(Dong-ju Son) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2022 인문사회과학연구 Vol.23 No.4

본 논문의 연구는 한일 양 언어의 신문사설을 조사대상으로 하여 수작업으로 9년간(2013-2021) 사설에 있는 외래어를 추출조사를 하였다. 본 조사에서 표본은 사설수‘(일) 5,912개:(한)8,056개’이고 총 문자수는 ‘(일) 5,379,282개: (한) 8,744,398개’이였다. 양 언어에서‘고빈도 외래어’상위 100개 단어에서 양 언어가‘중복하는 단어’는 48개이였다. 고빈도 외래어의 특징으로는 시사나 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 상위 1위에서 20위까지 집중해 있었다. 그리고 '중복되지 않는 단어'는 52개이였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'의 특징은 한 언어에서는 고빈도 외래어이나 다른 언어에서는 중빈도 또는 저빈도 외래어였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'에서 '(언어A)고빈도 외래어: (언어B) 저빈도 외래어' 라고 정의하여 분석을 하였다. 이 정의를 기초로하여 중복되지 않은 요인으로 어종의 차이에 주목하였다. 그 결과로 '분석 대상어'로 일본어 26개, 한국어 16개 단어를 선정하였다. 일본어에 있어서 분석 대상어 26개 중 25개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 1개 ‘ブレーキ(74개):歯止め(190개)’에 대해서는 외래어 이외의 어종(일본고유어)의 출현이 높았고 양쪽 모두‘~がかかる/~をかける’의 형태로 관용표현에 이용되는 공통점도 보였다. 한편 한국어에서는 16개 중 13개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 다음의 3개‘네거티브(40개):부정적(241개),이슈(70개):쟁점(153개),캠프(41개):진영(210개)’는 한자어 출현이 높았다.사설이라는 장르는 시사 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 많이 다루어지며 양 언어 모두 사설에서 외래어를 사용했는지 또는 한자어가 사용되었는지 다시 말해 사용하고 있는 단어의 어종의 차이로 외래어가 정착했는지에 대해 해명하였다. In this study, both Korean and Japanese newspaper editorials were investigated, and foreign words in the editorials were manually extracted and investigated for 9 years (2013-2021). In this survey, the number of samples is '(Japanese) 5,912: (Korea) 8,056' and the total number of characters is '(Japanese) 5,379,282: (Korea) 8,744,398'. Among the top 100 words of 'high frequency foreign words' in the two languages, there were 48 'overlapping words' in the two languages. As for the characteristics of loanwords with high frequency, words related to current affairs or international affairs were concentrated from 1st to 20th. And there were 52 'non-overlapping words'. The characteristics of 'non-overlapping words' were loan words with high frequency in one language and low frequency in another language. '(Language A) loan words with high frequency:((Language B) loan words with low frequency' were defined as 'non-overlapping words' and analyzed. Based on this definition, attention was paid to differences in fish species as a non-overlapping factor. As a result, 26 Japanese words and 16 Korean words were selected as 'words to be analyzed'. Of the 26 words analyzed in Japanese, 25 were foreign words with high frequency. One word, 'Breirki (74):歯止め (190)', had a high occurrence rate of non-loan terms (Japanese native words), and both were '~がかかる'. There was also a commonality used in idiomatic expressions in the form of '/~をかける'. On the other hand, in the Korean language, 13 out of 16 were foreign words with high frequency. It was high. The editorial genre covers a lot of words related to current events and international affairs. It's resolved.

20세기의 국어 어휘와 어휘연구

임지룡(Lim Ji-Ryong) 국어국문학회 2009 국어국문학 Vol.- No.152

Taking as its basis a survey of the 20th century Korean lexicon, this paper explores its lexical properties through examination of its lexical character, its extralinguistic background and various lexical aspects, and provides an overview of important achievements in lexical studies through the construction and arrangement of lexical data and through the examination of lexical studies. The major results are as follows: First, three main properties of the 20th century Korean lexicon were found: (1) Although it consists of native words, Chinese words, and foreign words from the West, native words are conspicuous for the motivation process of forming words, and highly developed in terms of symbolic words and sense words. (2) Changes in politics and social structures in the 20th century are reflected both directly and indirectly in the Korean lexicon. (3) Complex aspects have appeared due to the expansion of the lexicon, the mass production of new words including foreign words, differentiation between North Korea and South Korea and between old and young generations, and the appearance of an "Internet vocabulary" in the lexicon of young generations. Second, three significant achievements in 20th century studies on the Korean lexicon were identified: (1) Following on the construction of a lexical database, standard words were established, dictionaries were written, frequencies of words were examined, and basic words were chosen. (2) The government and various civil organizations have focused on lexical purification, with satisfactory results. (3) Books on lexicology and lexical history were published, research on lexical fields and lexical relations was activated and methodologies for lexical education were explored. Lastly, the 20th century Korean lexicon evolved complex and diverse features in response to the demands of the times. On the one hand, lexical studies during this time showed great development and produced significant results, both in quantity and quality. On the other hand, problems continued to exist in areas such as: (ⅰ) limitations in awareness of the importance of the lexicon; (ⅱ) objectives, targets and methodologies of lexical studies; and (ⅲ) lack of research scholars in this field. These problems remain to be addressed by the 21st Korean lexicon.

초등학교 입학 전 다문화가정 자녀를 위한 학습도구어 선정 및 교육

김지애 이중언어학회 2010 이중언어학 Vol.44 No.-

Kim Jiae. 2010. 10. 30. Selecting the ‘Tool Words for studying’ for the pre-elementary school children from multi-cultural family and the way to teach them. Bilingual Research 44, 129-155. This study is about selecting the words which need to be taught to the pre-elementary school children from multi-cultural family for studying better in the elementary school later. First, for this study, it was selected 192 words and made the list of ‘Tool Words for studying’ from the corpus of the first school year students’ textbooks. This ‘Tool Words for studying’ is the words that are used to explain and describe the learning contents, so its function is like tools for learning and studying the contents. Second, it is presented some ways of making use of this words list for the korean language teaching to the pre-elementary school children from multi-cultural family. This study can be available for the actual teaching and learning vocabulary for them. (Korea University)

北宋 “文字禪” 出現背景探究 -以禪學與詩學的關系爲中心

조병활 ( Byung Hwal Cho ) 동아시아불교문화학회 2014 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.19

“文字禪”是什마?文字禪這個詞最早出現于何處、何時?本篇論文先考察文字禪壹詞的最早用例幷梳理意見紛운的文字禪的定義,而後以唐、五代禪學和詩學的關系爲中心探索北宋文字禪形成的背景。因禪語與詩語都具有重象征、尊隱喩、不點破等特點,而禪與詩的關系흔密切。在描述方式上,禪與詩的此壹致性推動了“以詩明禪”、“以禪喩詩”的姿態。靈外,詩本來是主觀情緖對客觀世界反應的透露,卽是“人性、感情”的表現。禪也特別重視體味“自性”。這點亦使禪與詩間的距離縮小。禪與詩的這種像似度也是“不立文字”的禪思想漸漸脫離其藩籬,追隨“不離文字”的路線,最終制造文字禪風的內在機理之壹。然而,較多硏究禪學者把不離文字的文字禪的出現視爲禪宗衰落的象征。筆者不同意這個見解。禪師們爲適應時代的要求幷克服當時的困難而努力所制造的産物就是文字禪。可以說“借敎悟宗”與“敎外別傳”、“不立文字”和“不離文字”都是禪師們努力的成果。因此,重視禪詩壹致、不離文字的文字禪的誕生也是禪思想發展的結果。타從來不抛棄或背叛不立文字的精神,反而타爲克服不立文字導致的壹些弊端做了較大的貢獻. What is “Literary Chan”? When and where did the Literary Chan first appear? This thesis explores the first usage of the word “Literary Chan”, organizes different definitions of the word, and probes the background of the formation of the Literary Chan, centering the relationship between the Poetics and the Chan studies of the Tang and Wudai Dynasties. Chan and Poem are intimatelyrelated, because the Chan Language and the Poetic Language both emphasize symbolism and metaphor. In the way of expression, Chan and Poetics also congruously propelled “Illuminating Enlightenment with poetry” and “Comparing Poetry to Enlightenment.” Additionally, poems are essentially a product which came to existence when subjective emotions and understanding encountered objective matters, which could also be interpreted as a revelation of human nature. Thispoint also reduces the distance between Chan and Poetics. This similarity between Chan and Poetics is also one of the internal reasons behind the gradual separation of the Chan studies from theirown divisions, the pursuit of the way of “Not independent from the written words”, and the ultimate formation of the new trend of the Literary Chan. Although usually there is a tendency to interpret the advent of the Literary Chan, that is “not independent from the written words”, as a mark of Chan Buddhism’s decline, this writer does not agree with this tendency. The Literary Chan is a product of an attempt to meet the requirement of the era and to overcome the impediment of time, made by the Chan monks. One can say that “thanks to the teachings get Buddhist Enlightenment” and “learning the Buddhist thoughts without literary assistance”, “non reliance upon the written words” and “not independent from the written words” are both products of the Chan monks’ diligence. Thus, valuing of the congruence between Chan and Poetics, and the advent of the Literary Chan that is “not independent from the written words” are bothconsequences of the development of the Chan Studies. It never abandoned or contradicted the spirit of “non reliance upon the written words”, and in fact played a dominant role in eliminating the detrimental consequences resulted by “non reliance upon the written words”, if anything.

한국어에 잔존하는 고유 일본어의 사용실태와 인식에 관한 고찰

이덕배 ( Deok Bae Lee ),정보희 ( Bohee Jeong ) 한국일본어교육학회 2016 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.75

This paper analyzes the use of and the perception on the Japanese loan words in four different age groups including teens, 20s to 30s, 40s to 50s, and 60s to 70s. The exposure to the remaining Japanese loans is high to the age groups of 40s to 50s, and 60s to 70s while it is low in the teens. All age groups are frequently exposed to the food-related loan words. It is also observed that the remaining loan words undergo semantic changes: expansion or reduction of meaning. Some loan words adopt different meaning from their original meaning in Japanese. Some loan words are deeply rooted into the language life of the Korean language users even though their counterparts exist in Korean, and they are naturalized as Korean words and listed in "Standard Korean Dictionary(표준국어대사전)." It is assumed that the loan words may well be fully accepted into Korean language when they are in frequent use and when the people are not aware of their origin. On the other hand, the loan words may become obsolete and disappear when they are frequently replaced by Korean native words because they are recognized as loan words by Korean language users.

近世・近代に於ける「阿~」系列の中国語の呼称について

羅工洙 한국일본근대학회 2017 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.55

This study discussed the acceptance and development of the word “「阿~」” through the Japanese modern and recent times. It is a Chinese spoken word which was used before or during the Dang dynasty although it depends on the word. In the EDO age of Japan, Chines slang was made frequent use because of the influx of Chinese popular literature. The word “阿 ~” was used in modern dictionary or secular literature translated into Japanese. It is not found so much in other materials. The overall trends of modern times showed that the usage range was narrow and it was not used frequently. In the MEIJI era, the power of the word “阿 ~” never been weakened. It seems that there was considerably recognized as a Chinese because it had come from Japan early. What I would like to note here is that " 阿母" which was hardly used in the past has been used by many authors as a mainstream. Also, “阿父・阿兄・阿爺” is frequently used. They do not get much reading aloud. They are read with various Japanese (Hun), in which various conversation subjects are given by a speaker and a listener. The word “阿 ~” was widely used for Japanese literature because of the boom of Chinese Studies. Although the times of trend depends on the word, it is a word preferred by authors in the Meiji Period. Chinese Studies was one of the factors that enriched Kanji notation rather than the Chinese word in modern sentences.

新聞社説における外来語の意味分類に関する日韓対照研究- 分類語彙表(増補改訂版) を基に -

키시모토 마리코 동북아시아문화학회 2023 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.74

In this paper, we surveyed newspaper editorials in both Japanese and Korean languages, and conducted a manual extraction survey of foreign words from editorials for 10 years (2013 to 2022). The samples obtained from this survey consisted of the number of editorials (Japanese) 6,592: (Korean) 8,977, the total number of characters) 1,555 words: (Korean) 1,035 words", the total number of words is “(Japanese) 39,590 words: (Korean) 26,167 words”. Using the top 100 words counted as high-frequency loanwords from this survey data, we classified the semantic fields based on the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2004) “Classification Vocabulary Table (Enlarged and Revised Edition)”. First, the distribution of major classifications was common to both languages, with the noun “type of body” accounting for more than 90%. There were very few verb-related “用の類” and adjective-like “相の類”. However, based on the “Classification Vocabulary Table”, it is classified as “体の類”, but according to the research results of Kishimoto (2023) from a different perspective, some words are classified into nouns and verbs. touched. Words classified as verbs are “service, share, check, lead” in Japanese and “브리핑, 쇼핑, 인터뷰” in Korean. Next, in the middle classification, the distribution of “abstract relations” in Japanese and “human activity” in Korean was the most common. Furthermore, what is common to both languages is that six words overlap in the distribution of “language” in the “abstract relation” subclass. Among the subcategories, what is characteristic is that four words overlap in the field of “communications,” but there are also words related to the technology field. Korean) 빅데이터 was to be included. The results of the survey are a reflection of foreign- language products circulating at the time, but it remains to be seen how the results would change if the survey were to cover items other than editorials.

國語能力 伸張과 漢字 學習과의 相關 關係 - <국어기본법> 제3조 5항과 관련하여 -

이명학 한국한문교육학회 2011 한문교육논집 Vol.37 No.-

In the Establishment of “The Framework Act on the Korean Language” law 2005, set Chinese Character(Hanja, 漢字) include on other language Character, distinguish Korea character(Hangul). We already know Chinese Character is have a long using history, and Whether we like it or not already become critical area in the Korea language. In add, a Words which compound with Chinese Character is reach 70% in total Korean words. Though for all this important, except Chinese character in the law is disregard korean language using History and real korean language situation in now. As we Know the ability using Korean language is meaning total expression ability by korean, include a listening, speaking, reading and writing ability, at “The Framework Act on the Korean Language” law. but, using Korean, beside using and study Chinese character, only using Korea Character(Hangul), we can not exact express out our thinking and feeling, also, can not expect good result which integrated performance assessment Korean Language Learning activity. I think the Keyword to effective and success is set on the people How many exactly know the words(compound Chinese character) meaning, using in language life. That is good reason why we study Chinese character in study Korean. This study for prove above thinking, make a experiment that Korean using ability how can improve between only study by Korea Character or study by Chinese character on primary and high school students. In this experiment, I can go into detailed criticism of the people who say for improve korean language using ability is only study and use Korea Character, no need study Chinese character. Also, can find process a student about some of not fully understand or unknown words, study and correctly using by study Chinese Character. 2005년 제정된 <국어기본법>은 한글의 대척점에 漢字와 다른 外國文字를 같이 놓아 漢字를 外國文字의 위상에 준하도록 규정 하였다. 漢字는 이미 오래 전에 들어와 우리가 원했든 원하지 않았든 엄연히 우리 言語 體系의 일부가 되었다. 당연하고도 자연스럽게 漢字로 된 어휘가 우리말의 상당 부분을 차지하고 있음에도 불구하고 漢字를 국어의 범주에서 배척한 것은 歷史的인 情況과 現實的인 狀況을 度外視한 것이다. 특히 <국어기본법>에서 ‘국어 능력’은 ‘한국어(우리 말)’로 할 수 있는 ‘듣기, 말하기, 읽기, 쓰기’ 등 言語 領域 전반에 관한 능력을 말한다. 그러나 漢字를 排除하고 오직 한글만을 사용하여 ‘생각이나 느낌 등을 正確하게 表現하고 理解’하는 등 전반적인 국어 능력을 伸張시킬 수는 없다. 語文敎育의 관건은 漢字 敎育을 통한 漢字語에 대한 理解와 熟知에 달려 있음은 말할 필요도 없다. 본고는 <국어기본법> 제3조 5항에서 강조한 국어능력이 한글만으로 伸張될 수 있는지, 아니면 漢字 학습을 통해 국어능력이 伸張될 수 있는지 初等學校와 高等學校 학교 현장에서 학생들을 대상으로 실험을 통해 살펴보았다. 국어능력이 한글만으로 충분히 伸張될 수 있어 漢字 학습이 不必要하다는 주장에 대해 그 문제점을 비판하고 아울러 학생들이 漢字 학습을 통해 막연하게 알고 있거나, 전혀 모르고 있던 漢字語의 의미를 어떻게 정확하게 파악하는지 그 과정과 양상을 살펴보았다.