농가유형별 쌀 소득보전직불제의 소득효과 분석

임청룡 ( Cheong-ryong Lim ),정호중 ( Ho-jung Jeong ),임성수 ( Sung-soo Lim ),정원호 ( Won-ho Chung ) 한국농업정책학회 2018 농업경영정책연구 Vol.45 No.3

This study analyzes how the direct rice income compensation payment program affects on farm income for various types of farm household with two different data sources, a farm household survey database and a database on agricultural business entities. We analyze farm income effects by reviewing farm income increase and stabilization, income equality, business stability, and economic safety net for farm households. The results show that the program contributed significantly to increasing and stabilizing farm income, income equality, and business stability. In particular, variable direct payments have a bigger effect on the groups of expert farmers and preliminary expert farmers, while fixed direct payments on senior and retired farmers. Without direct payments, 16~28% of ordinary farmers would face serious management risk and about 3% of senior and retired farmers could not cover the minimum cost of living or household consumption expenditure. Therefore, it is needed to maintain fixed direct payments for senior and ordinary farmers in order to support their farm management and income stabilization.

소득격차와 소득변화, 그리고 미래기대

금현섭(Kum, Hyunsub),백승주(Baek, Seungju) 서울행정학회 2014 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.25 No.1

본 연구는 개인의 주관적 후생(행복)과 소득의 관계에 있어서 미래기대의 중요성과 그 형성요인에 대한 이론적·실증적 검토를 목적으로 한다. 미래기대는 소득수준 이외의 다양한 소득변화 양태를 복합적으로 고려한 중요한 판단임에도 불구하고 미래기대의 형성요인과 그 역할에 대한 논의는 그동안 많이 이루어지지 못하였다. 이러한 문제의식 하에 본 연구는 미래기대에 대한 소득격차와 소득변화(소득이동성, 소득안정성)의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 안정적인 소득상승의 경험은 미래기대를 제고하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 소득변화의 경험은 준거집단에 대한 소득격차에 비해 통계적으로 유의미하게 차이가 났다. 또한 동일한 소득상승을 경험하더라도 안정적 소득변화를 경험하는 경우 또는 동일한 소득안정성을 갖더라도 소득하락보다는 상승을 경험하는 경우 미래상황에 대한 기대는 보다 긍정적인 것으로 나타나, 소득변화에 있어서 소득이동성과 소득안정성은 시너지효과를 갖고 있음을 발견하였다. 이러한 발견은 다양한 사회·고용정책에 있어서 안정적인 소득보장의 가치와 필요성을 강조할 뿐 아니라 주관적 후생 증진의 연결고리라는 점을 제시하는 근거라고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study reviews the theoretical importance of future expectation in the relationship between subjective well-being and income, and explores the determinant factors of future expectation related to income change. Although the future expectation is individual"s crucial judgment concerned their various income change aspects, it hasn"t almost been discussed about how future expectation formed. In these respects, we investigate empirically the relationship between future expectation and income disparities, income mobility, and income stability. Empirical results show that experience of stable income increase raises future expectation when it considered with income changes. In addition, we found that income mobility and income stability have a synergy effect on the future expectantly. When people experience more stable income change even if they experience same income increases with others, people have a more positive future expectation. And when people experience an income increase even if they experience same income stability with others, people have a more positive future expectation, too. Based on these empirical results, we noted that stable income security plays a key role in forming a future expectation in policy reality.

농가특성별 쌀소득보전직불제의 소득 효과 분석

민선형 ( Sun Hyung Min ),김관수 ( Kwan Soo Kim ),박준기 ( Joon Kee Park ),안동환 ( Dong Hwan An ) 한국농업경제학회 2015 農業經濟硏究 Vol.56 No.4

This paper evaluates the income effects of the direct income compensation payment program for rice farmers and investigates the determinants of income effects using farm household economy survey data during 2003-2012. The effects of the direct payment program were measured by first and second moments (mean and variance) and coefficient of variation (CV) of income distribution. We simulate changes in mean by direct payment to measure income enhancement effects and simulate changes in CV by direct payment to measure income stabilization effects. The empirical results reveal that i) the direct payment program contributes to both mean and variance of farm household income; and ii) over 70 ages, total land, and farm type variables have positive effect on income enhancement and income stabilization.

농가특성별 쌀소득보전직불제의 소득 효과 분석

민선형,김관수,박준기,안동환 한국농업경제학회 2015 農業經濟硏究 Vol.56 No.5

This paper evaluates the income effects of the direct income compensation payment program for rice farmers and investigates the determinants of income effects using farm household economy survey data during 2003-2012. The effects of the direct payment program were measured by first and second moments (mean and variance) and coefficient of variation (CV) of income distribution. We simulate changes in mean by direct payment to measure income enhancement effects and simulate changes in CV by direct payment to measure income stabilization effects. The empirical results reveal that i) the direct payment program contributes to both mean and variance of farm household income; and ii) over 70 ages, total land, and farm type variables have positive effect on income enhancement and income stabilization.

경기변동의 생애소득 및 고용 안정성에 대한 영향과 복지정책의 역할:

전영준(Young Jun Chun) 한국재정학회(구 한국재정·공공경제학회) 2017 재정학연구 Vol.10 No.2

본 연구는 미국의 NLSY79 자료를 이용하여 경기침체시 고교를 졸업하는 세대들의 생애소득 및 고용안정성 결정요인과 복지제도의 역할을 분석하고 그 결과를 캐나다의 사례와 비교하였다. 고교 졸업당시 경제상황이 악화되면 상급학교 진학 등 교육투자를 늘려서 경기침체 악화로 인한 소득 하락을 일부 보전하는 경향이 있으나 미국의 경우 그 효과가 캐나다보다 작게 나타났다. 더욱이 정부보증 대출의 이용과 교육보조금 등이 상급학교 진학을 촉진하는 효과도 캐나다에 비하여 적게 나타났다. 이는 미국이 캐나다에 비하여 미국의 교육투자 비용이 월등히 높은데 기인한다. 졸업시 경기악화는 장기간 소득하락을 유발하는데, 두 국가의 소득하락은 상이한 요인에 기인한다. 캐나다의 경우 경기침체시 전망이 좋은 직업경로와 기술습득의 기회를 풍부하게 제공하는 일자리가 줄어들어 소득이 높고 고용의 안정성이 높은 산업군과 직업군으로의 진입할 기회가 장기적으로 차단되기 때문이며, 미국의 경우 노동시장 진입 초기의 경기 침체로 인한 실업의 장기화에 기인한다. 장기 소득하락 원인의 국가 간 차이는 문제에 대한 정확한 인식과 그에 따른 적확한 정책수립의 필요성을 시사하고 있다. We address the effect of economic crisis at high school graduation on educational investment, long-term income and employment status, and the role of social welfare policies to stabilize income and employment, using NLSY79. We find that the economic contraction induces post-secondary education increase and this partially offset the loss of long-term income due to the economic downturn. However, the magnitude of this effect for US is much smaller than that for Canada found in Chun (2015), which visited the same issue for Canada, because of high educational cost for college education. It is also found that the effect of government-guaranteed educational loan availability and education benefit provision on college education is smaller for US than for Canada. We observe the phenomenon that the income decrease due to the recession is sustained for a considerable time in both the countries, however the sources of the prolonged lower income are different between the neighbors. In the case of Canada, the income decrease is primarily due to the inefficiency of labor market that restricts the flow of laborers to the industry (occupation) groups that provide high income and employment stability. In the case of US, the long-term income decrease results from prolonged unemployment. These heterogeneous outcomes indicate the importance of policy measure relevancy based on the sources of income decrease and employment instability.

Income Distribution and Factors Affecting the Bank’s Stability

Viet Xuan TRINH(Viet Xuan TRINH ),Du Kim DO(Du Kim DO),Anh Thi Lan NGUYEN(Anh Thi Lan NGUYEN ) 한국유통과학회 2022 유통과학연구 Vol.20 No.9

Purpose: Research on banking sustainability plays an important role in helping banks understand the level of risk in different types of companies. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the sustainability of Joint Stock Commercial Banks in Vietnam. Research design, data and methodology: The following theories, the factors affecting the bank's sustainability include: Business model diversification (income diversification), bank size, loan ratio, and net interest margin. Data was collected from Joint Stock Commercial banks in Vietnam from 2015 to 2019. With GLS model on panel data with banks listed on Vietnam stock exchange. Results: The analysis results show that net interest income has a positive impact on the sustainable business results of banks through the rate of return on total assets (ROA). The non-interest income hasn’t impact on bank stability. From this result, there aren’t positive signs of income diversification in banks. At the same time, with the obtained results, the study also provides a policy implication for banks. Conclusions: The study also provides some policy implications to improve the bank stability. Diversifying income in banks is necessary, but how to make it influential banks has not yet been done. Therefore, the adjustments in non-interest business activities need to be carefully considered by banks.

소득분위별 고용안정성이 의료이용에 미치는 영향

문석준,이재은,김희년,김혜윤,오수진,여나금 한국보건사회연구원 2022 保健社會硏究 Vol.42 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing health care use by income level and employment stability. Health care use is confined here to outpatient care use and this study examines its quantitative (number of outpatient use per year) and qualitative (outpatient health care expenses per year) characteristics. This study used the Korea Health Panel Survey (2013-2018) for data. A total of 433,238 cases (11,909 subjects) were extracted based on employment status and medical security type. In order to estimate the effect of income, the subjects were divided into 4 income groups. We employed Panel Negative Binomial Regression and Fixed-effect Panel Regression to identify factors of the number of health care services used and the volume of health care expenses, respectively. Our analysis found that factors affecting health care use were gender, age, education level, married status, employment status, employment insurance payments, health insurance eligibility, industrial accident insurance payments, private insurance payment, and chronic disease status. In particular, as for employment status, which is the main interest of this study, it was confirmed that temporary-daily workers and self-employed use less health care than regular-full time worker with relatively high employment stability. Also, there were significant differences in some variables by income sub-groups in health care use. This study suggests that policy design that considers not only income but also employment stability is needed to ensure the national health security such as the policy of reorganizing national health insurance imposition and expansion of employment insurance and industrial accident insurance range. 본 연구는 소득과 고용안정성을 복합적으로 고려하여 의료이용의 영향요인을 분석하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 이때 의료이용은 외래이용으로 한정하였고, 양적(연간외래이용횟수), 질적(연간 외래의료비 지출) 측면을 구분하여 분석을 시행하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국의료패널 2013~2018년 조사자료를 활용하여 종사상 지위, 의료보장 형태를 기준으로 433,238건, 11,909명을 추출하였다. 특히 소득에 따른 효과를 파악하기 위하여 소득을 4분위로 나누어 하위집단을 구성하여 분석하였다. 분석 방법으로는 패널음이항분석을 사용해 의료이용횟수를, 패널선형회귀분석을 사용해 의료비지출을 분석하였으며, 각각 고정효과 모형을 적용하였다. 분석 결과 성별, 연령, 교육 수준, 배우자 유무, 종사상 지위, 건강보험 가입자격, 고용보험 납입 여부, 산재보험 납입 여부, 민간보험 가입 여부, 만성질환 여부 등이 의료이용에 영향을 주는 요인으로 확인되었다. 특히 본 연구의 주요 관심사인 종사상 지위의 경우 비교적 고용안정성이 높은 정규ㆍ상용직보다 임시ㆍ일용직, 자영업자 계층에서 의료이용이 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 의료이용횟수와 의료비지출 각각에서 소득분위별로 일부 변수들에 유의한 차이를 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 건강보험 부과체계 개편, 고용보험 및 산재보험의 가입자 확대 등 향후 국민의 건강을 보장하기 위한 정책에 있어 소득뿐 아니라 고용안정성의 측면이 함께 고려된 정책 설계가 필요함을 제언한다.

The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth, Poverty, Income Inequality, and Financial Stability in Asia

RATNAWATI, Kusuma Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.10

As an effort to achieve sustainable development and increase people's welfare, financial inclusion has become the policy agenda of many countries. Therefore, the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth, poverty, income inequality, and financial stability in several countries in Asia has become the goal and this is the subject of this study. Financial inclusion is measured by 3 dimensions, namely banking penetration, access to banking services, and use of banking services. Poverty ratio below the national poverty line and the Gini coefficient are used as indicators of poverty and income inequality. Financial stability is measured by Bank Z-Score and bank nonperforming loans. The results from the hypothesis test shows that all dimensions of financial stability simultaneously have significant influence on economic growth, poverty, income inequality, and financial stability. On the other hand, the partial impact of financial inclusion dimension on economic growth, poverty alleviation, income inequality, and financial stability in ten countries of Asia has not been optimal. The derived results of this study is required to be interpreted and considered by the Governments of each country in developing strategies for increasing financial inclusion, so that the policy to achieve sustainable development and enhancement of people's welfare can be achieved.

국민연금법 개정의 재정안정화 효과

김상호(Sangho Kim) 한국재정학회(구 한국재정·공공경제학회) 2008 재정학연구 Vol.1 No.2

  본 연구는 2007년의 국민연금법 개정과 보험료율 인상이 재정안정화에 미치는 효과를 분석하고, 개정된 국민연금법에서 고소득 자영자의 소득하향 신고가 재정에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 2007년 법 개정으로 2008년 신규가입자의 수익비가 2.35에서 1.70으로 하락하게 되지만 이 수익비는 장기재정 안정화를 달성하기에 여전히 높은 수준이다.<BR>  보험료율을 9%에서 2030년까지 단계적으로 15.9%로 인상하면 2008년 신규가입자의 수익비가 1.17로 하락하여 수지상등에 근접하게 된다. 따라서 장기재정 안정화를 위해 보험료율을 이 수준으로 인상하는 방안을 검토해야 한다. 또한 2007년 국민연금법 개정으로 고소득 자영자가 소득을 하향 신고할수록 법 개정 이전과 달리 추가의 순연금액을 기대할 수 있도록 변경되어 형평성 왜곡효과와 재정에 대한 부정적 영향이 증대되었다. 따라서 2007년 법 개정에 기인하는 이러한 부정적 영향을 최소화하기 위해 고소득 자영자의 소득파악을 강화하여야 한다. 이를 통해 형평성 왜곡 효과를 최소화하고 재정안정에 기여토록 함으로써 국민연금제도에 대한 국민의 수용성을 제고할 수 있을 것이다.   The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the 2007 pension reform, of raising the contribution rate and of income under reporting of the self-employed on financial sustainability. As a result of the 2007 pension reform, the benefit-cost ratio for person employed in 2008 is expected to reduce from 2.35, but it reaches 1.70.<BR>  The person employed in 2008 is expected to have the benefit-cost ratio of 1.17 if we increase the contribution rate from 10.38% in 2010 to 15.9% in 2030 by 1.38%p every five years. The contribution rate should be increased to an appropriate level so that the balance between contributions and benefits can be sustained for the newly insured. In addition to that problem, the self-employed with high income who enters the labor market in 2008 could expect an additional gain of net pension wealth with a high benefit-cost ratio through under reporting of income. Therefore, it is necessary that the ability to determine the actual income of the self-employed with high earnings should be improved substantially in order to enhance the equity of burden between employees and self-employed, to mitigate the long-term financial instability and to regain trust in the system.

국민연금제도의 수용성제고를 위한 기초연금제도 도입방안

원종욱(Jong Wook Won) 한국사회정책학회 2005 한국사회정책 Vol.12 No.1

국민연금제도의 효과성을 증대시키기 위해서는 두가지의 접근이 필요하다. 먼저, 자영업자의 과소 소득보고를 줄일 수 있는 제도이다. 이를 위해 조세당국은 보험사나 자동차 판매상 등과 같은 자영업자들과 관계하는 기업들이 대금의 프리미엄을 지불에 앞서 공제하는 것이다. 두 번째, 조세수입에 기반한 기초연금제도의 도입이다. 다만 이 제도의 재정적 소요를 줄이기 위해 자산조사를 통해 수급자를 제한하여야 한다. 두 방안 중 첫째 안이 우선 도입되고 후자는 이후 도입여부를 결정할 수 있다. Among other issues, imposing fair premium, based on real income, to the self-employed is the main issue in stabilizing the National Pension Scheme. It is well-known fact that self-employed are under-reporting their income and National Pension Corporation has limited authority and capacity to resolve problem. I proposed two measures that could lessen the effect of income under-reporting by the self-employed. One measure is to put more responsibility on the well established businesses to keep track of business relationship with individuals, self-employed or small businesses. In many occasions, well-established firms and businesses hire individuals purely on performance basis, such as, saleswomen of insurance industry and used car dealers. Unless their incomes are high enough to have official record on taxing system it is very hard to figure out their incomes. Therefore, NPC(National Pension Corporation) or National Tax Service mandate well-established businesses having monetary relationship with individual or small businesses to deduct premiums of these individuals before payment. Then NPC keeps tracks of premium deductions to determine returns in case of over-collection. The other measure to mitigate problem of evasion of premium by the self-employed is to introduce tax-based basic pension. This measure could be favored by the general public but it will be very costly for government to maintain. This will solve problem of premium evasion by the self-employed and reduce complaints and conflicts between NPC and the self-employe. Overall, basic pension financed by tax is favorable option to gain support of national pension system from the general public besides high price tag. To minimize financial burden on general revenue system, measures of means-testing should be implemented. Also, basic pension amount should be differentiated by the coverage duration in the national pension system to encourage participation in the national pension system. Two measure proposed in this paper could be put into action simultaneously or the first measure should be introduced first to monitor the policy effect and then decide to introduce the basic pension scheme.