사례 중심의 손상코드 별 손상외인코드 빈도수 분석에 따른 손상코드 발생 원인에 관한 연구

최은미,진혜은,정진형 한국정보전자통신기술학회 2023 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지 Vol.16 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyze the patients hospitalized with damage by injury code based on data for two years in 2020 and 2021 of A institution located in Gangneung, Gangwon-do. Analyzed the injury codes with a large number of occurrences per year, and analyzed the injury codes of external causes accordingly. The cause of the injury code was analyzed by analyzing the frequency of the injury code of external causes. Injury code S0650 had the highest frequency of injury code of external causes W189 and X5999, which was judged to be the cause of traumatic subdural hemorrhage without open intracranial wounds when falling in an unspecified place or toilet. Injury code S72120 had the highest frequency of injury code of external causes W010 and W180, and it was judged to be the cause of obstructive femoral intertrochanteric fracture that occurs when falling in the residence. The injury code S32090 had a high frequency of X5999, and it was analyzed that it caused the obstructive fracture of the lumbar region due to an accident caused by exposure in an unspecified place, and the injury code S72.090 had a high frequency of W010 and W180. It was confirmed that the cause of the obstructive fracture of the femoral neck was mainly caused by slipping or slipping in the residence, and the injury code S0220 had a high frequency of the injury code of external causes Y049, and it was confirmed that the fibula was fractured mainly by the force or fist. As such, the cause of the injury code was analyzed by analyzing the frequency of the injury code for each injury code of external causes. 본 연구에서 강원도 강릉시에 위치한 A기관의 2020년, 2021년의 2년간 데이터를 중심으로 손상으로 입원한 환자를 손상코드별로 분석하고자 하였다. 각 연도별 발생인원이 많은 손상코드를 분석하였으며, 이에 따른 손상외인코드를 분석하였다. 손상외인코드의 빈도수를 분석하여 손상코드의 발생 원인을 분석하였다. 손상코드 S0650는 손상외인코드 W189, X5999의 빈도수가 가장 많았으며, 이는 상세불명의 장소 또는 화장실에서 넘어졌을 때 열린 두개 내 상처 없는 외상성 경막하 출혈의 원인으로 판단하였다. 손상코드 S72120는 손상외인코드 W010, W180의 빈도수가 가장 많았으며, 주거지에서 넘어질 때 발생하는 폐쇄성 대퇴골전자간골절의 원인이 되는 것으로 판단하였다. 손상코드 S32090은 X5999의 빈도수가 많았으며, 상세불명의 장소에서 노출에 의한 사고로 요추 부위의 폐쇄성 골절의 원인 되는 것으로 분석 하였으며, 손상코드 S72.090에서 발생되는 손상외인 코드는 W010, W180의 빈도수가 많은 것을 확인하였다. 주로 주거지에서 미끄러지거나 헛디딤으로 인해 대퇴골 경부의 폐쇄성 골절의 원인이 되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 손상코드 S0220은 Y049의 손상외인코드의 빈도수가 높았으며, 주로 완력 또는 주먹에 의해 비골이 골절되는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같이 손상코드 별 손상외인코드의 빈도수를 분석하여 손상코드의 발생 원인을 분석하였다.

우리나라 상해로 인한 사망의 특성에 관한 연구

이현경 한국보건통계학회 2003 한국보건정보통계학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics of premature death dut to injury, years of life lost(YLL) due to injury and gain in expectation of life due to eliminating specified cause of death. Method : (1) To analyze general characteristics of premature death due to elminating specified cause of death. Method. (2) To analyze YLL of premature death due to injury, CDR, PMR are calculated. (3) Cause-eliminated lige tables are calculated and compared by sex, age, and cause of death. Result : (1) CDR of injury is 61.42. PMR of injury is 11.67percent. Proportion of injury is road traffic injury 41percent, self-inflicted injury 24percent, others 14percent, falls 9percent, etc. (2) PYLL(65) is 18.28 years of life lost in male and 6.40 years of life lost in female. SEYLL is 31.44 years of life lost in male and 12.23 years of life lost in female. YLL[0.03,1] is 17.50 years of life lost in male and 6.35 years of life lost in female. (3) Probability(%) of eventually dying from injury case of death is 6.4percent(male 8.3percent, female 4.5percent). Gain in expectation of life(years) due to eliminating injury cause of death is 2.01 years. Conclusion : The result in this report clearly show the importance of injuries as a public health problem. Especially in young and groups. The time has come to develop effective injury prevention strategies that decrease the impact of injuries on the health.

The mechanism and cause of anterior cruciate ligament tear in the Korean military environment

( Joosuk Ahn ),( Byungseop Choi ),( Yong Seuk Lee ),( Ki Woung Lee ),( Jung Woo Lee ),( Beom Koo Lee ) 대한슬관절학회 2019 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.31 No.1

Purpose: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is very common but few studies have analyzed the injury mechanism and cause of ACL tear in a specific environment such as a military institution. The purpose of this study was to analyze the injury mechanism and cause of ACL injury in the military environment. Additionally, this study could provide outcomes that may aid future studies on prevention of ACL injury in military personnel. Materials and methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 168 patients who sustained ACL tear while in military service and underwent ACL reconstruction surgery in a military hospital. Analysis of the injury mechanism and the cause was evaluated by analyzing the medical records. Knee magnetic resonance imaging analysis was also conducted for further evaluation of associated injury. Results: The majority of ACL injuries in the military environment occurred through non-contact injury. Changing direction (46.4%) was the most common lower-leg position, followed by landing with the knee in a valgus position (26.8%). The activity undertaken at the time of injury was exercise in 76.2% of cases and military training/daily activities in 23.8% of cases. The incidence of ACL injury was higher in the soldier compared to the officer group during exercise (P = 0.017). Soccer was the most common activity at the time of injury (54.1%), followed by military training/daily activities, futsal, and basketball. The most common injury time was between 30 and 60 min after the start of exercise. Commonly associated injury sites were the medial meniscus and the medial collateral ligament. Conclusions: The main mechanism of ACL injury occurring in the military environment was non-contact injury, especially on changing the direction of the lower leg. Soccer was the most frequent activity at the time of the injury. These findings suggested that preventive strategies against ACL injury in the military environment could effectively reduce the incidence of ACL injury.

경추손상후 사망원인과 심폐기능

이경석,도재원,배학근,윤일규 대한신경외과학회 1994 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.23 No.9

Mortality after cervical spine injury is reported as high as 15∼30%, and it is intimately related to the initial cardiopulmonary function. We analysed the cause of death and initial cardiopulmonary function in 30 patients who expired at the Soonchunhyang University Chonnam Hospital after cervical spine injury between 1986 and 1993. Overall 42 patients(20.5%) expired in 205 patients with cervical spine injuries. Except 12 cases with concomitant fatal head injury and/or multiple systemic injuries, the mortality rate of cervical spine injury was 15.5%. It was 28.9% in cases with cord injury, and 2.1% in cases without cord injury. Male to female ratio was 5 : 1. Fifth to seventh decades constituted 63.3%. Common causes of spinal injury were in-car accident(46.7%) and fall/slip(36.7%). The level of spinal injury was above C5(upper cervical group ; UCG) in 60%, and below C4(lower cervical group ; LCG) in 40%. Most of them(83.3%) expired within four weeks after the injury. Early death(within 7 days) was more common in the UCG(55.6%) than the LCG(25.0%). Associated injuries were found in 66.7%, and the head injury was the most common one. The injury severity score was over 25 in 93.3%, The higher the score, the earlier the patients expired(Fisher's test, P<0.05). On arrival, hypotenstion(systolic blood pressure below 70㎜Hg), bradycardia(less than 60/min), and respiratory arrest was found in 23.3%, 26.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. The episode of bradycardia was found in 56.7%. It was more common in cases of the early death(69.2%) than those of the late death(47.1%). Hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis was observed in 19.2%, 7.7% and 5.38%, respectively. Respiratory failure was responsible for the majority(86.7%) of death. In UCG and cases of the early death, primary respiratory dysfunction was the main cause of death, while in LCG and cases of the late death, pulmonary complication was the major reason(Fisher's test, P<0.01, respectively).

중학교 테니스선수의 성별, 경력수준에 따른 스포츠상해 연구

심영제(SimYoung-je),이중철(LeeJung-chul) 한국체육학회 2017 한국체육학회지 Vol.56 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 유소년 선수들의 테니스와 관련된 운동상해의 형태와 발생원인 등을 파악하여 선수코칭, 부상방지 및 재활치료를 위한 기초적인 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 피험자는 중학교 테니스 선수들로 남ㆍ여 100명씩 총 200명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 검사 도구는 테니스 스포츠상해 예방을 측정하기 위해 설문지를 이용하여 상해 부위, 상해 형태, 상해의 원인으로 분류하였다. 상해의 원인분석을 통해 도출한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 성별에 따른 상해부위는 남녀모두 상지에 비해 하지의 상해발생 비율이 높게 나타났다. 상해 형태는 남녀모두 좌상과 염좌가 가장 높게 나타났으며 염좌와 요통의 경우 여자가 남자보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 경력별 상해형태는 경력이 낮을수록 골절의 위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 좌상의 경우는 경력이 많을수록 상해가 높게 나타났다. 찰과상 또한 경력에 따른 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 상해의 발생원인은 남녀모두 본인 부주의가 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 유소년 테니스 선수들의 상해의 예방을 위해서 충분한 준비운동과 정리운동이 실시되어야 하고 운동학적 사슬을 최적화 시킬 수 있도록 하지 근육강화, 체간부 안정화 운동과 스트레칭이 매우 중요하다고 하겠다. 아울러, 유소년 선수들의 경쟁불안은 시합의 외적인 부분에서도 발생될 수 있기 때문에 세심한 주의를 기울여야 하며 상해 위험이 높은 선수들에게 다양한 예방 프로그램을 제공하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for player coaching, injury prevention and rehabilitation in the future by analyzing the types, locations and causes of various sports injuries related to tennis among youth athletes by gender and career. The subjects were 200 middle school tennis players, 100 male and female. In order to measure the prevention of tennis sports injuries, this study used questionnaires to classify locations, types and causes of injury. The main results from the cause analysis of injury were as follows: The incidence of injuries of the lower extremities was higher in the injured area according to gender than in the upper extremity. The type of injury was the highest in both men and women with strain and sprain, especially sprain and back pain were significantly higher in women than in men. As for the type of injury by career, the lower the career, the higher the risk of fracture. In case of strains, the higher the career, the higher the injury and there was also a difference in abrasion according to career. Carelessness was the highest cause of injury for both men and women. In conclusion, enough warm up and cool down should be performed to prevent injuries of youth tennis players, and muscle strengthening, stabilization of body part and stretching are very important to optimize the kinetic chain. In addition, competition anxiety among youth players can occur in the outward part of the game, so it is very important to pay attention and provide various preventive programs to players who are at high risk of injury.

형법상 상해개념과 정신적 장해

윤상민(Yoon, Sang-Min) 한국법학회 2020 법학연구 Vol.80 No.-

형법에서 상해는 단순상해죄나 과실치상죄, 강도상해죄 등 결합범, 결과적 가중범인 각종 치상죄 등의 구성요건요소가 된다. 그런데 형법은 상해죄(제257조)의 구성요건을 ‘사람의 신체를 상해한자’로 규정하고 있어 상해죄의 객체인 신체에 정신이 포함되는지 해석상 논란이 될 수 있다. 다만 상해개념을 생리적 기능으로 이해할 경우에는 정신까지 포함될 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 우리나라는 다른 외국에 비하여 학설적으로 정신적 장해가 상해에 해당하는지 크게 논란이 되고 있지는 않다. 또한 대법원도 생리적 기능에 장애를 초래하는 것을 상해로 포섭하면서 생리적 기능에는 육체적 기능뿐만 아니라 정신적 기능도 포함되는 것으로 보고 있기 때문에 정신적 장해도 상해가 될 수 있음을 인정하고 있다. 대법원이 인정한 상해는 치료기간이 상당히 오래 걸리는 외상 후 스트레스 장애이다. 따라서 치료기간이 오래 걸리지 않는 일시적인 정신적 고통이나 공포·불안 등에 대해서는 어느 범위에서 상해를 인정할 수 있을 것인가 논란이 될 수 있다. 정신적 기능이 중요하게 여겨지는 요즘과 같은 시대에 이러한 문제가 빈번히 발생할 가능이 높을 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 정신적 장애가 상해로 인정된다는 점을 전제로 하여 기존의 상해개념에 대해 각국의 논의와 우리나라의 논의를 알아본다. 그리고 이 개념논의를 통해 어느 범위에서 정신적 장해를 인정할 수 있는지 검토한다. 정신적 장해의 상해판단은 범죄로 인한 반응이 정신적 기능의 정상적인 작용으로 평가되는 것인지, 아니면 정신적 기능 자체에 장해가 생긴 결과인지를 구별하여 정신적 장해의 상해 해당성을 판단하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 이와 같은 구별에 의하면, 예컨대 단순히 일시적인 불안이나 패닉, 공포 등이 발생한 경우는 원인에 따른 정신적 기능의 정상적인 작용이기 때문에 상해 해당성이 부정된다. 마찬가지로 일시적인 정신적 고통이나 스트레스를 받은 것만으로는 상해죄나 각종 치상죄가 성립하지 않는다. 그러나 정신적 고통이나 스트레스에 대해서도 지속적이라면 상해에 해당할 수 있다. In the criminal law, injury becomes a component and constituent of various crimes of bodily injury which is combined crimes and consequently aggravated crime such as crimes of the infliction of injury, professional negligence resulting in a bodily injury, robbery resulting in a bodily injury etc. However, criminal law regulates component in the Crimes of the Infliction of Injury (Article 257) as a ‘Person who inflicts an injury on human body’, which can be controversial for interpretation whether or not mental which is an object of crimes of the infliction of injury is included in human body. In case of understanding the concept of injury as physiological function, mental can be included. For the reason, unlike other foreign countries, whether or not mental disability falls under the purview of injury academically does not cause serious controversy in Korea. And the Supreme Court also includes causing disability on physiological function, considering that mental function as well as physical function is included in physiological function. For the foregoing reasons, the Supreme Court admits that mental disability can be an injury. Injury admitted by the Supreme Court is post-traumatic stress disorder that takes a considerable time for treatment. Therefore, for mental anguish, fear or anxiety that does not take long treatment period, in what range injury can be admitted may be controversial. In the age when mental function is deemed important, such an issue is expected to occur frequently. This study examines discussion of each country and Korea about existing concept of injury presupposing that mental disability is admitted as an injury. Through the discussion of the concepts, this study also examines in what range mental disability can be admitted. For judgment of mental disability as an injury, it would be desirable to judge the applicability of mental disability as an injury by distinguishing if a response caused by crimes is considered normal action of mental function, or mental function itself had a disability. According to the distinction, for example, occurrence of simply temporary anxiety, panic or fear is considered normal action of mental function depending on the causes, so applicability of injury is denied. Likewise, crimes of the infliction of injury or various crimes of bodily injury is not established only through temporary mental anguish or getting stressed. If mental anguish or stress goes on for a long time, however, it can be admitted as an injury.

사회인 야구 동호인들의 상해실태 연구

정지환,정우석,박일봉 한국스포츠학회 2020 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구는 사회인 야구 동호인들의 경기 및 훈련과정에서 발생되는 상해를 분석하여 동호인 선수들의 상해예방과 보호 및 관리를 보다 체계적으로 수립하고, 또한 연구자료 제공의 목적으로 수행되었으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같이 나타났 다. 운동 상해부위 중 상지에서는 어깨 관절(54.9%)이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 하지에서는 발목관절(42.3%)이 가장 높게 나타났고, 몸통에서는 허리부위(45.9%)가 가장 높게 나타났다. 상해 원인, 발생시간 및 시기에서는 먼저 상해원인에서 경기 중(72.9%)이 훈련 중보다 높게 나타났고, 발생시간에서는 오전(63.8%)이 오후보다 높게 나타났으며, 상해 시기에 서는 여름(36.7%)이 가장 높게 나타났다. 상해발생 상황에서는 공에 맞아서(38.8%)가 가장 높게 나타났고, 상해발생 과정에서는 수비 시(40.3%)가 가장 높게 나타났다. 끝으로 운동경력에 따른 상해부위와의 관계에서는 운동경력이 높아 질수록 상해 부위는 함께 높아지는 것으로 나타났고, 그 중 상지부위가 다른 부위보다 높게 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to systemically establish the care and the management of community baseball players by analyzing the sports injuries that come about during both training and competition process of the community baseball players and was conducted for the purpose of providing research data. The results are as follows. The elbow joint (54.9%) was the highest in the upper limb in the injury area from sports, and the ankle joint (42.3%) was the highest in the lower limb injury. The lumbar (45.9%) was the highest in the trunk. Also, according to the cause of injury, time of occurrence and the season of injury, firstly, during the competition (72.9%) was higher than during the training about the cause of injury, and morning (63.8%) was higher than afternoon about the time of occurrence, and in the injury period, the summer (36.7%) was the highest. Injuries that hit the ball (38.8%) were the highest in the case of injury, and the most injury occurred when defending (40.3%) with the injury process. Finally, in relation to the injured area according to the athletic career, the injury area increased with their career, and the upper part injury showed the highest than the other parts.

부모의 교육수준과 직업에 따른 사망원인별 유아사망 불평등 연구

안수정,손미아,김영주 한국자료분석학회 2015 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.17 No.4

저출산 시대로 접어든 우리나라의 경우 유아사망률을 낮추기 위한 노력은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 유아사망의 주요원인을 파악하고 출생기간과 사망원인별로 부모의 교육수준과 직업에 따른 유아사망의 사회적 불평등을 분석하였다. 분석 자료는 1995-2002년과 2005-2006년 출생아들을 만 5세가 될 때까지 추적 관찰한 출생사망 연계자료이며, 통계청으로부터 제공받았다. 경쟁위험 하에서 Cox 회귀모형을 이용하여 출생기간에 따라 주요사망원인별 부모의 교육수준과 직업에 대한 유아사망 보정위험비를 구하였다. 또한 부의 교육수준에 대한 주요사망원인별 누적발생함수를 얻었다. 유아사망에서 사망원인 1순위는 외인사망이며 유아사망에서 사회적 불평등의 주요원인이었다. 외인사망에서 가장 많이 발생한 사고는 운수사고였으며, 운수사고로 인한 사망에서도 사회적 불평등을 확인하였다. 유아의 외인 사망 예방을 위해서 보호자들의 안전지식이 필요하며, 가정 내 환경관리 및 행동관리가 요구된다. 특히 주요사망원인으로 인한 유아사망을 예방하기 위하여 부모의 사회경제적 수준이 낮은 집단에 초점을 맞추어 안전에 대한 교육과 경제적 지원이 필요하다. It is very important to lower child mortality in Korea with low birth rate. This study identified main causes of death and examined social inequality in the mortality of child aged 1 to 4 according to parental education level and work by cause of death and birth period. Data were consisted of all children born in 1995-2002 and 2005-2006, who were followed up to the time when they were five years old, by linking birth registration data and death registration data from the Statistics Korea. Hazard ratio in child mortality according to parental education and employment for each cause of death was calculated using Cox regression model under the competing risks. Also cumulative incidence density functions were obtained for each cause of death for paternal education. The most common cause of child death was external cause, which was the major cause of social inequality in child mortality. Among external causes, traffic accident was the most common external cause and showed significant social inequality in child mortality. Parental knowledge of child safety and the proper management of home environment and behavior are needed for prevention of child death due to external cause. In particular, parental safety education and financial support are necessary to focus on the group of low parental socioeconomic position.

공정거래법 위반행위와 손해의 인과관계 -미국에서의 논의를 중심으로-

이민호 ( Min Ho Lee ),선정호 ( Jeong Ho Sun ) 법조협회 2012 法曹 Vol.61 No.2

Liabilities for damages based on Article 56 of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act of Korea (the MRFTA) will arise only if a causal connection between the antitrust violation and damages is demonstrated, because they are deemed tort damages. In Korea, the causal connection between the violation and damages are analyzed by applying ``the Causal Relationship of Reasonableness Theory``. However, due to the abstract nature of ``Reasonableness``, the determination of what is reasonable in any given situation may turn out to be problematic and difficult to assess. Especially in a suit for damages based on a MRFTA violation, since there are a variety of factors that contribute and intervene as causes for damages, other than the antitrust violation itself, there are many cases where the causal connection between the antitrust violation and damages are not clear. In this connection, the U.S. standing doctrine for private plaintiffs may have substantial implications on how the MRFTA is interpreted on this issue. In the U.S. in order to obtain ``standing`` to sue for damages under Section 4 of the Clayton Act, the plaintiff must show (1) that the acts violating the antitrust laws caused it injury-in-fact to its business or property, (2) that this injury is not too remote or duplicative of the recovery of a more directly injured person, (3) that such injury is ``antitrust injury``, which is defined as the kind of injury that the antitrust laws were intended to prevent, and (4) that the damages claimed or awarded measure such injury in a reasonably quantifiable way. The U.S. standing doctrine places reasonable restrictions on the scope of the plaintiffs through the legal analysis. In this regards, such perspective could have some implications on the interpretation of MRFTA which limits the scope of causal relationship through the Causal Relationship of Reasonableness Theory. Among other standing requirements, the injury-in-fact by reason of the antitrust violation, proximity or remoteness, and antitrust injury could provides guidance on the interpretation of ``Reasonableness`` in Korean law, in the perspective that theses requirements place legal restrictions on the scope of damages which have causal relationship to the antitrust violation.

WTO 세이프가드 인과관계 기준 및 수준에 관한 연구

조영재(Cho young-jae) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2016 통상법률 Vol.- No.127

As a trade remedy against increased imports of a particular product irrespective of being fair or unfair, safeguard measures differ from antidumping measures targeted only for unfair trade like dumped imports. Accordingly, it is clear that a higher injury standard should apply for safeguard determination than antidumping determination, but whether the causation standard for safeguard determination should be higher than the causation standard for antidumping determination has been a subject of debate. Based on WTO dispute cases and certain WTO members’ legislations, there exist three different views regarding the causation standard for safeguard determination. The first view is that the causation standard should be met only if increased imports in and of themselves are sufficient to cause serious injury. The second view is that increased imports should be at least one of the most important causes of serious injury. The third view is that the causation standard can be met when there exists a genuine and substantial relationship of cause and effect between increased imports and serious injury. This study touches on the interpretations of WTO panel and appellate body on the causation provisions of the WTO Safeguard Agreement and such alternative causation standards as those of the US Trade Act of 1974 and the common law. While the WTO appellate body has strictly applied the Safeguard Agreement to and ruled against all the disputed safeguard measures, it has not been able to come up with specific standards and methodology to prove the causation between increased import and serious injury with legal uncertainties augmented. It comes to a conclusion that we need not change the current causation standard under the Safeguard Agreement as interpreted by the Appellate Body. This is so because, while such standards as the substantial cause under the US Trade Act and the factual/proximate cause under the common law seem to be based upon anti-protectionism to control the abuse of trade remedies, it is nearly impossible for safeguard measures to pass the hurdle of the non-attribution and serious injury as well even under the current causation standard of the Safeguard Agreement.