Water Masses and Salinity in the Eastern Yellow Sea from Winter to Spring

Park, Moon-Jin,Oh, Hee-Jin Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2004 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.26 No.1

In order to understand the water masses and their distribution in the eastern Yellow Sea from winter to spring, a cluster analysis was applied to the temperature and salinity data of Korea Oceanographic Data Center from 1970 to 1990. From December to April, Yellow Sea Cold Water (YSCW) dominates the eastern Yellow Sea, whereas Eastern Yellow Sea Mixed Water (MW) and Yellow Sea Warm Water (YSWW) are found in the southern part of the eastern Yellow Sea. MW appears at the frontal region around $34^{\circ}N$ between YSCW in the north and YSWW in the south. On the other hand, Tshushima Warm Water (TWW) is found around Jeju Island and the South Sea of Korea. These water masses are relatively well-mixed throughout the water column due to the winter monsoon. However, the water column begins to be stratified in spring due to increased solar heating, the diminishing winds and fresh water discharge, and the water masses in June may be separated into surface, intermediate and bottom layers of the water column. YSWW advances northwestward from December to February and retreats southeastward from February to April. This suggests a periodic movement of water masses in the southern part of the eastern Yellow Sea from winter to spring. YSWW may continue to move eastward with the prevailing eastward current to the South Sea from April to June. Also, the front relaxes in June, but the mixed water advances to the north, increasing salinity. The salinity is also higher in the nearshore region than offshore. This indicates an influx of oceanic water to the north in the nearshore region of the eastern Yellow Sea in spring in the form of mixed water.

일부 농촌지역의 오염원 현황과 먹는 물 수질에 관한 조사연구

김탁수,이용미,김문선,김성연,신해철,최경호,정문호 한국환경보건학회 2004 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.30 No.2

To evaluate the quality of drinking water and contamination sources in a rural community, this study was carried out on the summer of 2003 at Shin-Dong Myun, Chun-Cheon, Gang-Won province. Seventy three drinking water samples were collected from three different types of water supply systems. Sources of contamination were identified and the public perception of water quality area were evaluated. The findings of this study are as follows; Drinking water was mainly obtained from Local Water and Simple Piped Water Supply Systems, and pollution sources varied over the study area. Most of residents (>63%) were satisfied with the quality of drinking water and could not identify any contamination sources. Corresponding to this perception, measured water quality parameters generally met the Drinking Water Quality Standards (>64%). However, approximately 35.6% of samples exceeded the regulation for Nㅒ$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria. The water quality was significantly different among the three water supply systems, and between the potentially contaminated areas and the rest of the areas (p<0.05). In the potentially contaminated areas, the levels of coliform and general bacteria contamination were significantly higher than the rest of the areas (p<0.05). The coliform and general bacteria values of Simple Piped Water were significantly higher than Own Piped Water's, and the NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N values of Own Piped Water were significantly higher than those of water's (p<0.05). Based on this study, NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria were identified as a major problem of drinking water. To regularly manage drinking water supply systems, to identify contamination sources, and to add drainage systems are required in the study area.

물인권에 관한 국제적 논의의 동향

고문현 ( Moon Hyun Koh ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2012 홍익법학 Vol.13 No.3

Water is a limited natural resources and a basic public goods for life and health. The human right to water, especially access to safe and clean drinking water is integral to the life of human dignity. This is a prerequisite for guaranteeing other human rights. Guaranteeing of the human right to water is indispensable to water security. UN Committee on economic, social and cultural rights has coped with widespread denial of human right to water in both developed countrries and developing countries. As a result of these efforts, UN Committee on economic, social and cultural rights adopted General Comment No. 15. in 2002. Into the bargain, UN came to declare that access to clean water and hygiene is a prerequisite for guaranteeing all human rights in its general assembly in 2010 November 28th. The right to water is integral to the life of human dignity. It should be backed up precisely and concretely to consider international discussions on water and UN resolution on the Human Right to Water in order to solve basic existence on water of a human being. Accordingly, this essay is to find directions for improvement of water-related legislations of Korea. To this end, the writer studied world water forum, UN resolution on the Human Right to Water, and then present situations of water-related legislations of Korea and their improvements such as new provision like ``Human Right to Water`` article in Korean constitutional law.

Development of a Monitoring System for Water-borne Bacteria by a Molecular Technique, PCR-RELP-sequence Analysis

이혜영,--,--,--,--,--,-- THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 2003 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.9 No.3

Since water borne infection causes acute diseases and results in spread of diseases by secondary infection, the prevention is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to have a method that is rapid and effective to monitor pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. In this study, we employed a systematic method, Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, to develop an effective monitoring system for possible bacterial contaminants in drinking water. For this purpose, PCR primers were derived from 992 bp region of the 16s rRNA gene that is highly conserved through the different species of prokaryotes. To test whether the PCR primers designed are indeed useful for detecting all the possible microbial contaminants in the water, the primers were used to amplify 16s rRNA regions of different microbial water-borne pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria, and Staphylococcus. As expected, all of tested microorganisms amplified expected size of PCR products indicating designed PCR primers for 16s rRNA indeed can be useful to amplify all different microbial water-borne pathogens in the water. Furthermore, to test whether these 16s rRNA based PCR primers can detect bacterial populations present in the water, water samples taken from diverse sources, such as river, tap, and sewage, were used for amplification. PCR products were for then subjected for cloning into a T-vector to generate a library containing 16s rRNA sequences from various bacteria. With cloned PCR products, RFLP analysis was done using PCR products digested with restriction enzyme such as Hae Ⅲ to obtain species-specific RFLP profiles. After PCR-RFLP, the bacterial clones which showed the same RFLP profiles were regarded as the same ones, and the clones which showed distinctive RFLP profiles were subsequently subjected for sequence analysis for species identification. By this PCR-RFLP analysis, we were able to reveal diverse populations of bacteria living in water. In brief, in unsterilized natural river water, over 60 different species of bacteria were found. On the other hand, no PCR products were detected in drinking tap-water. The results from this study clearly indicate that the PCR-RFLP-sequence analysis can be a useful method for monitoring diverse, perhaps pathogenic bacteria contaminated in water in a rapid fashion.

가뭄대책 수립을 위한 군위군 경작지의 용수공급 평가와 부족지구의 선정

안승섭,박기범 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.11

In this study, the capacity of supplying agricultural water to 13 districts was analyzed by calculating the necessary water supply for the arable land of Gunwi-gun and examining the capacity of supplying water to reservoirs, streams, pumping stations, collection sites, and groundwater wells in Gunwi-gun. As a result, among the 13 districts the second district was found to be short of water by 1.2×106 tons/year. In general, local governments establish drought measures by selecting drought disaster risk zones. While selecting drought-risk areas, some water-poor areas that do not have water sources should be selected, even if the entire area has a sufficient water supply. The water-supply evaluation at the regional level was insufficient for locating areas without water sources, but most areas with water sources, such as streams, reservoirs, and pumping stations, were found to have no shortage of water. To locate water shortage areas without water sources, GIS analysis conducted a field survey of areas with a distance of 4 or less than that of water sources analyzed by GIS analysis. Sixty-nine sites in 13 districts were selected for the on-site survey and six areas of water shortage were identified in areas other than the second district.

중국의 수자원부족 그리고 대책에 관한 고찰과 문제점

송재두 중국학연구회 2014 중국학연구 Vol.- No.70

In this study, water shortage of major water systems, which are consist of rivers and streams at a fluvial form, are revealed, and then countermeasures taken to solve the problem of water shortage are disclosed. Under the condition that water resource shown in rivers and streams is severely contaminated, the amount of useable water is decreasing at the expense of GDP of Chinese economy. Water will run shortly in south-to-north water diversion canal to solve imbalance of supply and demand of water resource in the north. The project, however, has many problems, which should be solved for the sake of stable supply and demand of water as well as stable finance of central and municipal government. The most important thing they should solve, first of all, is pricing delivered water that is closely related to finance of central and municipal government. Nash equilibrium is found at median price between high price of sound finance and low price of financial crisis. Alternative water resource will be anxiously searched for by local government under the circumstance of not-low-price delivered water. Rain making is one of the alternative project. Cost efficiency of the rain making project makes it possible that local governments can accumulate water resource at lower price, so central government is willing to push forward the project with local government’s attention. 在此论我们能认准主要水系的水荒问题,包括干线与支线,并且查看中国政府的水荒对策。干支线的水资源污染不仅严重,而且缩减可用水资源,此水荒现状产生重大影响对中国GDP。因为南北之间存在水资源不平衡现象,南水北调工程能解决北部的水荒问题。可是,南水北调工程还有问题,解决问题后政府部门才能确保流畅通水、稳定融资。最重要问题就是核定供水价格的问题,因核定价格是跟稳定融资有关的。我们能得到纳什均衡在于中间供水价格,高价格将产生稳定融资而公民反抗,低价格将产生公民欢迎而财政危机。如供水价格不低,各地方政府愿意寻找替代低价水资源,人工降水能符合地方政府的该要求。所以在于不但地方政府且中央政府,注意力被吸引到一门特别的供水方法,能确保成本效益的人工降水。

중동의 수(水)자원 부쟁 연구 -터키와 시리아를 중심으로-

김종일 ( Jong Il Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2006 중동연구 Vol.24 No.2

Amidst world history, the eastern area of today`s republic of Turkey, has been one of the lands whichhas witnessed the passing by of most empires. When reading the Bible, many historical events of the Old Testament can be seen to have happened in this land. The beginning of the history of the Old Testament began here with the creation and is also a land in which the ark carrying Noah`s family landed, symbolizing a new beginning of humans because the sin of humans caused judgment by inundation. And the end of humans may also have already started in this land. Lately the problem of water resources in the Middle East is developing as an issue, appearing often in international politics and public opinions. In 1992 as the US ministry of national defense created a‘Future War Scenario``, it brought to view Turkey`s eastern area and speculated that the border areas of Turkey, Syria and Iraq have the highest possibility of breaking war in the world, due to water. The river which peacefully passed the borders in the past is no longer now a symbol of the interdependent world. As the number of countries lacking water increase, the flowing river water is now becoming the cause of war. According to statistics shown by the UN, 40% of the world`s population lives in 80 different countries that suffer from water insufficiency. Each country, that is in a state of emergency because water from water resources cannot be retrieved, is competitively jumping into developments for water resources. However because most of the water resource locations are mistakenly jointly occupied by a foreign country, this effort is causing disputes mostly on the international rivers. Turkey, Syria and Iraq`s water resources are a main example of the dispute between the three countries. Nearing the end of the 1980`s, as a part of the southeastern area plan (GAP), Turkey, through the completion of the Ataturk Dam, blocked the Euphrates River flowing to the Syrian border. The Turkish government succeeded in securing the water resource and was able to send water to the neighboring plains of the Haran area, increasing the agricultural resource by several times. However as Turkey enters the 21st century, it is facing ``desert scenes`` as the country changes into wastelands; it is finally trying to gain water resources by building enormous dams on the water that the natural resources of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers offer. But by doing so, it endangers the ``life span`` of the lower down streams in Iraq and Syria that wholly rely on these two rivers. This essay will focus on the water dispute occupying the Middle Eastern area; more specifically the water resource dispute over the Euphrates resource between Turkey and Syria that is leading to political conflict and problems.

물수요 중심 용수공급시스템 활용을 위한 국내 농업용수 공급체계 분석

이광야,최경숙,Lee, Kwang-Ya,Choi, Kyung-Sook 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2013 慶北大農學誌 Vol.31 No.2

This study analyzed agricultural water distribution systems for the utilization of water demand-oriented water supply systems. Three major TM/TC(telemeter/telecontrol) districts of agricultural water management were selected for analyzing the characteristics of the water distribution systems. In addition, the characteristics of the water supply systems for general water supply zones based on irrigation facilities were also investigated, along with the case of special water management during the drought season. As a result, high annual and monthly variations were observed for the water supply facilities, including the reservoirs and pumping stations. In particular, these variations were more obvious during the drought season, depending on the type of facility. The operations of the pumping stations and weirs were more sensitive to the stream levels than the reservoirs, and the smaller reservoirs were influenced more than the larger reservoirs. Therefore, a water-demand-oriented water supply system should consider the existing general practices of water management in the agricultural sector, and focus on achieving a laborsaving system rather than water conservation in the case of reservoirs. Equal water distribution from the start to the end point of irrigation channels could be an effective solution for managing pumping stations.

수리권 연구 - 하천법상 허가수리권을 중심으로 -

안승룡 한국토지법학회 2023 土地法學 Vol.39 No.1

Korea’s legislation has special regulations that limit the general principles of civil law regarding water due to the nature of "public resource," "mobility resource," and "circular resource." In other words, Article 4 of the River Act restricts the exercise of ownership by saying, "Rivers and river water are public resources, and the state shall properly manage them in a direction suitable for the promotion of public interests." In general, the water right to can be divided into the right under Civil Act (shared river water rights, customary repair rights), the right water use permission, and the right to repair based on the act of establishing special rights. Under the River Act, water use permission is the right to use river water as a right to use tribute formed by the permission to occupy and use tribute (special use permission) under the River Act, and its nature is a creditor right, and its property right is generally recognized. However, since the water right means the right to use water, not the right to own water, even if using water results in the same result as owning water, it is only the effect of the water right and not the essence of the water right. Regarding the use of river water, the Civil Act and the River Act have related regulations, but the current legal system has a water right (shared river water right, practice water right, and permission repair right) based on the above laws, which is a major problem in national water management. On the other hand, the precedent recognizes property rights in the case of river occupancy permits and river water use rights, but in the case of groundwater use rights (including spring water and hot springs), there are both cases of denying the rights independent of land and recognizing them. However, in the case of the right to use groundwater, additional research will be needed in this part in that it does not have a particularly different legal structure from the right to use river water. 우리 법제는 물의 ‘공공자원성’, ‘이동성자원성’ 및 ‘순환자원성’이라는 성격 때문에 물에 관하여 민법의 일반원칙을 제한하는 특별한 규정을 두고 있다. 즉「하천법」제4조 제1항에서는 하천과 하천수를 공적자원으로 보고 있고, 동조 제2항에서는 소유권의 행사를 제한하고 있다. 「지하수법」역시 지하수를 공적자원으로 보고 있다. 일반적으로 수리권은「민법」상의 수리권(공유하천용수권, 관행수리권), 허가수리권, 특별한 권리설정행위에 기한 수리권 등으로 구별할 수 있다. 하천법상 허가수리권은 「하천법」상 점용허가(특별사용허가)에 의해 인정되는 공물사용권으로 하천수를 사용할 수 있는 권리이며, 그 성격은 채권적 권리이며, 그 재산권성이 일반적으로 인정되고 있다. 다만 수리권이란 물을 소유하는 권리가 아니라 물을 사용하는 권리를 의미하기 때문에 물을 사용하는 것이 마치 물을 소유하는 것과 같은 결과가 되더라도 이는 수리권의 효력에 불과하고 수리권의 본질은 아니다. 하천수의 사용과 관련해 「민법」과 「하천법」에 관련 규정을 두고 있으나 현행 법체계는 위 법률들에 근거한 수리권(공유하천용수권, 관행수리권, 허가수리권)이 각 각 병존하고 있어 국가 물관리에 있어서 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 즉 공유하천용수권 및 관행수리권에 기한 농업용수의 경우 허가없이 사용되며(공유하천용수권의 경우), 사용료가 무료(농업기반시설으로부터 공급되는 농업용수의 경우)라는 점에서 국가 전체적인 수자원 관리의 영역에서 벗어나 있으며 이 부분이 수자원 관리라는 측면에서 가장 큰 문제점을 가지고 있다. 즉 현행 ‘공유하천용수권’ 및 ‘관행수리권’을 「물관리기본법」 제16조 규정하고 있는 것처럼 ‘허가수리권’ 체계로 일원화하여 국가전체적인 물관리 체계를 확립할 필요성이 있다. 한편 판례는 하천점용허가 및 하천수사용권의 경우는 재산권성을 인정하나, 지하수사용권(샘물, 온천 포함)의 경우에는 토지로부터 독립한 권리성을 부인하는 사안과 이를 인정하는 사안이 모두 있다. 그런데 지하수사용권의 경우 하천수사용권과 특별히 다른 법률구조를 취하고 있지 않다는 점에서 이 부분에 대하여는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한 현재 우리 법체계는 수리권에 대한 정의규정을 두고 있지 않음에 따라 물을 효율적으로 이용하고 있지 못하고 있으므로 수리권 내용을 포함한 수리권 정의규정을 법문에 포함하여 효율적인 물관리사용체계를 형성하도록 해야한다.

물의 종류에 따른 식빵의 품질특성

김윤아,고재윤,유세란,장세진,강상현,한두언,김성환,서지혜 (사)한국조리학회 2018 한국조리학회지 Vol.24 No.3

The purpose of this study was to examine the quality characteristics of white pan bread according to the different types of water (tap water (still water), purified water, still water, light water, classical water, and bold water). Pan breads were statistically analyzed using texture profile analysis, fermentation, texture, suitability, image analysis, color, moisture content, and statistical analysis. This result will contribute to the commercialization of pan bread using various kinds of water. Ultimately, we analyzed the quality characteristics of various kinds of water, depending on the carbonic acid content on the dough and the pan bread, and to derive the optimum kinds and ratios of the water to be applied to the pan bread. As a result of the study, the best findings were obtained with water containing carbonic acid content more than the classical water according to overall characteristics, durability (Width of Tail and Integral), foot efficiency, softness, volume and preference check. Therefore, when white pan bread is produced by using water containing a carbonic acid content (5~7.5 mg/L) or more of the classical water, it affects the quality characteristics and a good obtains positive response to from consumers. In this study, the quality characteristics of pan bread based different kinds of water which were not available in the past, and the quality characteristics of pan bread, which can be used as the basic data for future research, were well analyzed.