공간구문론(Space Syntax)을 이용한 한국 주요 성당(聖堂)건축 내부 공간 평면구성 비교 연구 - 제2차 바티칸공의회 전·후로 건립된 한국 주요 성당건축의 비교를 중심으로 -

권태일 ( Taeill Kweon ) 한국공간디자인학회 2018 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.13 No.5

(연구배경 및 목적) 전통적으로 한국 성당건축의 내부공간은 성소(聖所)를 향한 ‘구원의 통로’라는 의미의 일방향 시선을 갖는 장방형 평면(Latin Cross)이 일반적이었다. 하지만 이런 경향은 평신도들의 ‘적극적인 참여(participatio actuosa)’를 강조하는 제2차 바티칸 공의회를 기점으로 미사예식 중 사제와 신자 상호간의 교감과 몰입도 증대에 초점을 두는 부채꼴, 마름 모형, 원형 등의 탈-장방형 평면으로 변모하게 된다. 그런데 문제는 전통적인 장방형에 비해 현대의 탈-장방형 평면이 공간적으로 반드시 신자들의 적극적인 참여를 더 유도한다고 볼 근거가 불분명하다는 점이다. 이 연구에서는 바로 이러한 문제에 대해 공간의 정량적 분석방법인 공간구문론(Space Syntax)을 이용하여, 공의회 전·후로 건립된 우리나라 주요 성당건축의 장방형과 탈-장방형 평면을 비교분석하여 미사전례를 위한 공간적 장단점을 구체적으로 밝히는 것을 연구의 목적으로 삼는다. (연구 방법) 본 연구의 주요 방법은 전술한 ‘공간구문론’으로서 공간의 가시성과 접근성에 기초한 분석방법이다. 이를 사용하는 주된 이유는 미사 전례에서 신자들의 적극적인 참여와 몰입의 정도가, 사제의 미사 집전공간인 중앙 제대 공간과 신자공간인 회중석 공간이 입당, 말씀전례, 영성체로 이어지는 예식 과정에서 ‘서로 잘 보이고(가시성), 신자들의 이동과 접근이 용이할 때(접근성)’극대화 된다는 점에서, 제2차 바티칸 공의회 전후로 건립된 성당의 내부공간구조를 비교 평가하는 데에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다고 보기 때문이다. (결과) 연구의 대상이 되는 성당건축의 수는 광범위하나, 전체가 4가지 평면 유형으로 분류가 가능하며 그 각 유형은 유사한 공간적 속성을 가지므로, 유형별로 3곳을 도출하여서 총 12개의 성당건축을 사례연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 첫째와 둘째 유형은 우리나라에서 천주교가 본격적으로 전래(傳來)되기 시작한 19세기 후반부터 공의회 개최 전인 1960년대 초까지의 장방형 평면을 갖는 주요 성당건축으로서, 회중석(Nave) 좌우측의 통로(Aisle)유무(有無)에 따라 유형별 3곳, 전체 6곳을 선정하였다. 그리고 둘째와 셋째유형은 공의회 이후인 1960년대 후반부터 건립된 탈-장방형평면 성당건축으로서 기하학적 형태에 따라 다양한 평면유형이 존재하나, 부채꼴 평면이 가장 많은 수를 차지하므로 부채꼴과 기타유형(원형, 반원형, 삼각형 등)으로 분류하여 각 3곳씩 전부 6곳을 선정하였다. 연구의 결과, 장방형 평면의 성당건축공간이 탈-장방형 평면에 비해 미사전례 시 몰입도 증대에 반드시 불리 한 것이 아니며, 특정 지표에서는 오히려 우수한 것으로 나타났다. (결론) 따라서 이러한 결과는 공의회 취지에 따른 기존의 탈-장방형 현대 성당건축 내부공간계획의 잘못된 선입견을 수정하고, 궁극적으로는 전통적인 장방형평면 성당건축이 갖는 장점에 기초한 새로운 한국성당건축계획의 가능성을 제시한다. (Background and Purpose) Before the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), most Korean Catholic churches had been constructed following the traditional long, rectangular floor plan (symbolizing the Latin Cross), which denoted “the passage of salvation.” However, many modern Korean Catholic churches have abandoned the “Latin Cross architecture” in favor of the free-type floor plan, such as the fan, circle, and triangle types, in keeping with the purpose of Vatican II: participatio actuosa (lit. active participation). However, there is no sufficient evident that the free-type floor plan is better than the traditional rectangular plan as Catholic church architecture in promoting participatio actuosa during mass. In this context, this study attempted to analyze and compare the floor plan of Korean Catholic churches constructed before and after Vatican II using space syntax analysis, an analytical method for the quantitative measurement of space. (Method) Space syntax analysis is based on visibility and accessibility in architectural space. With respect to participatio actuosa at mass, from the Entrance Rite to Liturgy of the Word and to Communion Rite, the entire ceremony largely depends on the visibility and accessibility of The Sanctuary, the space for the priest, and The Nave, the space for parishioners. As such, space syntax is an ideal method for comparing the inner space composition of Korean Catholic churches constructed before and after Vatican II. (Results) Although Korea has many Catholic churches spread across the country, only 12 churches were selected as case studies because they could be classified into four types according to floor plan form; we selected three churches to represent each form. The first and second types, seen in six churches constructed between the late 19th century and early 1960s, used two kinds of rectangular floor plan: one with an aisle, and the other without. The third and fourth types, composed of six churches constructed after the late 1960s, are the fan-type free floor plan and non-fan type, such as the circular, semi-circular, and triangular floor plan. The space syntax analysis showed that the free-type floor plan is not always better than the simple Latin cross type of floor plan for participatio actuosa. Rather, the latter is superior in some evaluation factors of visibility and accessibility. (Conclusions) Space syntax analysis indicated not only the errors of the existing architectural design trend of modern Korean Catholic churches but also new possibilities for the simple Latin cross floor plan to serve as a new architectural design direction of modern Korean Catholic church architecture.

등기하개념을 이용한 평면구조물의 자유진동해석

이상진 대한건축학회 2019 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.35 No.9

Isogeometric concept is introduced to carry out free vibration analysis of plane structures. The geometry of structures is represented by usingnon-uniform rational B-spline surface (NURBS) and its basis function is consistently used in the formulation of plane stress element. Inaddition, multi-patch strategy is introduced to deal with the openings in building. The performance of the present isogeometric plane stresselement is investigated by using five numerical examples. From numerical results, it is found to be that the isogeometric concept cansuccessfully identify reliable natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of plane structures with/without openings in efficient way. 평면구조물의 자유진동해석을 수행하기 위해 등기하 해석개념이 도입되었다. 구조물의 기하학적 형상은 비균일 유리 B-스플라인(NURBS)으로 표현하였다. 또한 비균일 유리 B- 스플라인의 기저함수를 평면 응력 요소의 정식화에 일관되게 사용하였다.  또한 건물의 개구부를 표현하기 위해서 멀티 패치를 도입하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 구현된 등기하 평면응력요소의 성능은 다섯가지 수치예제를 통하여 조사하였다. 수치해석결과로부터 등기하개념은 구조물의 개구부 유무에 상관없이 충분한 신뢰성을 가지는 고유 진동수와 모드형상을 성공적으로 계산하였다.

센다이 미디어테크의 자유로운 평면구성에 의한 건축공간의 특징에 관한 연구

김종성 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.38 No.3

The free planar composition is one of five principles asserted by Le Corbusier, and the Domino structure allows the composition of the interior space to be free from the structural limitations of a building. To understand the free plan of the architectural space designed by Toyo Ito, it is necessary to analyze his architectural concept pursuits. His outlook is that today's society is constantly changing; these changes along with diversity are resultant phenomena caused by homogenization, and the homogeneity of cities and architecture creates diversity and novelty of space. The architectural space characteristics pertaining to the free layout of Sendai Mediatheque involves a visual sense of space that changes and expands from moment to moment by the element of light rather than a general sense of space. The void penetrated the standardized slab plate up to the roof floor and was irregularly arranged in a free planar composition. This flexible spatial composition of architecture is expressed by the movement of pedestrians, and the composition of the floor, wall, and ceiling; corresponding to these movements forms a free space. The boundary between spaces is weakened when blurring the boundary of internal space by free planar composition. The free plan creates an inhomogeneous space by tubes, which are irregularly arranged structures. Upon analyzing the composition, characteristics, and background of free plans, it provided a new way to understand the architectural space of Sendai Mediatheque, and also confirmed the evolution of the free plan argued by Le Corbusier. 자유로운 평면구성은 르 코르뷔지에가 주장한 5원칙 중의 하나이고, 도미노 구조에 의한 내부 공간의 구성이 건축물의 구조적 제한에서 벗어나 자유로운 평면구성이 가능케 되었다. 이러한 자유로운 평면의 구성은 센다이 미디어테크(Sendai Mediatheque)의 가장 큰 특징적인 요소 중의 하나이다. 센다이 미디어테크의 자유로운 평면구성을 분석하여 르 코르뷔지에의 건축공간과 비교하였고, 토요이토 건축공간의 자유로운 평면구성의 특징 및 이와 연관된 현대건축이 시사하는 건축공간의 의미를 살펴보았다.

근대의 촉각적 지각론으로 본 ‘라움플란’과 ‘자유평면’ 연구

이동훈(Lee Tong-Hoon) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.12

The modern theories of tactile/haptic perception, particularly those articulated by Alois Riegl and Walter Benjamin, provides us with unique and often contrasting insights into the perception of space in architecture. Through the lenses of these theories, this study aims to analyse and compare two modern methods of space configuration, namely, Adolf Loos' 'Raumplan' and Le Corbusier's 'Plan Libre'. Riegl's conception of tactile/haptic space helps us identify 'Raumplan's essential theme, i. e., space as a clear-and-distinct three-dimensional entity with 'material individuality', while Benjamin's conception of tactile/haptic movement aids us in identifying 'Plan Libre's essential theme, i. e., space as an open continuum in which fragmented perception is allowed for the moving subject.

유연한 조인트 매니퓰레이터의 제한된 운동(위치/힘) 제어에 관한 연구

이홍규 한국기술교육대학교 1994 論文集 Vol.1 No.1

It is necessary to control the path trajectory tracking of the endeffector as well as contact force trajectory tracking between the endeffector and constraint hypersurfaces in order to sophisticated tasks of flexible joint manipulators with constraint hypersurfaces described by algebraic eqation. For this hybrid control, both the kinematical and the dynamical analysis and reduction of the degree of freedom according to the constraints must be considered. from given constraints, the relation between the independent joint trajectory and the dependent joint trjectory with constraints is derived. And reduced order dynamic equation which is projected in the path and force controlled directions for hybrid control is derived and analysed. Dynamic equation with reduced coordinates can be a basis for developing a advanced control algorithm.

면내 회전 자유도가 추가된 hybrid Trefftz 평면 요소와 DKMQ 요소를 이용한 4 절점 평면 셸 요소의 개발

최누리(N. L. Choi),추연석(Y. S. Choo),이승규(S. K. Lee),이병채(B. C. Lee) 한국정밀공학회 2004 한국정밀공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2004 No.10월

We develop a new four-node flat shell element which is accurate, efficient, and suitable to be used on general purpose. The new element has a hybrid Trefftz element with drilling degrees of freedom as a membrane part. We define the two independent displacement field: the internal displacement field that satisfies governing equations in the domain a priori and the boundary displacement field that is usually used as a conventional finite element method. The hybrid Trefftz variational formulation connects these two displacement fields on the boundary of the domain. To add drilling degrees of freedom, we introduce the Allman’s quadratic displacement field to the boundary displacement field. As a result, our flat shell element has 6 degrees of freedom per a node. We also use the well-known DKMQ plate bending element for the plate part of the proposed element. The DKMQ element satisfies Mindlin-Reissner’s plate theory along the edge of the element and gives proper behavior regardless of the thickness. A series of numerical experiments shows that the performance of the new element such as accuracy, rate of convergence, robustness to mesh quality, and so on.

등기하해석법을 이용한 자유진동 평면구조물의 위상최적화

이상진(Lee, Sang-Jin),배정은(Bae, Jungeun) 대한건축학회 2018 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.34 No.6

Isogeometric concept is introduced to find out the optimum layout of plane structure under free vibration. Eigenvalue problem is formulated and numerically solved in order to obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes of plane structures. For the exact geometric expression of the structure, the Non-Uniform Rational B-spline Surface (NURBS) basis functions is employed and it is also used to define the material density functions. A node-wise design variables is adopted to deal with the updating of material density in topology optimization (TO). The definition of modal strain energy is employed to achieve the maximization of fundamental frequency through its minimization. The verification of the proposed TO technique is performed by a series of benchmark test for plane structures.

평면 방향의 구속조건과 들러붙음 현상을 고려한 사출성형제품의 변형 해석

양상식(S. S. Yang),권태헌(T. H. Kwon) 대한기계학회 2006 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2006 No.11

Deformation analysis of injection molded articles whose geometry is considered as the assembly of thin flat plates has been conducted by simulation and experiment. For the simulation, the thermoviscoelastic stress and the in-mold deformation are calculated during in-mold analysis. Emphasis is made on lateral boundary conditions considering in-plane mold constraint and sticking effect between part and mold wall. Upon ejection, the instantaneous deformation takes place. During an out-of-mold cooling, the thermoviscoelastic model based on the effective temperature is used. The free volume theory is employed to represent the nonequilibrium density behavior during fast cooling. For the experiment, the shrinkage of PS parts was measured. Two mold geometries, square flat plate and one with two side walls, were tested. Parametric study was performed to investigate the effect of processing conditions on the shrinkage. Measured shrinkages were compared with simulation results.

평면 충돌제트에서 노즐 깃이 단상 및 비등 열전달에 미치는 영향

신창환(Chang Hwan Shin),임성환(Seong Hwan Yim),우성제(Seong Je Wu),조형희(Hyung Hee Cho) 대한기계학회 2004 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2004 No.4

The water jet impingement cooling is one of the techniques to remove heat from high heat flux equipments. We investigate the local heat transfer of the confined water impinging jet and the effect of nozzle collar to enhance the heat transfer in the free surface jet and submerged jet. Boiling is initiated from the furthest downstream and the wall temperature increase is reduced with developing boiling, forming the flat temperature distributions. The reduction in the nozzle-to-surface distance for H/W≤1 causes the significant increases and distribution changes in heat transfer. Developed boiling reduces the differences in heat transfer for various conditions. The nozzle collar is employed at the nozzle exit. The distances from heated surface to guide plate, H<SUB>c</SUB> are 0.25W, 0.5W and 1.0W. The liquid film thickness is reduced and the velocity of wall jet increase as decreased spacing of collar to heated surface. Heat transfer is enhanced for region from the stagnation to x/W~8 in the free surface jet and to x/W~5 in the submerged jet. For nucleate boiling region of further downstream, the heat transfer by the nozzle collar is decreased in submerged jet compare with higher velocity condition. It is because the increased velocity by collar is de-accelerated at downstream.

4변형 평면요소를 컴퓨터 프로그램으로 구현하기 위한 알고리즘

정성진(Jung Sung-Jin),이민섭(Lee Min-Sub),박세희(Park Se-Hee) 대한건축학회 2012 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.28 No.4

Many types of quadrilateral plane element are studied in literatures on FEA and implemented in various computer programs. Field engineers use these elements in their new projects according to the manual which is supplied with the program purchased, such as SAP2000, MIDAS, and so on. However, since these computer programs only present the concept and the way of using the commands and give different results in the same structural analysis model according to the element provided by each program, it is difficult to understand the basic theories and differences between these elements. So, it is necessary to establish the basic theories and the programming techniques in common use to consider these elements. In this study, basic theories for the consideration of quadrilateral plane elements with several degrees of freedom are studied first, where some of possible methods are investigated. On the basis of these theoretical backgrounds, an algorithm available in computer program is derived, which calculates the stiffness matrix of these elements in one process, and then a computer program(sNs) is developed based on the theory and algorithm studied. Lastly, some examples using these computerized elements are performed and the analysis results are compared with other commercial-use structural analysis programs used in field engineering for the verification of its fitness and validity.