Effect of Cattle Breeds on Milk Composition and Technological Characteristics in China

Yang, T.X.,Li, H.,Wang, F.,Liu, X.L.,Li, Q.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.6

Cattle breeds have a striking effect on milk, including milk composition and technological characteristics. This study aims to compare milk composition, acidification activity, viscosity, milk dispersion system stability and casein molecular weight among three buffalo breeds in China. The technological characteristics of milk produced by three cattle breeds of river buffalo (Murrah), crossbreed 1st generation ($F_1$), crossbreed multiple generation ($F_H$, $H{\geq}3$) buffaloes were investigated. Cattle breeds showed evident effect on milk protein, fat and total solids content, but little effect on most of buffalo casein molecular weight. Milk fat, protein content and the viscosity of buffalo milk from river buffalo were lower than those of $F_1$ and $F_H$, so was the buffer capacity. The viscosity was negatively correlated to temperature and concentration. Results of stability coefficient showed that milk dispersion system had the best dynamic stability characteristics under pH 6.6 and 6 times dilution, while zeta potential of Murrah milk was slightly higher than that of hybrid offspring ($F_1$, $F_H$). SDS-PAGE results showed that buffalo ${\alpha}_s$-casein had a slightly faster mobility than standard ${\alpha}_s$-casein; while buffalo ${\beta}$-casein showed a slightly slower mobility than standard ${\beta}$-casein. There is no clear differences in molecular weight of ${\alpha}_s$-, ${\beta}$-, and ${\kappa}$-casein among Murrah, $F_1$ and $F_H$.

Nitrogen-corrected True Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Chinese Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in Adult Cecectomized Roosters

Li, F.,Liu, Y.,Yin, R.Q.,Yang, X.J.,Yao, J.H.,Sun, F.F.,Li, G.J.,Liu, Y.R.,Sun, Y.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.6

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88${\times}$gross energy+$49.63{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88${\times}$ether extracts+$87.62{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and $a^*$ value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

Experimental investigation on effect of ion cyclotron resonance heating on density fluctuation in SOL at EAST

Y.C. Li,M.H. Li,M. Wang,L. Liu,X.J. Zhang,C.M. Qin,Y.F. Wang,C.B. Wu,L.N. Liu,J.C. Xu,B. J. Ding,X. D. Lin,B. J. Ding,X. D. Lin,J. F. Shan,F. K. Liu,Y. P. Zhao,T. Zhang,X. Gao 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.1

The suppression of high-intensity blob structures in the scrape-off layer (SOL) by ion-cyclotron range offrequencies (ICRF) power, leading to a decrease in the turbulent fluctuation level, is observed first in theExperimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) experiment. This suppression effect from ICRFpower injection is global in the whole SOL at EAST, i.e. blob structures both in the regions that aremagnetically connected to the active ICRF launcher and in the regions that are not connected to theactive ICRF launcher could be suppressed by ICRF power. However, more ICRF power is required to reachthe full blob structure suppression effect in the regions that are magnetically unconnected to the activelauncher than in the regions that are magnetically connected to the active launcher. Studies show that apossible reason for the blob suppression could be the enhanced Er B shear flow in the SOL, which issupported by the shaper radial gradient in the floating potential profiles sensed by the divertor probearrays with increasing ICRF power. The local RF wave power unabsorbed by the core plasma isresponsible for the modification of potential profiles in the SOL regions.

True Digestibility of Phosphorus in Different Resources of Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs

Wu, X.,Ruan, Z.,Zhang, Y.G.,Hou, Y.Q.,Yin, Y.L.,Li, T.J.,Huang, R.L.,Chu, W.Y.,Kong, X.F.,Gao, B.,Chen, L.X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.1

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

Fabrication and Field-Emission Performance of Zinc Sulfide Nanobelt Arrays

Lu, F.,Cai, W.,Zhang, Y.,Li, Y.,Sun, F.,Heo, S. H.,Cho, S. O. American Chemical Society 2007 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.111 No.36

Influence of elastic T-stress on the growth direction of two parallel cracks

Li, X.F.,Tang, B.Q.,Peng, X.L.,Huang, Y. Techno-Press 2010 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.34 No.3

This paper studies fracture initiation direction of two parallel non-coplanar cracks of equal length. Using the dislocation pile-up modelling, singular integral equations for two parallel cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading are derived and the crack-tip field including singular and non-singular terms is obtained. The kinking angle is determined by using the maximum hoop stress criterion, or the ${\sigma}_{\theta}$-criterion. Results are presented for simple uniaxial tension and biaxial loading. The biaxiality ratio has a noticeable influence on crack growth direction. For the case of biaxial tension, when neglecting the T-stress the crack branching angle is overestimated for small crack inclination angles relative to the largest applied principal stress direction, and underestimated for large crack inclination angles.

UV photovoltaic cells fabricated utilizing GaN nanorod/Si heterostructures

Li, F.,Lee, S.H.,You, J.H.,Kim, T.W.,Lee, K.H.,Lee, J.Y.,Kwon, Y.H.,Kang, T.W. North-Holland Pub. Co 2010 Journal of crystal growth Vol.312 No.16

Well-aligned GaN nanorods were synthesized on Si substrates to form heterojunctions with potential applications in photovoltaic (PV) cells. Transmission electron microscopy images, selected area electron diffraction pattern images, and photoluminescence spectra showed that the GaN crystalline nanorods were preferentially oriented along the [0001] direction and were very well-aligned perpendicular to the Si (111) substrate. An ultraviolet (UV) PV cell based on GaN nanorod/n-Si heterojunctions was fabricated, and current-voltage curves under an illumination with UV light exhibited obvious PV effect with a power conversion efficiency of about 1%.

Closed-form solution for an orthotropic elastic strip with a crack perpendicular to the edges under arbitrary anti-plane shear

Li, X.-F.,Lee, K.Y. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Zeitschrift für angewandte mathematik und mec Vol.89 No.5

<P>A cracked orthotropic elastic strip of finite width is analyzed under antiplane shear loading. For four frequently encountered constraint edges, i.e. free-free, clamped-clamped, free-clamped, or clamped-free edges, the Fourier series method is used to reduce triple series equations, and then to a mixed boundary value problem associated with a mode-III crack for each case to a singular integral equation. Closed-form solutions are derived for the resulting equations, and formulae for calculating stress intensity factors are obtained for an internal crack and edge cracks subjected to arbitrarily varying loading. Numerical results of the stress intensity factors for an eccentric, central, and edge crack are shown graphically for the case of uniform loading at the crack faces. Obtained formulae for determining stress intensity factors can be taken as a benchmark of numerical evaluations. The derived results are also applicable to an isotropic elastic strip with an anti-plane shear crack normal to the edges.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>A cracked orthotropic elastic strip of finite width is analyzed under antiplane shear loading. For four frequently encountered constraint edges, i.e. free-free, clamped-clamped, free-clamped, or clamped-free edges, the Fourier series method is used to reduce triple series equations, and then to a mixed boundary value problem associated with a mode-III crack for each case to a singular integral equation. Closed-form solutions are derived for the resulting equations, and formulae for calculating stress intens ity factors are obtained for an internal crack and edge cracks subjected to arbitrarily varying loading. Numerical results of the stress intensity factors for an eccentric, central, and edge crack are shown graphically for the case of uniform loading at the crack faces. Obtained formulae for determining stress intensity factors can be taken as a benchmark of numerical evaluations. The derived results are also applicable to an isotropic elastic strip with an anti-plane shear crack normal to the edges.</P> <img src='wiley_img/00442267-2009-89-5-ZAMM200900233-content233.gif' alt='wiley_img/00442267-2009-89-5-ZAMM200900233-content233'>

Interfacial shear horizontal (SH) waves propagating in a two-phase piezoelectric/piezomagnetic structure with an imperfect interface

Huang, Y.,Li, X. -F.,Lee, K. Y. Taylor Francis 2009 Philosophical magazine letters Vol.89 No.2

<P> Shear waves propagating along the imperfectly bonded interface of a magnetoelectric composite consisting of Piezoelectric (PE) and Piezomagnetic (PM) phases are considered. An exact dispersion relation is obtained. It is found that the interfacial imperfection strongly affects the velocity of interfacial shear waves. The existence condition of the interfacial shear waves is derived. In particular, for certain combined magnetoelectric composites, interfacial shear waves do no exist for perfect interface and exist only for imperfect interface. Moreover, the corresponding waves are dispersive, and the range of the phase velocity is derived, lying between the smaller of the Bleustein-Gulyaev waves of two PE and PM materials and the interfacial waves for the perfect bonding. These findings are useful for PE/PM composites in the microwave technology.</P>

Vehicular emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a tunnel study in Hong Kong

Ho, K. F.,Lee, S. C.,Ho, W. K.,Blake, D. R.,Cheng, Y.,Li, Y. S.,Ho, S. S. H.,Fung, K.,Louie, P. K. K.,Park, D. Copernicus GmbH 2009 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.9 No.19

<P>Abstract. Vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined at the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong in summer and winter of 2003. One hundred and ten VOCs were quantified in this study. The average concentration of the total measured VOCs at the inlet and outlet of the tunnel were 81 250 pptv and 117 850 pptv, respectively. Among the 110 compounds, ethene, ethyne and toluene were the most abundant species in the tunnel. The total measured VOC emission factors ranged from 67 mg veh−1 km−1 to 148 mg veh−1 km−1, with an average of 115 mg veh−1 km−1. The five most abundant VOCs observed in the tunnel were, in decreasing order, ethene, toluene, n-butane, propane and i-pentane. These five most abundant species contributed over 38% of the total measured VOCs emitted. The high propane and n-butane emissions were found to be associated with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-fueled taxis. Fair correlations were observed between marker species (ethene, i-pentane, n-nonane, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes - BTEX) with fractions of gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled vehicles. Moreover, ethene, ethyne, and propene are the key species that were abundant in the tunnel but not in gasoline vapors or LPG. The ozone formation potential from the VOCs in Hong Kong was evaluated by the maximum increment reactivity (MIR). It was found to be 568 mg of ozone per vehicle per kilometer traveled. Among them, ethene, propene and toluene contribute most to the ozone-formation reactivity. </P>