Energy concentration and amino acid digestibility in corn and corn coproducts from the wet-milling industry fed to growing pigs

Liu, Y.,Song, M.,Almeida, F. N.,Tilton, S. L.,Cecava, M. J.,Stein, H. H. American Society of Animal Science 2014 Journal of Animal Science Vol.92 No.10

<P>Two experiments were conducted to determine DE and ME and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in corn and corn coproducts (high-fat corn germ [HFCG], corn bran, liquid corn extractives [LCE], and a mixture of corn germ meal and LCE [CGM-LCE]) fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 40 growing barrows (initial BW: 33.4 ± 5.77 kg) were housed individually in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 diets. A corn-based diet (97.4% corn) and 4 diets that contained both corn and each of the corn coproducts were formulated. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs. Feces and urine samples were collected using the marker to marker method with 5-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. The DE and ME were calculated using the difference procedure. The concentrations of DE and ME in HFCG, corn bran, LCE, and CGM-LCE were less (<I>P</I> < 0.05) than in corn. Among corn coproducts, the concentration of DE in HFCG was greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) than in corn bran, but the DE in corn bran was not different from DE values in LCE and CGM-LCE. No differences were observed in the ME concentrations among corn coproducts. In Exp. 2, 6 growing barrows (initial BW: 96.6 ± 1.16 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. A N-free diet and 5 diets that contained corn, HFCG, corn bran, LCE, or CGM-LCE as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. Each period lasted 7 d and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA was greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in corn than in all corn coproducts with the exception that the SID of Lys in corn was not different from the SID of Lys in HFCG, and the SID of Trp in corn was also not different from the SID of Trp in CGM-LCE. Among corn coproducts, the SID of CP, Arg, and Lys were greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in HFCG and CGM-LCE than in corn bran, the SID of Lys and Val was greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in LCE than in corn bran, and the SID of Arg was greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in HFCG and CGM-LCE than in LCE, but for the remaining indispensable AA, no differences among corn coproducts were observed. In conclusion, the corn coproducts used in these experiments contain less ME and have reduced SID of most AA compared with corn, but there are no differences in ME among corn coproducts and only few differences in the SID of indispensable AA among HFCG, corn bran, LCE, and CGM-LCE.</P>

Bonding Interface Evolution Characteristics of Laser Depositing Ti2AlNb Intermetallic Compound on the Near-α Titanium Alloy Plate

N. Liu,Z. L. Zhao,Y. L. Liu,W. X. Xu,H. O. Yang 대한금속·재료학회 2023 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.29 No.10

Gradient titanium alloys are more conducive to meeting the requirements of large temperature and stress gradients than single homogeneous titanium alloy components used only within specific temperature and stress ranges. In this study, the near-α high-temperature titanium alloy and Ti2AlNb intermetallic compound were combined by laser deposition technology to attempt to prepare a gradient titanium alloy that can be used in a broader temperature and stress range. The evolution characteristics of the bonding interface between the two alloys were deeply analyzed. Results show that a good metallurgical bonding interface without defects was formed after laser depositing Ti2AlNb powders on the forged near-α titanium alloy plate. The very narrow heat-affected band (HAB) and fine-grain zone were formed at the bonding interface under different laser parameters, which lead to higher microhardness than that of both sides. The chemical composition homogenization difference within and without the bonding interface should be responsible for the formation of HAB, and the solid-state transformation induced by the complex thermal history of the laser deposition process is also an essential factor. The bonding interface evolution can be generalized as the variation of phase from the substrate to the deposition zone, which is α + β→α + α’+β→β/B2. Directly laser depositing Ti2AlNb powders on the forged near-α titanium alloy plate results in the discontinuous transition of microstructure and property at the bonding interface.

Design of power and phase feedback control system for ion cyclotron resonance heating in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak

Liu L.N.,Zheng W.M.,Zhang X.J.,Yang H.,Yuan S.,Mao Y.Z.,Zhang W.,Zhu G.H.,Wang L.,Qin C.M.,Zhao Y.P.,Cheng Y.,Zhang K. 한국원자력학회 2024 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.56 No.1

Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating system is an important auxiliary heating method in the experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). In EAST, several megawatts of power are transmitted with coaxial transmission lines and coupled to the plasma. For the long pulse and high power operation of the ICRF waves heating system, it is very important to effectively control the power and initial phase of the ICRF signals. In this paper, a power and phase feedback control system is described based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices, which can realize complicated algorithms with the advantages of fast running and high reliability. The transmitted power and antenna phase are measured by a power and phase detector and digitized. The power and phase feedback control algorithms is designed to achieve the target power and antenna phase. The power feedback control system was tested on a dummy load and during plasma experiments. Test results confirm that the feedback control system can precisely control ICRF power and antenna phase and is robust during plasma variations.

Measurement of the ICRH antenna phasing using antenna strap probe based diagnostic system in EAST tokamak

Liu L.N.,Liang Q.C.,Yang H.,Zhang X.J.,Yuan S.,Mao Y.Z.,Zhang W.,Zhu G.H.,Wang L.,Qin C.M.,Zhao Y.P.,Cheng Y.,Zhang K. 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.10

To operate the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) antennas in a better heating state and produce relatively low impurities, it is necessary to control the antenna spectrum by changing the antenna phasing. As the electrical length of the antenna feeding transmission lines is changing as a matter of the standing wave pattern at the ceramic supports, 90 elbows, T-connectors and antenna loops, we chose to measure the current at the grounding points of the antenna loops by antenna strap probe. The voltage drops along a small, several millimeter-long paths at the end of the antenna loops give a signal that is proportional to the current in the antenna loop. Through the simulation of the antenna strap probe and the actual measurement of the antenna phasing under vacuum conditions, the reliability of the antenna strap probe based diagnostic system have been successfully proved. Moreover, this system was successfully applied to the ICRH daily experiments in the spring of 2021. In the near future, the active realtime feedback control of the antenna phasing system will be developed based on this diagnostic system in the EAST tokamak.

Effects of Supplementing with Single or Multiple Trace Minerals on Growth Performance, Fecal Mineral Excretion and Nutrient Utilization in Pullets from 1 to 18 Weeks of Age

Zhong, L.L.,Yao, J.H.,Cheng, N.,Sun, Y.J.,Liu, Y.R.,Wang, Y.J.,Sun, X.Q.,Xi, H.B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.6

This study investigated whether supplemental Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn are needed in a practical diet for pullets. Four hundred and twenty females of an egg-laying strain (1-d-old, Lohmann Brown Layer) were randomly distributed into 4 groups, consisting of 7 replicates of 15 birds each. During the 18-week experimental period, chicks were given three basal diets in sequence, each with single or multiple Mn, Zn and Cu supplementation to improve the mineral balance gradually. In the Control, no Mn, Zn, and Cu were added; in the single Mn supplemented group (sMn) Mn was added to 120, 60, and 60 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn and Zn supplemented group (mMnZn), Mn was added to 180, 90, and 90 mg/kg and Zn was added to 120, 105, and 105 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn, Zn, Cu supplemented group (mMnZnCu), Mn, Zn, and Cu were added to the same multiple of basal Fe concentration relative to NRC (1994) recommendations. Energy and protein metabolizability were determined by subtracting energy/protein intake by energy/protein excretion (from both feces and urine) and dividing by energy/protein intake. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of feed intake, final body weight or tibia length throughout the experiment. Optimal growth performance was observed in the Control, while adding trace minerals to basal diets tended to result in decreased productive performance. Protein metabolizability was increased by mMnZn and mMnZnCu treatments, but energy metabolizability was not affected. Concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu in excreta varied greatly related to dietary content, and the retentions of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were all increased due to the improvement of mineral balance. Based on these results, it is suggested that the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in typical basal diets used in this study were adequate for normal growth for pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age.

Synthesis, spectroscopic investigations, X-ray crystallographic studies and magnetic properties of heterobimetallic Fe(II)-Hg(II) polynuclear complexes

Jin, L. T.,Liu, X. T.,Wang, X. Q.,Wang, L. N.,Zhang, G. H.,Zhu, L. Y.,Xu, D. Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2014 Materials research innovations Vol.18 No.2

Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of Zn1−x Co x Fe2O4 Nanoparticles

Phan, T. L.,Tran, N.,Kim, D. H.,Dang, N. T.,Manh, D. H.,Bach, T. N.,Liu, C. L.,Lee, B. W. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Journal of electronic materials Vol.46 No.7

<P>We have prepared Zn1-x Co (x) Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by using a hydrothermal method, and then studied their structural and magnetic properties. The analyses of x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Raman scattering spectra reveal that the samples crystallized mainly in a cubic-spinel structure with the lattice parameter a ae 8.4 . Averaged crystallite sizes determined from the XRD linewidth are about 16-22 nm, close to the particle sizes of 19-28 nm determined from scanning electron microscopy images. Magnetization measurements versus temperature, M(T), in the field H = 100 Oe indicate that the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic (FM-PM) phase transition temperature (T (C)) of Zn1-x Co (x) Fe2O4 NPs increases from 606 K for x = 0 to similar to 823 K for x = 1. The features of the M(T) curves also indicate magnetic inhomogeneity in the samples, and their magnetic property is unstable versus temperature. This is ascribed to the changes in the structural characterization and/or concentration of magnetic ions situated at the A and B sites in the spinel lattice. At room temperature, we found that both the saturation magnetization (M (s)) and coercivity (H (c)) increase with increasing Co content, with M (s) = 59-70 emu/g and H (c) = 100-1100 Oe. These results reflect that the Co doping into ZnFe2O4 NPs greatly improves their magnetic property, making them more useful for practical applications. Additionally, we also assess magnetic interactions and the magnetocaloric effect in the samples based on analyzing initial magnetization data, M(H), recorded at temperatures around T (C).</P>

Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Porcine Backfat Thickness

Wu, X.L.,Lee, C.,Jiang, J.,Peng, Y.L.,Yan, H.F.,Yang, S.L.,Xiao, B.N.,Liu, X.C.,Shi, Q.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.7

A partial genome scan using porcine microsatellites was carried out to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for backfat thickness (BFT) in a pig reference population. This population carried QTL on chromosomes 1, 13 and 18. The QTL on chromosome 1 was located between marker loci S0113 and SW1301. The QTL corresponded to very low density lipoprotein receptor gene (VLDLR) in location and in biological effects, suggesting that VLDLR might be a candidate gene. The QTL found on chromosome 13 was found between marker loci SWR1941 and SW864, but significance for the marker-trait association was inconsistent by using data with different generations. The QTL on chromosome 18 was discovered between markers S0062 and S0117, and it was in proximity of the regions where IGFBP3 and GHRHR were located. The porcine obese gene might be also a candidate gene for the QTL on chromosome 18. In order to understand genetic architecture of BFT better, fine mapping and positional comparative candidate gene analyses are necessary.

Mapping a Quantitative Trait Locus for Growth and Backfat on Porcine Chromosome 18

Wu, X.L.,Lee, C.,Jiang, J.,Peng, Y.L.,Yang, S.L.,Xiao, B.N.,Liu, X.C.,Shi, Q.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.12

A QTL was localized near S0120 on porcine chromosome 18. The QTL was significant (p<0.05) for average daily gain (ADG) of body weight and backfat thickness (BFT). The estimates of additive and dominance effects for the QTL were 0.0135 kg/day (p<0.001) and 0.0138 kg/day (p>0.5) for ADG and 1.6115 mm (p<0.001) and 0.9281 mm (p>0.05) for BFT. The location of this QTL coincided with a few growth hormone pathway genes. This study suggested that a QTL allele probably resulted from a mutation responsible for physiological lipase deficiency favoring obesity. This QTL might be important to obesity as well as growth in pigs.

Rumen Degradability and Small Intestinal Digestibility of the Amino Acids in Four Protein Supplements

Wang, Y.,Jin, L.,Wen, Q.N.,Kopparapu, N.K.,Liu, J.,Liu, X.L.,Zhang, Y.G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.2

The supplementation of livestock feed with animal protein is a present cause for public concern, and plant protein shortages have become increasingly prominent in China. This conflict may be resolved by fully utilizing currently available sources of plant protein. We estimated the rumen degradability and the small intestinal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) in rapeseed meal (RSM), soybean meal (SBM), sunflower seed meal (SFM) and sesame meal (SSM) using the mobile nylon bag method to determine the absorbable AA content of these protein supplements as a guide towards dietary formulations for the dairy industry. Overall, this study aimed to utilize protein supplements effectively to guide dietary formulations to increase milk yield and save plant protein resources. To this end, we studied four cows with a permanent rumen fistula and duodenal T-shape fistula in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square experimental design. The results showed that the total small intestine absorbable amino acids and small intestine absorbable essential amino acids were higher in the SBM (26.34% and 13.11% dry matter [DM], respectively) than in the SFM (13.97% and 6.89% DM, respectively). The small intestine absorbable Lys contents of the SFM, SSM, RSM and SBM were 0.86%, 0.88%, 1.43%, and 2.12% (DM basis), respectively, and the absorbable Met contents of these meals were 0.28%, 1.03%, 0.52%, and 0.47% (DM basis), respectively. Among the examined food sources, the milk protein score of the SBM (0.181) was highest followed by those of the RSM (0.136), SSM (0.108) and SFM (0.106). The absorbable amino acid contents of the protein supplements accurately reflected protein availability, which is an important indicator of the balance of feed formulation. Therefore, a database detailing the absorbable AA should be established.