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Planetary Urbanisation with or without Cities
Thierry Paquot 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2011 Localities Vol.1 No.-
In order to analyse the different kinds of global urbanization and to explore the challenge beneath it, the author describes the three phases of City History. The first city grew from the farming surplus and their destiny was tied to the farming economy. The rise of the capitalism in 16th century call for a new era. The City became mainly places of market trade. The industrial revolution was the third milestone, which we are just leaving now entering in the globalization. The author lists the five urban shapes: the slum, the megapolis, the world-sized city, the gated community, and the small and medium city. He also notices the existence of diffusing urban base on each continent. The challenges are numerous and highly tangled. The author suggests to combine the four main questions that every human being asks themselves about, the social question, the urban question, the knowledge question and the environmental question. I then conclude by opening a few leads for an ecological urbanization on various scales.
Thierry Paillard,Yves Rolland,Philipe de Souto Barreto 대한신경과학회 2015 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.11 No.3
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are devastating, frequent, and still incurable neurodegenerative diseases that manifest as cognitive and motor disorders. Epidemiological data support an inverse relationship between the amount of physical activity (PA) undertaken and the risk of developing these two diseases. Beyond this preventive role, exercise may also slow down their progression. Several mechanisms have been suggested for explaining the benefts of PA in the prevention of AD. Aerobic physical exercise (PE) activates the release of neurotrophic factors and promotes angiogenesis, thereby facilitating neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, which in turn improve memory and cognitive functions. Research has shown that the neuroprotective mechanisms induced by PE are linked to an increased production of superoxide dismutase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and a reduction in the production of free radicals in brain areas such as the hippocampus, which is particularly involved in memory. Other mechanisms have also been reported in the prevention of PD. Exercise limits the alteration in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and contributes to optimal functioning of the basal ganglia involved in motor commands and control by adaptive mechanisms involving dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission. AD and PD are expansive throughout our ageing society, and so even a small impact of nonpharmacological interventions, such as PA and exercise, may have a major impact on public health.
Modern Radiotracing Tools for the Development of Engines, Lubricants, and After Treatment Systems
Thierry Delvigne,Olivier Courtois,Jay E. Ha(하재은) 한국자동차공학회 2009 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.4
Modern I.C. engines have to comply with strict environmental regulations, including a significant reduction of fuel consumption and emissions. This implies improvement of the internal combustion (I.C.) process, reduction of frictions, development of complex after treatment systems, and a reduction of oil consumption. New technical challenges are also associated to fuel dilution problems in diesel and super-ethanol engines, or to wear problems due to fuel dilution and soot loading in the lubricant, clogging and poisoning of after treatment system. Therefore, researchers and engineers need new tools to better understand and solve those new problems. In this paper, we describe the latest technologies available for engine and lubricant testing. The paper focuses on radionuclide techniques that are now increasingly used in Europe for realtime monitoring of engine wear, oil consumption, oil aeration, fuel dilution, and poisoning/clogging of after treatment systems. These technologies offer very high sensitivities and allow reducing significantly test durations. The paper presents the latest developments of radiotracer techniques applied to the development of engines, lubricants, and after treatment systems.