Initial Risk Assessment of Disodium Disulphite in OECD High Production Volume Chemical Program

Sanghwan Song,Yoonho Choi,Hye-Youn Park,Minjeong Kwon,Hyunju Koo,Seong-Hwan Jeon,Jin-Gyun Na,Kwangsil Park 한국독성학회 2002 Toxicological Research Vol.18 No.1

Disodium disulphite, the HPV chemical, was assigned to Korea in order to implement OECD SIDS program in 1999. It was produed about 3,200 ton/year in 1998. This report evaluates the toxic potency of disodium disuphite based on the environmental and mammalian effects as well as human exposure. Oral LD_(50) in rats is 1,540 mg/kg b.w. and effects was observed to the stomach, liver, and the GI track that was filled with blood. For repeated dose toxicity, the predominant effect was the induction of stomach lesions due to local irritation. The no observed adverse effect level for local (stomach irritation) was about 217 mg/kg bw/day. There is no evidence that disodium disulphite is genotoxic in vivo. No reproductive or developmental toxicity of disodium disulphite was observed for the period up to 2 yr and over three generations. In humans, urticaria and asthma with itching, edema, rhinitis, and nasal congestion were reported. Disodium disulphite is unlikely to induce respiratory sensitization but may enhance symptoms of asthma in sensitive individuals. This chemical would be mainly transported to water compartment when released to environmental compartments since it is highly water soluble (470 g/l at 20). Low K_(OC) (2.447) indicates disodium disulphite is so mobile in soil that it may not stay in the terrestrial compartment. The chemical has been tested in a limited number of aquatic species. From acute toxicity test to fish, 96 hr-LC_(50) was > 100 mg/l. For algae, 72hr-EC_(50) was 48.1 mg/l. For daphnid, the acute toxicity value of 48 hr-EC_(50) was 88.76 mg/l, and chronic value of 21day-NOEC was > 10 mg/l. Therefore, PNEC of 0.1 mg/l for the aquatic organisms was obtained from the chronic value of daphnid using the assessment factor of 100. Based on these data the disodium disulphite was recommended as low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.

Ambient Fine and Ultrafine Particle Measurements and Their Correlations with Particulate PAHs at an Elementary School Near a Highway

Sanghwan Song,백도명,Young-Mee Lee,Chulwoo Lee,Chunghee Park,Seung-Do Yu 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.2

Ambient particulate matter (PM) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were measured continuously for 70 days at a Korean elementary school located near a highway. The PM10,PM2.5, and PM1 values were measured with a lightscattering,multi-channel, aerosol spectrometer (Grimm, Model 1.107). The number concentrations of the particles were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer and counter (SMPS+C) which counted particles from 11.1 to 1083.3 nm classified in 44 channels. Particle-bound PAHs were measured with a direct reading, photoelectric aerosol sensor. The daily NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations were obtained from a national air-monitoring station located near the school. The average concentrations of PM10,PM2.5, and PM1 were 75.3, 59.3, and 52.1 μg/m3, respectively. The average number concentration of the ultrafine particles (UFPs) was 46,307/cm3, and the averaged particle-bound PAHs concentration was 17.9ng/m3 during the study period. The ambient UFP variation was strongly associated with traffic intensity, particularly peak concentrations during the traffic rush hours. Particles ⁄100 nm corresponded to trafficrelated pollutants, including PAHs. Additional longterm monitoring of ambient UFPs and high-resolution traffic measurements should be carried out in future studies. In addition, transient variations in the ambient particle concentration should be taken into consideration in epidemiology studies in order to examine the short-term health effects of urban UFPs.

Ecological risk assessment of estrogenic effects of bisphenol A on fish in Korea

Sanghwan Song,Chulwoo Lee,Jisung Ryu,Eung-Roh Park,Soo-Young Park,Eun-Kyoung Kim,Hyun-Mi Kim,KyungHee Choi,Kwang-Soo Choi,Jin-Gyun Na,Deok-Gil Rhee 환경독성보건학회 2004 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.- No.-

Benzoyl Peroxide의 반복투여 독성과 생식 및 발생독성

송상환(Sanghwan Song),김수현(Su-Hyon Kim),배희경(Heekyung Bae),김미경(Mikyung Kim),구현주(Hyun Ju Koo),박광식(Kwangsik Park),이상균(Sangkyun Lee),박중훈(Joonghoon Park),최은실(Eun-Sil Choi),이문순(Moon-Soon Lee) 한국독성학회 2003 Toxicological Research Vol.19 No.2

This study was carried out to assess the combined repeated dose, reproduction and developmental toxicities of benzoyl peroxide for OECD SIDS (Screening Information Data Set) program. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to benzoyl peroxide at dose levels of 0, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/day for 29 days for males and for 41~51 days for females. No deaths were found in all animals including control group during exposure period. No hematological effects attributable to benzoyl peroxide were observed in all treated groups. Significant decrease in the weight of testes and epididymis were observed in males at 1,000 mg/kg/day. In females at 1,000 mg/kg/day, slight histopathological effects in uterus such as epithelial vacuolation or hyperplasia were observed. No treatment-related changes in precoital time and rate of copulation, fertility and gestation period were noted in all treated groups. There was no evidence of teratogenic effect of benzoyl peroxide, but body weight of pups at 1,000 mg/kg/day was significantly decreased. NOAEL for combined repeated dose and reproduction/developmental toxicity was 500 mg/kg/day.

ROC 분석을 이용한 수질자동측정소 실시간 남조류 측정의 정확성 평가 및 경보기준 설정

송상환 ( Sanghwan Song ),박종환 ( Jonghwan Park ),강태우 ( Tae-woo Kang ),김영석 ( Young-suk Kim ),김지현 ( Jihyun Kim ),강태구 ( Taegu Kang ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2017 한국물환경학회지 Vol.33 No.2

In order to evaluate the accuracy of real-time measurement of cyanobacterial fluorescence needed to predict cyanobacterial blooms, this research examined 357 pairs of data (from 2013-2016) consisting of both microscopic toxic cyanobacterial cell counts and concurrent real-time cyanobacterial concentrations, from two sites (YS1 and YS2) in the Yeongsan river. The high level of real-time cyanobacterial concentration was associated with exceeding 5,000 cyanobacterial cells/ml (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.12) and 10,000 cells/ml (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.12) at YS2 site. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the real-time cyanobacterial measurement at the YS2 site was 0.93; hence the measurement provides a highly accurate detection of cyanobacterial blooms. On the ROC curve, the early alert levels of real-time cyanobacteria ranging from 16 to -23 μg chl-a/L would produce an acceptable sensitivity of 79% and specificities greater than 90%. The real-time fluorescence measurement was an accurate indicator of cyanobacteria and can serve as a tool for detecting toxic cyanobacterial bloom events in the Yeongsan river.

AOPWIN을 이용한 Acetanilide의 광분해 특성 평가

권민정,최윤호,송상환,박혜연,구현주,정성환,나진균,박광식 한국환경독성학회 2001 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Acetanilide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 2,300 tons/year in Korea as of 1998 survey. Most is used as an intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes, and the chemical is one of seven chemicals of which human and environmental risk are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research under the frame of OECD SIDS program. The Atmospheric Oxidation Program for Microsoft Windows (AOPWIN) is used to estimates the rate constant for the atmospheric, gas-phase reaction between photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and organic chemicals. It is also used to estimates the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction between ozone and olefinic/acetylenic compounds. The rate constants estimated by the program are then used to calculate atmospheric half-lives for organic compounds based upon average atmospheric concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and ozone. AOPWIN requires only a chemical structure to make these predictions. Structures are entered into AOPWIN by SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) notations. In this study, one of environmental fate/distribution of the chemical elements, photodegradation of acetanilide was estimated using AOPWIN model based on SMILES notation and chemical name data.

BCF WIN을 이용한 Acetanilide의 생물농축특성 평가

권민정,최윤호,송상환,박혜연,구현주,박광식 한국환경독성학회 2001 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Acetanilide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 2,300 tons/year in Korea as of 1998 survey, Most is used as an intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes. The chemical is one of seven chemicals, which are under the frame of OECD SIDS program sponsored by National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Regarding the information on the environmental fate, bioconcentration is one of important factor to estimate the environmental tranfer. However, measurement of bioconcentration needs high expense and time. For this reason, OECD recommends to use BCFWIN model to estimate bioconcentration of organic chemicals. BCFWIN estimates the bioconcentration factor(BCF) of an organic compound using the log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of the compound. Structures are entered into BCFWIN through SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) notations, The BCFWIN method classifies a compound as either ionic or non-ionic. Ionic compounds include carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and salts of sulfonic acids, and charged nitrogen compounds (nitrogen with a +5 valence such as quaternary ammonium compounds). All other compounds are classified as non-ionic. In this study, bioaccumulation of acetanilide was estimated using BCFWIN model based on SMILES notation, chemical name data and partition coefficient as one of environmental fate/distribution of the chemical elements.

코로나19 대응 유기소금 항바이러스 필터의 개발 및 성능평가

유정연(Yu, Jungyeon),배상환(Bae, Sanghwan),한성환(Han, Sung-Hwan),김민성(Kim, Min Sung),송길섭(Song, GilSub) 한국생태환경건축학회 2022 한국생태환경건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.22 No.2

Initial Risk Assessment of Acetanilide in OECD High Production Volume Chemical Program

Hye-Youn Park,Yoonho Choi,Sanghwan Song,Min-Jeoung Kwon,Hyun Ju Koo,Seong-Hwan Jeon,Jin-Gyun Na,Kwangsik Park 한국독성학회 2002 Toxicological Research Vol.18 No.1

In Korea, 2,320 tonnes of acetanilide were mostly used as intermediates for synthesis in pharmaceuticals or additives in synthesizing hydrogen peroxide, varnishes, polymers and rubber. Only small amount of 120 kg were used as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide solution for hair colouring agents in 1998. Readily available environmental or human exposure data do not exist in Korea at the present time. However, potential human exposures from drinking water, food, ambient water and in work places are expected to be negligible because this chemical is produced in the closed system in only one company in Korea and the processing factory is equipped with local ventilation and air filtering system. Acetanilide could be distributed mainly to water based on EQC model. This substance is readily biodegradable and its bioaccumulation is low. Acute toxicity of acetanilide is low since the LD_(50) of oral exposure in rats is 1,959 mg/kg bw. This chemical is not irritating to skin, but slightly irritating to the eyes of rabbits. From repeated dose toxicity, the adverse effects in rats were red pulp hyperplasia of spleen, bone marrow hyperplasia of femur and decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The LOAEL for repeated dose toxicity in rats was 22 mg/kg/day for both sexes. Acetanilide is not considered to be genotoxic. In a reproductive/developmental toxicity study, no treatment-related changes in precoital time and rate of copulation, impregnation, pregnancy were shown in all treated gruops. The NOAELs for reproduction and developmental toxicity (off-spring toxicity) are considered to be 200 mg/kg bw/day and 67 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Ecotoxicity data has been generated in a limited number of aquatic species of algae (72hr-E_bC_(50); 13.5 mg/l), daphnid (48hr-EC_(50); > 100 mg/l) and fish(Oryzias latipes, 96hr-LC_(50); 100 mg/l). From the acute toxicity values, the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of 0.135 mg/l was derived using an assessment factor of 100. On the basis of these data, acetanilide was suggested as currently of low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.

Benzoyl peroxide의 환경에서의 초기 위해성 평가

김미경,배희경,김수현,송상환,구현주,박광식,이문순,전성환,나진균 한국환경독성학회 2004 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Benzoyl peroxide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 1,375 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. The substance is mainly used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in hte plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour nad medication for acne vulgaris. In this study, quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships(QSAR) are used for getting adequate information on the physical-chemical properties of this chemical. And hydrolysis in water, acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms for benzoyl peroxide were studied. The physical-chemical properties of benzoyl peroxide were estimated as followed; vapor pressure=0.00929 pa, Log K_(ow)=3.43, Henry's Law constant=3.54×10^(-6) atm-m³/mole at 25℃, the half-life of photodegradation=3days and bioconcentration factor(BCF)=92. Hydrolysis half-life of benzoyl peroxide in water was 5.2hr at pH 7 at 25℃ and according to the structure of this substance hydrolysis product was expected to benzoic acid. Benzoyl peroxide has toxic effects on the aquatic organisms. 72 hr-ErC_(50)(growth rate) for algae was 0.44mg/L, 48hr-EC_(50) for daphnia was 0.07mg/L and the 96hr-LC_(50) of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24mg/L. Acute toxicity to terrestrial organisms(earth worm) of benzoyl peroxide was low(14 day-LC_(50)=>1,000mg/kg). Although benzoyl peroxide is high toxic to aquatic organisms, the substance is not bioaccumulated because of the rapid removal by hydrolysis (half life=5.2hr at pH 7 at 25℃) and biodegradation(8.% by BOD after 21days). The toxicity observed is assumed to be due to benzoyl peroxide rather than benzoic acid, which shows much lower toxicity to aquatic organisms. One can assume that effects occur before hydrolysis takes place. From the acute toxicity value of algae, daphnia and fish, an assessment factor of 100 was used to determine the predicted no effect concentration(PNEC). The PNEC was calculated to be 0.7㎍/L based on the 48hr-EC_(50) daphnia(0.07mg/L). The substance shows high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms and some information indicates wide-dispersive use of this substance. So this substance is a candidate for further work, even if it hydrolysis rapidly and has a low bioaccumulation potential. This could lead to local concern for the aquatic environment and therefore environmental exposure assessment is recommended.