고양이 심장에서 관상동맥 결찰과 재관류로 인한 ATPase 변화에 관한 세포화학적 연구

김은기,류임주,엄창섭,서영석 고려대학교 의과대학 1991 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.28 No.1

To understand the behaviors of Ca^(++)-ATPase and Na^(+)-K^(+) ATPase in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused heart, and to elucidate their roles in those conditions, the authors observed cat myocardium ultracytochemically. Acute ischemia was induced by ligation of the anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery. Reperfusion was begun after 20minutes of ischemia and discontinued after 1-2 minutes when ventricular fibrillation appeared on EKG. The reaction products of Ca^(++)-ATPase were irregular In shape, and distributed mainly in myocytes in the vicinity of capillaries. In normal cardiac myocytes, they were present at plasmalemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, intercalated discs including intermediate junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions. Some were scattered along with inner mitochondrial membranes and myofibrils. After 20 minutes of ischemia. almost all structures had negligible reaction products. except some dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum beneath the plasmalemma, which retained strong reactivities. After reperfusion, the reaction products showed a tendency to be Increased. But there was hardly any reaction products in mitochondria. Patches of myofibrils with much increased enzyme activity than other myofibrils were found scattered. In addition, macrophages showed strong reactivity throughout their nuclei. Endothelial cell nuclei, however, were free of reactions in all conditions. The reaction products of Na^(+)-K^(+) ATPase were fine In nature. In normal cardiac myocytes, they were present at plasmalemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, various structures of intercalated discs, myofibrils, mitochondria, inner nuclear membranes and heterochrormatin. In ischemic heart, the reactions decreased generally and increased after reperfusion. Mitochondria in normal states had many fine reaction products scattered throughout them to the degree of masking their details. In ischemic conditions, the reaction products, decreased in number, were located contiguous to inner mitochondrial membrane. After reperfusion each reaction product was increased in size, although the amount was less than normal conditions. Gap junctions were unique structures'in that they lacked reactivity both in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused conditions. Other structures of the intercalated discs, especially desmesomes, showed increased reactions. Some myofibrils showed much strong reactions in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused groups, even though the reactivity at myofibrils as a whole was decreased. Under all conditions, the nuclei of interstitial cails and endothelial cells had their reaction products related to the nuclear membranes and heterochrormatin. The authors, based on the above observations, conclude that Ca^(++)-ATPase may have little role in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused conditions. Na^(+)-K^(+) ATPase during reperfusion, however, even depressed in their activities, may try to normalize the decreased intramitochondrial ATP contents and the increased intracellular Na^(+) concentrations resulted from ischemic conditions.

N형 전압의존성 칼슘채널 α subunit 유전자의 염색체상에서의 위치와 신경계에서의분포

박선화,김현,김형래,박수연,유임주,서영석 대한해부학회 1997 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.30 No.4

A Glance of Electron Tomography through 4th International Congress on Electron Tomography

Rhyu, Im Joo,Park, Seung Nam 韓國電子顯微鏡學會 2008 Applied microscopy Vol.38 No.3

Electron tomography (ET) is an electron microscopic technique for obtaining a 3-D image from any electron microscopy specimen and its application in biomedical science has been increased thanks to development of electron microscopy and related technologies during the last decade. There are few researches on ET in Korea during this period. Although the importance of ET has been recognized recently by many researchers, initial approach to electron tomographic research is not easy for beginners. The 4th International Congress on Electron Tomography (4 ICET) was held on Nov 5~8, 2006, at San Diego. The program dealt instrumentation, reconstruction algorithm, visualization/quantitative analysis and electron tomographic presentation of biological specimen and nano particles. I have summarized oral presentations and analyzed the posters presented on the meeting. Cryo-electron microscopic system was popular system for ET and followed conventional transmission electron microscopic system. Cultured cell line and tissue were most popular specimens analyzed and microorganisms including bacteria and virus also constituted important specimens. This analysis provides a current state of art in ET research and a guide line for practical application of ET and further research strategies.

Expression of n-NOS mRNA is Elevated in Rolling Mouse Nagoya(RMN) Cerebelium

Im Joo Rhyu,Chang-Sub Uhm,Seung Jun Hwang,Hyun Kim,Young-Suk Suh 대한체질인류학회 1999 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.42 No.-

High Voltage Electron Microscopic Image of Red Blood Cell in the Blood Vessel of Mouse Brain

Rhyu, Im Joo Korean Society of Microscopy 2017 Applied microscopy Vol.47 No.2

Electron-Microscope Contributions to Autophagy Research and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Rhyu, Im Joo Korean Society of Microscopy 2017 Applied microscopy Vol.47 No.1

Professor Yoshinori Ohsumi received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contribution to autophagy research, which was first studied using electron microscopy. To celebrate and commemorate this historical moment, I describe the role of electron microscopy in autophagy research and suggest a role for next-generation electron microscopy in this research field.

Bergman glial cell morphology under the high voltage Electron microscope

Im Joo Rhyu 한국현미경학회 2019 Applied microscopy Vol.49 No.1

The detailed morphology of Bergam glial cell was observed in single field of view during observation of Golgi stained mouse cerebellar cortex under the high voltage electron microscopy. The 3-dimensional organization of Bergman glial cell fully demonstrated with 8-degree stereo-paired images. The morphology of Bergman glial fiber and its appendages forming microdomains connected to other glial fiber are clearly presented in this image. This image provides a valuable insight for understanding morphology of Bergman glial cell.

연령 및 성별에 따른 한국인 뇌의 정중시상면 구조에 관한 연구

유임주(Im Joo Rhyu),김희진(Hee Jin Kim),이남준(Nam Joon Lee),김 현(Hyun Kim),서영석(Young Suk Suh) 대한해부학회 1998 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.31 No.6

뇌 크기는 개체의 특성이나 뇌 기능을 설명할 수 있는 유용한 척도이다. 최근 자기공공명영상장치 및 컴퓨터 단층촬영장치 등은 뇌의 기능이나 신경학적인 질병의 병인을 이해하는데 많은 기여를 하여 왔다. 이러한 발전에도 불구하고 한국인을 대상으로 한 뇌 크기에 관한 연구는 아직 개척기에 머물러 있다. 저자들은 신경학적으로 건강한 19세에서 80세사이의 한국인 남자 (58명)와 여자(66명)의 뇌 정중시상면의 MRI 필름에서 뇌들보, 중간뇌, 다리뇌 및 소뇌벌레의 단면적을 계측하고 통계학적으로 처리하여 연령에 따른 변화와 남여차이 를 분석하였다. 남녀간의 차이는, 뇌들보, 중간뇌 및 소뇌벌레에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고 다리뇌에서만은 여자에 비하여 남자에서 크게 나타났다. 연령증가에 따른 변화는, 중간뇌에서는 남녀 모두에서 감소되고 뇌들보에서는 남자에서만 위축되며 다리 뇌와 소뇌벌레에서는 위축되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 남자와 여성에서 다리뇌의 크기가 다르다는 보고는 찾아볼 수 없는 것으로 보아 저자들에 의해서 처음 보고되는 것이며 뇌들보에서 관찰된 남여간에 다르게 나타난 소견은 노화과정에서 뇌의 변화에 차이가 있을 것으로 추정된다. The brain size is a useful parameter describing ontogenic characters and functions. Recent studies of brain size with medical imaging techniques such as MRI and CT made us understand the functions of brain and pathophysiology of various neurologic diseases. With these advances in medical imaging technique, study on Korean brain size needs more attention. In this study, neurologically intact brain MRIs of 66 females and 58 males (ages 19 through 80) were analyzed. Areas of corpus callosum, midbrain, pons, and cerebellar vermis were estimated from mid-sagittal plane of MRI films. Statistical analyses were performed to reveal the effects of aging and gender on these structures. Our results demonstrate statistically significant sexual difference of pons size in healthy adult Korean. Size of other structures examined were not different between female and male. Age-related atrophy was observed in midbrain of male and female midbrain and the corpus callosum of male. This is the first report of sexual difference of pons size in normal adult Korean. Sexual dimorphism of ageing response in copus callosum differences needs further investigation.

Tottering/leaner 생쥐 소뇌에서 조롱박세포의 가지돌기가시와 평형섬유염주사이의 신경연접 가소성

유임주(Im Joo Rhyu),박창현(Chang Hyun Park),전용혁(Yong Hyuck Chun),서영석(Young-Suk Suh) 대한해부학회 1999 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.32 No.2

Tottering 생쥐는 운동실조증, 소발작, 간헐성근경련과 유사한 운동장애등의 신경학적 증상을 보이는 변종생쥐이다. tottering (tg) 유전인자는 생쥐의 8번 염색체에 위치하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 보통염색체 열성으로 분류된다. 최근 tottering/leaner 생쥐의 전압의존성칼슘채널 α1A subunit 유전자 변이가 보고되었으며 사람의 보통염색체 우성 소뇌성운동실조증 (Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: SCA6), 가족성반신불수성편두통 (Familial hemiplegic migraine) 및 제2 형간헐성운동실조증 (Episodic ataxia type-2) 등의 질환 모델로서 활용될 수 있게 되었다. 또한 이들 생쥐의 소뇌 분자층에서 과립세포 평행섬유와 조롱박세포 가지돌기가시 사이의 신경연접 가소성이 관찰되었다. 이에 본 연구는, tottering/leaner 생쥐에서 소뇌 분자층의 신경연접을 운동실조가 나타나는 시기에 따라 조롱박세포 가지돌기가 시극돌기와 과립세포 평형섬유팽대사이의 신경연접을 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하고, 전압의존성칼슘채널 α1A subunit 이상으로 유발된 세포내 전해질 변화가 조롱박세포의 형태에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위해 성숙한 tottering/leaner 생쥐의 소뇌를 항 calbindin-28 kd 면역염색을 이용하여 관찰하였다. tottering/leaner 잡종생쥐의 조롱박세포에서 가지돌기가시는 정상대조군에 비하여 세포쪽부위에서 나오는 것이 많이 관찰 되었으며 축삭은 드물지 않게 축삭염주가 관찰되었다. 조롱박세포의 가지돌기가시와 과립세포의 평행섬유염주사이 신경연접에서 3개 이상의 신경연접은, tottering 생쥐에서는 30일군에서, tottering/leaner 잡종에서는 18일군에서, leaner 생쥐에서는 15일군에서 쉽게 관찰되었다. 이상에서 관찰된 형태학적 소견들은 이들 변종생쥐들의 운동실조증과 연관되어 있는 것으로 생각된다. The tottering (tg/tg) is neurologic mutant mouse exhibiting three neurological disorders: ataxia, petit mal-like absence seizures and myoclonic intermittent movement disorder. The tottering mouse carries an autosomal recessive single gene mutation on chromosome 8. The leaner (tgla) and Nagoya rolling (tgrol) are another two alleles of the tottering (tg). The combination of two mutant (tottering and leaner) produces compound heterozygous, tottering/leaner (tg/tgla) mouse. The genetic etilogy of the tottering and leaner was identified to be a mutation in voltage-dependent calcium channel α1A subunit. It made us link these animal model to human neurologic disease such as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA6), familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2. The different onset and severity of neurological symptom of these three mutants (tg/tg, tg/tgla, tgla/tgla) offer good scale to analysis of pathophysiolgy of the neurologic disorder. Altered synapase between parallel fiber varicosity and dendritic spines of Purkinje cell was observed in adult tottering and leaner mice. Through the electron microscopic observation and anticalbindin-28 kd immunohistochemistry, we anaylzed not only the relationship between neurologic symptoms and synaptic plasticity around the ataxic onset of tottering, leaner and tottering leaner double mutation but also Purkinje cell morphology affected by voltage-sensitive calcium channel α1A subunit mutation in totterring mouse. Purkinje cell dendritic spines from proximal dendrites and axonal swellings of Purkine cell were observed frequently in wild type mice. The first apperance point of altered synapse based on semi-quantitative analysis was postnatal 15 days in leaner, postnatal 18 days in totering/leaner double mutation, and 30 days in tottering. These data suggest that altered synapse is associated with ataxia in tottering and leaner mice. Further study is needed to determine whether altered synapse is primary cause of ataxia.

The mRNA Expression of Phosphoinositide-specific Phospholipase C-β Isozymes in Postnatal Rat Brains

유임주(Im Joo Rhyu),김현(Hyun Kim),강윤희(Yoon Hee Kang),박경숙(Kyoungsook Park),황승준(Seung Jun Hwang),서판길(Pann Ghill Suh),서영석(Young Suk Suh) 대한해부학회 1998 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.31 No.4

Phospholipid-specfic phospholipase C (PLC)는 phosphatidyl inositol 4, 5-bisphosphate로부터 세포내 2차 정보전달물질인 inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate 와 diacyl glycerol을 생산하는 중요한 효소로 알려져 있다. PLC β 동종효소들이 신경계통에서 중요한 기능을 수행하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 신경계통 발생과정에서의 역할에 관한 연구는 이제 시작단계에 있는 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 뇌의 발달과정에서 PLC β 동종효소들의 역할을 이해하기 위하여 이미 알려진 네 가지 PLC β 동종효소 유전자들의 출생직후부터 성숙기까지 흰쥐 뇌에서의 발현양상을 in situ hybridization 조직화학법으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 각 PLC β 동종효소들은 시기별 및 부위별로 특이한 발현양상을 보였다. PLC β1 mRNA는 후각망울, 대뇌겉질, 바닥핵, 중격부위, 해마 및 치아이랑, 편도복합체, 시상의 망상핵 및 소뇌에 많은 양이 분포하였고 출생후(P0)부터 점차 증가하여 생후 21일(P21)에 정점에 이르고 성체에서는 약간 감소된 발현을 보였다. PLC β2 mRNA는 그 발현을 관찰할 수 없었으며, PLC β3 mRNA는 P0부터 P14까지 약하기는 하지만 조금씩 증가하는 양상을 보였고, 성숙한 흰쥐에서는 소뇌의 조롱박세포층에서 약간 낮은 발현이 관찰되었다. PLC β4 mRNA은 시상, 소뇌, 대뇌겉질, 후각망울 등에서 발현되는데 출생후 계속 증가하여 P21에 정점에 이르고 성숙한 흰쥐 뇌에서는 약간 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 태생 18일 태자에서 발현양상을 보면, PLC β1은 주로 신경계에서 발현이 되었고 PLC β3와 PLC β4는 여러 종류의 조직에서 관찰되었으나 PLC β2는 그 발현을 관찰할 수 없었다. 이상과 같이, 출생후 뇌의 성숙과정에서 PLC β 동종효소 유전자들의 발현이 시기별 및 부위별로 특이하게 나타나는 것으로 보아 이들 동종효소들은 뇌 발달과정과 관련된 신호전달체계에서 각기 다른 의미 있는 역할을 할 것이라고 생각한다. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is known as a key enzyme which produces two major second messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5 trisphosphate. Although it has been suggested that PLC β isozymes have important roles in nervous system, less is known about the function of PLC β in development of nervous system. We have localized the mRNA expressions of PLC β isozymes in the postnatal rat brains by in situ hybridization histochemistry. In the postnatal rat brains, each isozyme of PLC β showed differential expression pattern. The expression of PLC β1 mRNA was found in various areas including olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum. In general, the expression in these areas was gradually increased after birth (P0) until postnatal day 21 (P21) and slightly decreased to adult level. The expression of PLC β2 mRNA was not found in postnatal rat brains. The expression of PLC β3 mRNA was found from P0, peaked at P14, and decreased to adult level in the purkinje cells of cerebellum. PLC β4 mRNA was strongly expressed in the thalamus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and olfactory bulb. In these areas, the expression was gradually increased after birth, peaked at P21, and decreased to adult level. In whole body parasagittal sections of 18 day old rat embryo, PLC β1 mRNA was exclusively expressed in nervous tissue, PLC β3 and PLC β4 were expressed in various tissues, and the expression of PLC β2 was not found in any kind of rat tissues. From the different spatiotemporal mRNA expression patterns of PLC β isozymes in the postnatal rat brains, it is suspected that each PLC β isozyme may have specific role in signal transduction for postnatal development of rat brain.