Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiology and Mechanism

Raj Kumar Tiwari,Vikas Sharma,Ravindra Kumar Pandey,Shiv Shankar Shukla 대한약침학회 2020 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.23 No.1

Nicotine, primary component of tobaco produces craving and withdrawal effect both in humans and animals. Nicotine shows a close resemblance to other addictive drugs in molecular, neuroanatomical and pharmacological, particularly the drugs which enhances the cognitive functions. Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism. Dopaminergic system is also stimulated by it, thus increasing the concentration of dopamine in nuclear accumbens. This property of nicotine according to various researchers is responsible for reinforcing behavioral change and dependence of nicotine. Various researchers have also depicted that some non dopaminergic systems are also involved for rewarding effect of nicotinic withdrawal. Neurological systems such as GABAergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and brain stem cholinergic may also be involved to mediate the actions of nicotine. Further, the neurobiological pathway to nicotine dependence might perhaps be appropriate to the attachment of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, peruse by stimulation of dopaminergic system and activation of general pharmacological changes that might be responsible for nicotine addiction. It is also suggested that MAO A and B both are restrained by nicotine. This enzyme helps in degradation dopamine, which is mainly responsible for nicotinic actions and dependence. Various questions remain uninsurable to nicotine mechanism and require more research. Also, various genetic methods united with modern instrumental analysis might result for more authentic information for nicotine addiction.

Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiology and Mechanism

Tiwari, Raj Kumar,Sharma, Vikas,Pandey, Ravindra Kumar,Shukla, Shiv Shankar KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2020 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.23 No.1

Nicotine, primary component of tobaco produces craving and withdrawal effect both in humans and animals. Nicotine shows a close resemblance to other addictive drugs in molecular, neuroanatomical and pharmacological, particularly the drugs which enhances the cognitive functions. Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism. Dopaminergic system is also stimulated by it, thus increasing the concentration of dopamine in nuclear accumbens. This property of nicotine according to various researchers is responsible for reinforcing behavioral change and dependence of nicotine. Various researchers have also depicted that some non dopaminergic systems are also involved for rewarding effect of nicotinic withdrawal. Neurological systems such as GABAergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and brain stem cholinergic may also be involved to mediate the actions of nicotine. Further, the neurobiological pathway to nicotine dependence might perhaps be appropriate to the attachment of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, peruse by stimulation of dopaminergic system and activation of general pharmacological changes that might be responsible for nicotine addiction. It is also suggested that MAO A and B both are restrained by nicotine. This enzyme helps in degradation dopamine, which is mainly responsible for nicotinic actions and dependence. Various questions remain uninsurable to nicotine mechanism and require more research. Also, various genetic methods united with modern instrumental analysis might result for more authentic information for nicotine addiction.

Seroprevalence and Risk Perception of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among Healthy-Looking Adults in Nepal

( Bishnu Raj Tiwari ),( Gyanendra Bikram Shah ),( Krishna Gurung ),( Mamita Khaling Rai ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are rapidly spreading in the developing countries. The study assessed seroprevalence and risk perception of HBV and HCV among healthylooking adults in Western Region, Nepal Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among voluntary blood donors in collaboration with Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Kaski. A total of 1878 adults (18-58 years) attending for voluntary blood donation from November, 2016 to February, 2017 at Pokhara valley was enrolled in the study. Background characteristics and risk perception was assessed by interview. Risk perception was measured by Likert-type scale: ‘no risk’, ‘little’, moderate, high and very high risk, ranging from 1 to 5. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of HCV antibodies and HBsAg by ELISA. Proportion of seropositive status was computed, and t-test was applied to find out the mean difference. Results: Of total, 86.9% were male, 62.7% were 20-34 years old, 62.6% married, 5% had multiple sex partners, and 9.2% made tattoo piercing. Seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies was 0.7% and 0.4%, respectively. Seroprevalence of HBsAg was 0.7% in male and 0.8% in female; 0.9% in married; 1.1% in subjects with multiple sex partners; and 0.9% in ≥35 years old. Seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 0.5% in male and 0.0% in female, 0.6% in married, 0.9% in ≥ 35 years old, and 1.2% in tattoo piercing group. Mean risk perception of HBVand HCV was 2.73 and 2.67 in total (P<0.05); 2.69 and 2.64 in male, and 2.93 and 2.84 in female, respectively, both were significantly higher in female (p<0.05). Conclusions: This indicates intermediate level of endemicity of HBV and lower seroprevalnce of HCV infection in Nepal. Higher seroprevalence of HBsAg was found among married, having multiple sex partners and older; and of anti-HCV antibodies among male, married, older and tattoo piercing individuals. However, risk perception of both HBV and HCV was higher among females.

Knowledge of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Health Science Students of Pokhara Univ., Gandaki Province, Nepal

( Bishnu Raj Tiwari ),( Suresh Jaiswal ),( Sanju Bastola ),( Bimala Sharma ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is public health problem in Nepal. The prevalence of HBV was found to be below 1% (0.9%), however some subgroup of population showed high prevalence by various studies. The study aimed to determine the knowledge of Hepatitis B virus infection among health science students of Pokhara University, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done among 200 students of health and allied science of Pokhara University using a structured self-administered questionnaire method. The questionnaire was prepared based on the previous studies. Students from public health, laboratory science, pharmacy and nursing disciplines were enrolled in the study. The information was collected from January to February, 2020. Mean knowledge score of HBV was measured based on 28 related questions as it was done in previous study, in which each correct answer was coded 1 and incorrect answer as 0, resulting the maximum score of 28 for all right answers. Descriptive statistics, and chisquare test, independent sample t test and one -way ANOVA test were applied. Results: Of the total, 74.5% of the respondents were females; and mean age of the respondents was 20.6 (SD ±1.48) years. Mean knowledge score of HBV was 19.48 (SD±2.72) out of 28. The mean knowledge score was 19.90 (SD± 2.67) among females and 18.33 (SD±2.53) among males; there was significant difference in the mean knowledge score between males and females (p value <0.05). Similarly, there was also significant difference in the mean knowledge score among the students of different disciplines of health science (p value <0.05); the highest mean was observed among nursing students which was 21.22 (SD+2.64). Regarding the individual questions, 98% respondents agreed that hepatitis B infection is caused by a virus. Among all, 16.5% respondents agreed that hepatitis B infection can be spread by mosquitoes; the statement was significantly different by sex (P<0.05). Of the total, 41.9% agreed that hepatitis B can be spread through close personal contact such as kissing or talking, 29.5% agreed that sharing dishes with HBV positive patients can cause the spread of virus; 97% reported that hepatitis B is spread through blood-to-blood contact; and 86.5% respondents mentioned that sexual transmission is a common way hepatitis B is spread. Of total, 91% students agreed that there is a vaccine for HBV. Among all, 84% students agreed that HBV is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer and 87.5% mentioned that HBV can lead to liver cirrhosis. Of the total, 58.5% agreed that having a medical and/or dental procedure increases a person’s chances of contracting HBV; 69.5% students believed that symptoms appear soon after the entrance of HBV into the body; 55.8% agreed that symptoms always appear after the entrance of HBV to the body; 38.5% students agreed that people with HBV should be restricted from working in the food industry; and 64.5% students reported that there is a pharmaceutical treatment available for hepatitis B; and the agreement with all the above statements had statistically significant association with sex (p value <0.05). Conclusions: The mean knowledge score of HBV infection was found satisfactory among health science students of Pokhara University, Gandaki province, Nepal. Significant differences were observed in the mean knowledge score of HBV by sex and different disciplines of health science. The curriculum of all health science disciplines should be comprehensive to cover all aspect of HBV infection

Awareness Regarding Risk Factors, Symptoms and Treatment Facilities for Cancer in Selected States of India

Raj, Sherin,Piang, Lam Khan,Nair, K.S.,Tiwari, V.K.,Kaur, Harneet,Singh, Bacchu Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.8

Objective: To study the level of awareness and knowledge about cancers and associated risk factors among households in selected states of India. Methods: In the study 3070 households were interviewed from six states viz, West Bengal, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Mizoram. Results: Knowledge of cancers other than those related to tobacco was very low (prostate 8%, colon 11% ) among the communities, with a poor awareness of warning signs and symptoms. The knowledge varied from state to state. It is found that the major source of information related to cancers was television (38%) followed by friends and relatives (36%). Only about 15 % of respondents had knowledge about cancer awareness camps organized in their districts but they did not have knowledge about the organizers of the camp. Findings suggested a strong need for strengthening of DCCP. Conclusion: It is important to create awareness among community through educational programs on cancer prevention, preventable cancer risk factors, benefits of early diagnosis, and availability of screening facilities. Integration of District Cancer Control activities with NRHM could be the most cost-effective strategy to prevent cancers and rural population.

Current and Future Molecular Mechanism in Inflammation and Arthritis

Vikash Sharma,Raj Kumar Tiwari,Shiv Shankar Shukla,Ravindra Kumar Pandey 대한약침학회 2020 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.23 No.2

Inflammation is an immune response of the human body but excessive inflammation is taken as a major factor in the development of many diseases including autoimmune disorders, cancer and nerve disorders etc. In this regards the need is to suppress the inflammatory response. Suppression of extra or imperfect inflammatory response is not a big deal provided there is an exact knowledge of particular target in the body. Recent advancements in Pharmacological aspect made the therapy with improved outcomes in number of patients. Anticytokine therapy might be one of the important and novel approaches for inflammation and Arthritis. This can be achieved only when we go through the pathophysiology of expression and identification of mediators. Let’s take an example of cytokine like interleukins (IL), chemokines, interferons (INF), tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α), growth factors, and colony stimulating factors) release pathway which is a major signalling protein in inflammatory response. In the present study we have reviewed the recent pharmacological therapeutic advancement, inflammatory mediators, receptors, and major signalling pathways. Such information will not only provide the idea about the mechanism of action of Pharmaceuticals and molecular targets but also it provides a new aspect for drug designing and new corrective approaches in existing clinical medicines. This study will be a source of good information for the researchers working in the area of drug designing and molecular Pharmacology especially in anti-inflammatory and anti arthritic medicines for target based therapy.

Antidiabetic activity of an Ayurvedic Formulation Chaturmukha Rasa: A mechanism based study

Akansha Sharma,Raj K Tiwari,Vikas Sharma,Ravindra K Pandey,Shiv Shnakar Shukla 대한약침학회 2019 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.22 No.2

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa based on streptozotocin induced diabetes model, alpha amylase inhibitory activity, alpha Glucosidase inhibitory activity and inhibition of sucrase. Methods: Chaturmukha rasa was prepared as per Ayurvedic formulary. Antidiabetic activity was measured in experimentally streptozotocin induced rats. The dose was taken as 45 mg/kg, i.p. The antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa was compared Triphala Kwatha, a marketed formulation. Further In vitro ά- Amylase Inhibitory Assay, In vitro salivary amylase Inhibitory Assay, In vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Assay and In vitro Sucrase Inhibitory Assay was performed with respect to Chaturmukha rasa. The IC50 value was calculated for all the above activity. Results: Streptozotocin with Acarbose showed significant decrease in blood glucose level whereas streptozo-tocin with Triphala kwatha showed more decrease in blood glucose level than Streptozotocin with Acarbose. The combination of Streptozotocin + Triphala kwatha + Chaturmukha rasa showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level on 21st day. In vitro ά- Amylase Inhibitory Assay the Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value 495.94 μl when compared with Acarbose 427.33 μl, respectively. In the α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Assay Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value 70.93 μl when compared with Acarbose 102.28 μl, respectively. In vitro Sucrase Inhibitory Assay Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value 415.4 μl when compared with Acarbose 371.43 μl, respectively. Conclusion: This study supports that Chaturmukha rasa may inhibit diabetes by inhibition of salivary amylase or alpha Glucosidase or sucrase. This may be the mechanism by which Chaturmukha rasa inhibits diabetes. Further this study supports the usage of Chaturmukha rasa for the management of diabetes.

Risk Factors and Costs of Oral Cancer in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi

Goyal, Sandeep,Tiwari, Vijay Kumar,Nair, Kesavan Sreekantan,Raj, Sherin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.4

The present study conducted with 100 oral cancer patients at a private tertiary care hospital in Delhidemonstrated that stage III cancer was associated with longer use of tobacco and poor oral hygiene. There was also statistically significant association (p<.05) between consumption of tobacco and alcohol. More than 60% treatment expenditure was on surgery followed by accommodation (9%) and investigations (8%). The effect of tobacco was well known among patients as 76% of the patients knew that common cancer in tobacco chewer is 'oral cancer', 22% of the patients however responded that they did not know which cancer is common in tobacco chewers. 58% said that they learnt about ill effects of tobacco from media while 24% said they learnt from family and friends. Out of 78 tobacco users, 60 (77%) said that they never received help to quit tobacco while 18(23%) have received help to quit.

Antidiabetic Activity of an Ayurvedic Formulation Chaturmukha Rasa: A Mechanism Based Study

Sharma, Akansha,Tiwari, Raj K,Sharma, Vikas,Pandey, Ravindra K,Shukla, Shiv Shnakar KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2019 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.22 No.2

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa based on streptozotocin induced diabetes model, alpha amylase inhibitory activity, alpha Glucosidase inhibitory activity and inhibition of sucrase. Methods: Chaturmukha rasa was prepared as per Ayurvedic formulary. Antidiabetic activity was measured in experimentally streptozotocin induced rats. The dose was taken as 45 mg/kg, i.p. The antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa was compared Triphala Kwatha, a marketed formulation. Further In vitro $\acute{\alpha}$- Amylase Inhibitory Assay, In vitro salivary amylase Inhibitory Assay, In vitro ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ Inhibitory Assay and In vitro Sucrase Inhibitory Assay was performed with respect to Chaturmukha rasa. The IC50 value was calculated for all the above activity. Results: Streptozotocin with Acarbose showed significant decrease in blood glucose level whereas streptozotocin with Triphala kwatha showed more decrease in blood glucose level than Streptozotocin with Acarbose. The combination of Streptozotocin + Triphala kwatha + Chaturmukha rasa showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level on 21st day. In vitro $\acute{\alpha}$- Amylase Inhibitory Assay the Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value $495.94{\mu}l$ when compared with Acarbose $427.33{\mu}l$, respectively. In the ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ Inhibitory Assay Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value $70.93{\mu}l$ when compared with Acarbose $102.28{\mu}l$, respectively. In vitro Sucrase Inhibitory Assay Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value $415.4{\mu}l$ when compared with Acarbose $371.43{\mu}l$, respectively. Conclusion: This study supports that Chaturmukha rasa may inhibit diabetes by inhibition of salivary amylase or alpha Glucosidase or sucrase. This may be the mechanism by which Chaturmukha rasa inhibits diabetes. Further this study supports the usage of Chaturmukha rasa for the management of diabetes.

Current and Future Molecular Mechanism in Inflammation and Arthritis

Sharma, Vikash,Tiwari, Raj Kumar,Shukla, Shiv Shankar,Pandey, Ravindra Kumar KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2020 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.23 No.2

Inflammation is an immune response of the human body but excessive inflammation is taken as a major factor in the development of many diseases including autoimmune disorders, cancer and nerve disorders etc. In this regards the need is to suppress the inflammatory response. Suppression of extra or imperfect inflammatory response is not a big deal provided there is an exact knowledge of particular target in the body. Recent advancements in Pharmacological aspect made the therapy with improved outcomes in number of patients. Anticytokine therapy might be one of the important and novel approaches for inflammation and Arthritis. This can be achieved only when we go through the pathophysiology of expression and identification of mediators. Let's take an example of cytokine like interleukins (IL), chemokines, interferons (INF), tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α), growth factors, and colony stimulating factors) release pathway which is a major signalling protein in inflammatory response. In the present study we have reviewed the recent pharmacological therapeutic advancement, inflammatory mediators, receptors, and major signalling pathways. Such information will not only provide the idea about the mechanism of action of Pharmaceuticals and molecular targets but also it provides a new aspect for drug designing and new corrective approaches in existing clinical medicines. This study will be a source of good information for the researchers working in the area of drug designing and molecular Pharmacology especially in anti-inflammatory and anti arthritic medicines for target based therapy.