A NOTE ON SHARMA'S FORMULA

Sharma, R.K. Department of Mathematics 1981 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.21 No.2

Rapid thermal annealing induced modification in structural and electronic structure properties of Ti_0.95Co_0.05O_2@?δ thin films

Rodrigues, E.C.,Sharma, S.K.,de Menezes, A.S.,Chae, K.H.,Gautam, S.,Aljawf, R.N.,Kumar, S. Pergamon Press 2016 Materials research bulletin Vol.83 No.-

Thin film of Ti<SUB>0.95</SUB>Co<SUB>0.05</SUB>O<SUB>2-δ</SUB> was deposited on Si (100) using PLD method and annealed in O<SUB>2</SUB> and N<SUB>2</SUB> environment. Raman spectra confirm that all the films have rutile structure. Surface morphology indicates that the surface roughness and grain size increase with annealing. The electronic structure studied by NEXAFS spectroscopy at O K, Ti L<SUB>3,2</SUB> and Co L<SUB>3,2</SUB>-edges revealed that peak intensities decrease significantly for the film annealed N<SUB>2</SUB> environment. The ligand-field splitting estimated from the energy difference between the t<SUB>2g</SUB> and e<SUB>g</SUB> features in O K-edge spectra were 2.71eV for as-deposited and O<SUB>2</SUB> annealed film, whereas reduced more than double (@?1.32eV) for the film annealed in N<SUB>2</SUB>. Atomic multiplet calculations and experimentally observed NEXAFS spectra at Co L<SUB>3,2</SUB>-edge and Ti L<SUB>3,2</SUB>-edge confirm that Co present in 2+ and Ti in +4 valence state, whereas the multiplet structures of O<SUB>2</SUB> annealed film looks similar to Co metal.

PCA-based Offline Handwritten Character Recognition System

Munish Kumar,M. K. Jindal,R. K. Sharma 한국산학기술학회 2013 SmartCR Vol.3 No.5

Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used widely in pattern recognition to reduce the extent of the data. In this paper, we explore using this technique to recognize offline handwritten Gurmukhi characters, and a system for offline handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition using PCA is proposed. The system first prepares a skeleton of the character so that meaningful feature information about the character can be extracted. For classification, we used k-nearest neighbor, Linear-SVM, polynomial-SVM and RBF-SVM based approaches and combinations of these approaches. In this work, we collected 16,800 samples of isolated offline handwritten Gurmukhi characters. These samples were divided into three categories. In category 1 (5600 samples), each Gurmukhi character was written 100 times by a single writer. In category 2 (5600 samples), each Gurmukhi character was written 10 times by 10 different writers, and in category 3 (5600 samples), each Gurmukhi character was written by 100 different writers. The set of the basic 35 akhars of Gurmukhi has been considered here. A partitioning strategy for selecting the training and testing patterns is also explored in this work. We used zoning, diagonal, directional, transition, intersection and open end point, parabola curve fitting?based and power curve fitting?based feature extraction in order to find the feature set for a given character. The proposed system achieves a recognition accuracy of 99.06% in category 1, 98.73% in category 2 and 78.30% in category 3.

Effect of creep and shrinkage in a class of composite frame - shear wall systems

Savita Maru,A.K. Nagpal,R.K. Sharma 국제구조공학회 2003 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.3 No.5

The behaviour of composite frame - shear wall systems with regard to creep and shrinkage with high beam stiffness has been largely unattended until recently since no procedure has been available. Recently an accurate procedure, termed the Consistent Procedure (CP), has been developed which is applicable for low as well as for high beam stiffness. In this paper, CP is adapted for a class of composite frame - shear wall systems comprising of steel columns and R.C. shear walls. Studies are reported for the composite systems with high as well as low beam stiffness. It is shown that considerable load redistribution occurs between the R.C. shear wall and the steel columns and additional moments occur in beams. The magnitude of the load redistribution and the additional moment in the beams depend on the stiffness of the beams. It is also shown that the effect of creep and shrinkage are greater for the composite frame - shear wall system than for the equivalent R.C. frame - shear wall system.

MDP Feature Extraction Technique for Offline Handwritten Gurmukhi Character Recognition

Munish Kumar,M. K. Jindal,R. K. Sharma 한국산학기술학회 2013 SmartCR Vol.3 No.6

Character recognition is intricate work because of the various writing styles of different individuals. Most of the published work on handwritten character recognition problems deals with statistical features, and a few works deal with structural features, in general, and Gurmukhi script, in particular. In the present work, we propose a methodology for offline handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition by using a modified division points (MDP) feature extraction technique. We also compare this technique with other recently used feature extraction techniques, namely zoning features, diagonal features, directional features, intersection and open end points features, and transition features. To select a representative set of features is the most significant task for a character recognition system. After feature extraction, the classification stage makes use of the features extracted in the previous stage to recognize the character. In this work, we used linear-support vector machines (linear-SVM), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifiers for recognition. For experimental analysis, we used 10,500 samples of the isolated, offline, handwritten, basic 35 akhars of Gurmukhi script. The proposed system achieved a maximum recognition accuracy of 84.57%, 85.85% and 89.20% with linear-SVM, MLP and k-NN classifiers, respectively, with a five-fold cross validation technique.

Microstructure, structural, optical and piezoelectric properties of BiFeO3 nanopowder synthesized from sol-gel

R. Sankar Ganesh,Sanjeev K. Sharma,S. Sankar,B. Divyapriya,E. Durgadevi,P. Raji,S. Ponnusamy,C. Muthamizhchelvan,Y. Hayakawa,김득영 한국물리학회 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.3

Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 (BFO) powder was synthesized by sol-gel method and subsequent annealed at 100e500 C. The microstructural analysis of BFO nanopowder confirmed the perovskite like structure of spherical nanoparticles annealed at 500 C. The Raman spectrum of BFO nanoparticles showed the rhombohedrally structure with the space group of R3c. The XPS spectrum of BFO nanopowder showed the peaks of Bi, Fe, and O at the binding energy of 158.8, 711.75 and 529.2 eV, respectively. The piezoelectric properties of BFO nanoparticles were evaluated by making the sandwiched structure of graphene/ BiFeO3-PDMS/graphene. The fabricated piezoelectric device demonstrated an output voltage of 0.4 V by applying the normal pressure from human finger on the device.

Modeling above-ground biomass for three tropical tree species at their juvenile stage

Tolak R. Chapagain,Ram P. Sharma,Shes K. Bhandari 한국산림과학회 2014 Forest Science And Technology Vol.10 No.2

Accurate prediction of biomass for juveniles (sapling and seedling) of any stand is important to estimate total biomass orcarbon stock in the stand. In this study allometric biomass models were developed for prediction of above-ground biomassfor three major tropical tree species (Shorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa, and Acacia catechu) at their juvenile stage. Biomass data for this study were acquired from 120 destructively sampled juvenile individuals (40 for each species) ofthese species in the lowland of western Nepal. Among several mathematical models tested, an exponential model withdiameter and total height as explanatory variables showed the best fits to the data (i.e. smallest root mean square error(RMSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC), and largest R2adj). Also the same model form with diameter, height andwood density as explanatory variables fitted the data equally well. All other models with diameter alone or its combinationwith other variables showed relatively poorer fits. The first two best models of the forms yi ¼ expfb1ðD2i HiÞb2g andyi ¼ expfb1ðrD2i HiÞb2g explained >92% above-ground biomass proportion, resulting in a small random variation ofresiduals around zero (RMSE ¼ 62 g). Thus, for more accuracy, one of these two models was recommended to predictabove-ground biomass of juveniles of three species. Since the models developed in this study are explicitly site-specific,their application should be restricted to site, size and stand conditions similar to the basis of this study. Further works forvalidation and verification of the presented models with new data from a wider range of site, size and stand conditions ofShorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa, and Acacia catechu are recommended.

Microstructure, structural, optical and piezoelectric properties of BiFeO₃ nanopowder synthesized from sol-gel

Sankar Ganesh, R.,Sharma, S.K.,Sankar, S.,Divyapriya, B.,Durgadevi, E.,Raji, P.,Ponnusamy, S.,Muthamizhchelvan, C.,Hayakawa, Y.,Kim, D.Y. ELSEVIER 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.3

<P>Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 (BFO) powder was synthesized by sol-gel method and subsequent annealed at 100-500 degrees C. The microstructural analysis of BFO nanopowder confirmed the perovskite like structure of spherical nanoparticles annealed at 500 degrees C. The Raman spectrum of BFO nanoparticles showed the rhombohedrally structure with the space group of R3c. The XPS spectrum of BFO nanopowder showed the peaks of Bi, Fe, and O at the binding energy of 158.8, 711.75 and 529.2 eV, respectively. The piezoelectric properties of BFO nanoparticles were evaluated by making the sandwiched structure of graphene/BiFeO3-PDMS/graphene. The fabricated piezoelectric device demonstrated an output voltage of 0.4 V by applying the normal pressure from human finger on the device. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Effect of Substitution of Cement with Rice Husk Ash on Compressive Strength of Concrete using Plastic Fibres and Super Plasticizer

R. K. Sharma 대한토목학회 2014 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.18 No.7

India is a major rice producing country and the husk generated during millings is mostly used as fuel in the boilers for processing paddy, producing energy through direct combustion and/or by gasification. About 20 million tonnes of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced annually and is a great environ mental threat, causing damage to the land and the surrounding area in which it is dumped. In the conversion of rice husks to ash, the combustion process removes the organic matter and leaves silica rich residue. The fiber inclusions increase the strength of the cement-stabilized specimens as well as that of the ash-soil specimens and change their brittle behavior to ductile behavior. In this paper, the effect of different contents of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) added to concrete containing super plasticizer and with and without plastic fibers on its compressive strength has been studied. Samples with 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 12% and 15% content of RHA replacing the cement have been tested. The results have been compared with those for the control sample and viability of adding RHA to concrete has been studied. It was observed that up to 10% of cement can be replaced with RHA mixed with plastic fibres with nearly equivalent compressive strength. Further replacement of cement up to 15% will result in concrete of fair compressive strength.

Growth of CdS and CdTe thin films for the fabrication of n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cell

R.K.Sharma,KiranJain,A.C.Rastogi 한국물리학회 2003 Current Applied Physics Vol.3 No.2, 3

Thin n-CdS and p-CdTe lms were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition respectively. Excessivesulphur in the spray solution has promoted grain growth in CdS film. Microstructural features of CdS film with stoichiometric Cd:Sformity, reduced grain boundary losses of current and improved shunt resistance through inhibition of leakage of current at narrowgrain boundary or void site is expected and is indeed observed. Electrodeposition of CdTe films, beside the eect of the inherentprocess parameters, is also aected by crystalline and microstructural features of the underlyingCdS. Nucleation of CdTe film isremarkably aected by CdS film spray deposited over glass substrate. Cell performance considerably depends upon the windowlayer CdS and the properties of sprayed CdS film depends considerably on the Cd:S ratio in the spray solution. A higher S content inCdS film resistivity. A typical increase in cell eciency was found to increase from 8% to 10.5% usingCdS film with Cd:S ratio as1:1.1 and 1:1.3 respectively.. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.