Genomic Analyses of Toll-like Receptor 4 and 7 Exons of Bos indicus from Temperate Sub-himalayan Region of India

Malik, Y.P.S.,Chakravarti, S.,Sharma, K.,Vaid, N.,Rajak, K.K.,Balamurugan, V.,Biswas, S.K.,Mondal, B.,Kataria, R.S.,Singh, R.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.7

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of invading pathogens and the modulation of innate immune responses in mammals. The TLR4 and TLR7 are well known to recognize the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and single stranded (ssRNA) ligands, respectively and play important role in host defense against Gram-negative bacteria and ssRNA viruses. In the present study, coding exon fragments of these two TLRs were identified, cloned, sequenced and analyzed in terms of insertion-deletion polymorphism, within bovine TLRs 4 and 7, thereby facilitating future TLR signaling and association studies relevant to bovine innate immunity. Comparative sequence analysis of TLR 4 exons revealed that this gene is more variable, particularly the coding frame (E3P1), while other parts showed percent identity of 95.7% to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectivley with other Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds from different parts of the world. In comparison to TLR4, sequence analysis of TLR7 showed more conservation among different B. indicus and B. taurus breeds, except single point mutation at 324 nucleotide position (AAA to AAM) altering a single amino acid at 108 position (K to X). Percent identity of TLR7 sequences (all 3 exons) was between 99.2% to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, when compared with available sequence database of B. indicus and B. taurus. Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) analysis showed variations in the exon fragments located in the Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) region, which is responsible for binding with the microbial associated molecular patterns and further, downstream signaling to initiate anti-microbial response. Considering importance of TLR polymorphism in terms of innate immunity, further research is warranted.

Giant strain, thermally-stable high energy storage properties and structural evolution of Bi-based lead-free piezoceramics

Malik, R.A.,Hussain, A.,Maqbool, A.,Zaman, A.,Song, T.K.,Kim, W.J.,Kim, M.H. Elsevier Sequoia 2016 Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol.682 No.-

In this study, the mechanism of electric-field-induced phase transition in 0.96[Bi<SUB>0.5</SUB>(Na<SUB>0.84</SUB>K<SUB>0.16</SUB>)<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ti<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ta<SUB>x</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>]-0.04SrTiO<SUB>3</SUB>, (where 0.00 @? x @? 0.030, abbreviated as BNKTT-ST) ceramics was discussed based on crystal structure and electromechanical properties. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) showed a phase transition from mixed rhombohedral-tetragonal to single pseudocubic when x ≥ 0.020. Large electromechanical strain of ~0.42% with a dynamic piezoelectric constant (S<SUB>max</SUB>/E<SUB>max</SUB>) of ~700 pm/V at 6 kV/mm was recorded for 2 mol. % Ta content. Interestingly, at lower field of 4 kV/mm, the S<SUB>max</SUB>/E<SUB>max</SUB> attained the highest value of ~830 pm/V. Poled, unpoled XRD analysis and electrical properties suggest that the relatively high S<SUB>max</SUB>/E<SUB>max</SUB> at x = 0.020 may be attributed to the combined effect of composition and ferroelectric (FE) to ergodic relaxor (ER) phase transition. Furthermore, the energy storage density was studied as a function of both composition and temperature to demonstrate the suitability for capacitor applications. This system also revealed improved energy storage properties. Particularly, for x = 0.020, a nearly temperature-invariant large recoverable energy density (W = 0.65 J/cm<SUP>3</SUP>) was achieved over a wide temperature range (75-150 <SUP>o</SUP>C). These properties demonstrate that the fabricated system might be a promising lead-free candidate for actuators and high temperature energy storage capacitor applications.

Enhanced electromechanical properties of (1-x)BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃-xLiNbO₃ ceramics by quenching process

Ahmed Malik, R.,Hussain, A.,Kwon Song, T.,Kim, W.J.,Ahmed, R.,Soo Sung, Y.,Kim, M.H. Elsevier 2017 CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL Vol.43 No.suppl1

A new lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (1-x) (0.67Bi<SUB>1.05</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> - 0.33BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB>)-x LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB>, abbreviated as BFBT-LNx (x = 0.00-0.030), were fabricated by conventional mixed oxide route following by quenching process and crystal structure and electromechanical properties were discussed. X-ray diffraction pattern showed that LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> addition into 0.67Bi<SUB>1.05</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> - 0.33BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> system did not caused any significant change in crystal structure. However, an obvious variation in electrical properties was observed. It is revealed from electrical properties that the modification of LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> induces a phase transition from a ferroelectric to relaxor state in the 0.67Bi<SUB>1.05</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> - 0.33BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> system. At optimum composition (x = 0.010), enhanced field-induced strain with large dynamic piezoelectric constant S<SUB>max</SUB>/E<SUB>max</SUB> = d<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>33</SUB> = 500pm / V at a relatively low field of 3.5kV / mm with lower hysteresis loss of 40% was recorded. For this composition, a high Curie temperature T<SUB>C</SUB> ~ 390<SUP>o</SUP>C was found. These properties suggests that the synthesized system is promising for high temperature actuator applications.

Linearity-Distortion Analysis of GME-TRC MOSFET for High Performance and Wireless Applications

Malik, Priyanka,Gupta, R.S.,Chaujar, Rishu,Gupta, Mridula The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2011 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.11 No.3

In this present paper, a comprehensive drain current model incorporating the effects of channel length modulation has been presented for multi-layered gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (MLGME-TRC) MOSFET and the expression for linearity performance metrics, i.e. higher order transconductance coefficients: $g_{m1}$, $g_{m2}$, $g_{m3}$, and figure-of-merit (FOM) metrics; $V_{IP2}$, $V_{IP3}$, IIP3 and 1-dB compression point, has been obtained. It is shown that, the incorporation of multi-layered architecture on gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (GME-TRC) MOSFET leads to improved linearity performance in comparison to its conventional counterparts trapezoidal recessed channel (TRC) and rectangular recessed channel (RRC) MOSFETs, proving its efficiency for low-noise applications and future ULSI production. The impact of various structural parameters such as variation of work function, substrate doping and source/drain junction depth ($X_j$) or negative junction depth (NJD) have been examined for GME-TRC MOSFET and compared its effectiveness with MLGME-TRC MOSFET. The results obtained from proposed model are verified with simulated and experimental results. A good agreement between the results is obtained, thus validating the model.

Replacing groundnut cake with gluten meals of rice and maize in diets for growing Sahiwal cattle

Malik, Tariq A.,Thakur, S.S.,Mahesh, M.S.,Yogi, R.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.10

Objective: This experiment investigated the effect of isonitrogenous replacement of groundnut cake (GNC) by rice gluten meal (RGM) and maize gluten meal (MGM) at 75% level on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, growth performance and related blood constituents in growing Sahiwal cattle. Methods: Eighteen Sahiwal calves were divided into three groups, based on average body weight (87.24 kg) and age (6 to 12 mo), and treatments were assigned to the different groups randomly. The first group (GP-I) was kept as control and received GNC-based concentrate mixture. In second (GP-II) and third (GP-III) groups, 750 g/kg nitrogen (N) of GNC was substituted by RGM and MGM respectively, with similar forage:concentrate ratio (56:44). Results: The 90 days of experimental feeding revealed that intake of dry matter, crude protein and digestibility coefficients for all nutrients did not differ among groups. Furthermore, although N balance was greater ($p{\leq}0.05$) for GP-III than GP-I and GP-II, average daily gain was similar between GP-I and GP-II but greater ($p{\leq}0.05$) for GP-III. In addition, feed efficiency and related haematological variables did not differ due to treatments. Conclusion: Nutritional worth of GNC and RGM was highly comparable in terms of intake, digestibility and growth in growing calves. However, MGM was found to be more efficacious in improving growth rate than RGM at 75% replacement level of GNC protein.

Evaluation of Crossbreeding Effects for Wool Traits in Sheep

Malik, B.S.,Singh, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.11

Crossbreeding effects for wool quality traits viz. greasy fleece weight (kg), staple length (cm), average fibre diameter (${\mu}$) and medulation percentage were estimated using the Dickerson's and Kinghorn's models. The data analyzed involved 15 genetic groups including Nali purebred, $F_1$'s of two and three breeds, $F_2$'s and reciprocal crossbred obtained from the crossing of Nali (N), Merino (M) and Corriedale (C) breeds during 1980-96. Nali and Corriedale breeds had non-significant negative additive genetic effects (Dickerson's model) on greasy fleece weight, while effects of Corriedale were negative for staple length only from both models. In general additive genetic effects of all three breeds were non-significant for all the wool traits except medulation percentage. Non significant heterotic and recombination effects (epistatic loss) were estimated from both models. However, the estimates of crossbreeding effects varied between the models both in magnitude as well as in direction barring few exceptions. Undesirable positive heterosis was found on medulation percentage for all types of combinations involving three breeds. Comparison of least squares means of various genetic groups revealed that both two breed and three breed crosses were superior to the Nali breed for all wool quality traits. Fibre diameter of MN crossbreds was significantly less than CN crossbreds. Results also indicated that as the inheritance of Nali breed in a cross is decreased, the medulation percentage decreases which is desirable. Inter se mating of crossbreds (two breed, three breed) has not resulted in a decline in the wool quality traits. These results indicate that the synthetic population derived from three breeds can be stabilized easily for wool traits as there may not be epistatic loss on subsequent inter se mating of crossbreds.

SOME COMPOSITION FORMULAS OF JACOBI TYPE ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Malik, Pradeep,Mondal, Saiful R. Korean Mathematical Society 2017 대한수학회논문집 Vol.32 No.3

The composition of Jacobi type finite classes of the classical orthogonal polynomials with two generalized Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives are considered. The outcomes are expressed in terms of generalized Wright function or generalized hypergeometric function. Similar composition formulas are also obtained by considering the generalized Riemann-Liouville and $Erd{\acute{e}}yi-Kober$ fractional integral operators.

Predicting the habitat suitability of Dipterocarpus indicus: an endemic and endangered species in the Western Ghats, India

Kritika Malik,K. R. L. Saranya,C. Sudhakar Reddy,A. O. Varghese 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.6

Species distribution models provide habitat mapping tools and produce scalable information to inform policy decisions. Integrating spatial statistical modelling with bioclimatic information identifies the contribution of the most critical variable in species occurrence and distribution. In the present study a suitable bioclimatic model, MaxEnt modelling algorithm is used for Dipterocarpus indicus, an endemic and endangered species by incorporating field inventory data.This model predicted a high probability of potential distribution area in the forests of Uttara Kannada, Chikmagalur, Shivamogga and Kannur. The highly suitable hábitats are distributed in protected áreas, namely Kudremukh, Mookambika, Pushpagiri, Sharavathi Valley, Shettihalli, Someshwara, Parambikulam, Peechi-Vazhani, Shendurney, Thattekadu Bird, Indira Gandhi (Anamalai), Kalakad, Mundanthurai and Kanyakumari. The Area Under Curve value for the potential distribution of species is observed at 0.894 for training data. The highest fractional predicted area was in the low elevation tropical wet evergreen forest region between 50 and 700 m. The contributions of the climatic variables in the model showed that precipitation in the coldest quarter was the most influential, followed by annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. This study aids in long-term conservation planning, monitoring, and managing potential habitats of endemic and endangered tree species.

Linearity-Distortion Analysis of GME- TRC MOSFET for High Performance and Wireless Applications

Priyanka Malik,R.S. Gupta,Rishu Chaujar,Mridula Gupta 대한전자공학회 2011 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.11 No.3

In this present paper, a comprehensive drain current model incorporating the effects of channel length modulation has been presented for multi-layered gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (MLGME-TRC) MOSFET and the expression for linearity performance metrics, i.e. higher order transconductance coefficients: gm1, gm2, gm3, and figure-of-merit (FOM) metrics; VIP2, VIP3, IIP3 and I-dB compression point, has been obtained. It is shown that, the incorporation of multi-layered architecture on gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (GME-TRC) MOSFET leads to improved linearity performance in comparison to its conventional counterparts trapezoidal recessed channel (TRC) and rectangular recessed channel (RRC) MOSFETs, proving its efficiency for low-noise applications and future ULSI production. The impact of various structural parameters such as variation of work function, substrate doping and source/drain junction depth (Xj) or negative junction depth (NJD) have been examined for GME- TRC MOSFET and compared its effectiveness with MLGME-TRC MOSFET. The results obtained from proposed model are verified with simulated and experimental results. A good agreement between the results is obtained, thus validating the model.

Frequency of group A rotavirus with mixed G and P genotypes in bovines: predominance of G3 genotype and its emergence in combination with G8/G10 types

Yashpal S. Malik,Kuldeep Sharma,Nirupama Vaid,Somendu Chakravarti,K. M. Chandrashekar,Sanjay S. Basera,Rashmi Singh,Minakshi,Gaya Prasad,Baldev R. Gulati,Kiren N. Bhilegaonkar,Awadh B. Pandey 대한수의학회 2012 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.13 No.3

The present study describes the genotypic distribution of rotaviruses (RVs) in an Indian bovine population with unexpectedly higher proportions of G3 alone or in combination of G8/G10. PCR-genotyping confirmed that 39.4% (13/33) of the prevalent RVs were the G3 type while 60.6% (20/33) were dual G3G10 or G3G8 types. P typing revealed that 93.9% (31/33) of the samples were P[11] while 6.1% (2/33) possessed a dual P[1]P[11] type. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene from G3 strains viz. B-46, 0970, and BR-133 showed that these strains had sequence identities of 90.5% to 100% with other bovine G3 strains. The highest identity (98.9% to 100%) was observed with RUBV3 bovine G3 strains from eastern India. The G3 strains (B-46, 0970, and BR-133) showed 97.5% to 98.8% sequence homologies with the Indian equine RV strain Erv-80. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that G3 strains clustered with bovine RUBV3 and J-63, and equine Erv-80 G3. Overall, these results confirmed that the incidence of infection by RVs with the G3 genotype and mixed genotypes in the bovine population was higher than previously predicted. This finding reinforces the importance of constantly monitoring circulating viral strains with the G3 genotype in future surveillance studies.