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Quantitative and empirical demonstration of the Matthew effect in a study of career longevity.
Petersen, Alexander M,Jung, Woo-Sung,Yang, Jae-Suk,Stanley, H Eugene National Academy of Sciences 2011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.108 No.1
<P>The Matthew effect refers to the adage written some two-thousand years ago in the Gospel of St. Matthew: 'For to all those who have, more will be given.' Even two millennia later, this idiom is used by sociologists to qualitatively describe the dynamics of individual progress and the interplay between status and reward. Quantitative studies of professional careers are traditionally limited by the difficulty in measuring progress and the lack of data on individual careers. However, in some professions, there are well-defined metrics that quantify career longevity, success, and prowess, which together contribute to the overall success rating for an individual employee. Here we demonstrate testable evidence of the age-old Matthew 'rich get richer' effect, wherein the longevity and past success of an individual lead to a cumulative advantage in further developing his or her career. We develop an exactly solvable stochastic career progress model that quantitatively incorporates the Matthew effect and validate our model predictions for several competitive professions. We test our model on the careers of 400,000 scientists using data from six high-impact journals and further confirm our findings by testing the model on the careers of more than 20,000 athletes in four sports leagues. Our model highlights the importance of early career development, showing that many careers are stunted by the relative disadvantage associated with inexperience.</P>
Shear Behavior of Single Cast-in Anchors in Plastic Hinge Zones
Derek Petersen,Zhibin Lin,Jian Zhao 한국콘크리트학회 2018 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.12 No.3
This paper presents two shear tests of 3/4-in. diameter cast-in anchors embedded in the plastic hinge zone of reinforced concrete columns. Design codes, such as ACI 318-14, require special reinforcement for concrete anchors in concrete that could be substantially damaged during an earthquake. The test anchors in this study were equipped with the anchor reinforcement recommended and verified in the literature. The column specimens were subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading before the test anchors were loaded in shear. Steel fracture was achieved in both test anchors despite cracks and concrete spalling occurred to the concrete within the plastic hinge zones. Meanwhile, the measured anchor capacities were smaller than the code-specified capacity, especially for the anchors subjected to cyclic shear. Concrete cover spalling was found critical to the observed capacity reduction, which caused combined bending and shear action in the anchor bolts. Measures should be developed to mitigate such adverse impact. In addition, further studies are needed for post-installed anchors before practical applications.
Big Data, Health Care, and International Human Rights Norms
Carole J. Petersen 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2017 Asia Pacific Journal of Health Law & Ethics Vol.11 No.1
In the era of “big data,” researchers manage high-volume, high-variety, and high velocity data sets, which are increasingly available to the general public. This paper explores the human rights implications of data-driven health care, focusing on the rights of persons who either live with disabilities or may be perceived as having an elevated risk of developing a disability in the future. Access to high-quality data at reasonable cost can help governments to fulfill the right to health, which is well established in international human rights law. The data revolution has also empowered individuals to take greater control over their own health and to monitor their governments’ compliance with human rights treaties, including the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Yet big data can also inadvertently promote discrimination and violations of privacy. In theory, governments should ensure confidentiality and respect for the privacy of individuals’ health data. In practice, it is difficult to prevent data miners from using re-identification techniques to link anonymized health information with non-medical open data. It is therefore important to enact antidiscrimination legislation that prohibits not only discrimination on the ground of existing, past, and imputed disabilities but also discrimination on the ground of a disability that may develop in the future. Governments may also need to take a proactive approach and require employers, insurance companies and other private actors to disclose whether they are using re-identification processes or purchasing health-related data from data brokers.
Carole J. Petersen 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2016 Asia Pacific Journal of Health Law & Ethics Vol.10 No.1
Population aging has captured the attention of the international human rights movement and raised new questions regarding the legal framework for promoting and protecting human rights. Laws that promote “guardianship” of older citizens and other systems of substituted decision-making are particularly controversial. While many governments insist that these laws are necessary to protect older citizens, the disability rights movement and the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has offered a strong critique of adult guardianship, viewing it as an inherent violation of an individual’s right to legal capacity. Interestingly, this debate regarding substituted decision-making has arisen while the international community is considering whether to draft a new multilateral human rights treaty dedicated to the rights of older citizens. If the UN ultimately decides to undertake this project, then the drafters of the new treaty will need to confront, directly, the ethics of adult guardianship and consider whether it can be retained (albeit with increased safeguards to prevent abuse) or must be rejected as an inherent violation of human rights.
Shadow Economy, Tax Evasion, and Transfer Fraud - Definition, Measurement, and Data Problems
Hans-Georg Petersen,Ulrich Thiessen,Pierre Wohlleben 한국국제경제학회 2010 International Economic Journal Vol.24 No.4
The paper tries to shed some light on the definition of the shadow economy, in order to separate shadow activities from market activities and household production. A total income concept is applied, which is based on the labor force being engaged in market, shadow and household activities. Based on such a clear concept, tax evasion can be defined and identified in the market sector and is also usually taking place in the shadow economy, where it is often accompanied by evasion of social security contributions as well as transfer fraud. Money usage in the three sectors is then critically analyzed, and measurement as well as data problems are seriously taken into consideration. The results of our research project suggest that the size of the shadow economy as estimated with the currency approach often yields the highest possible values. Other approaches and plausibility considerations produce much lower values, which seem to be much more realistic. Consequently, policy considerations to strengthen the control mechanisms should be met with utmost skepticism.