Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Their Consequences on Human Health

Omotayo, Oluwadara Pelumi,Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola,Mwanza, Mulunda,Babalola, Olubukola Oluranti Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.1

Mycotoxin contamination is a global phenomenon and causes a wide array of negative effects and other complications. This study focused on commonly found mycotoxins in Africa and the possible means of prevention or reduction of their contaminating effects. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of mold and fungi; they are generally toxic to living organisms. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified thus far, with some, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, and patulin, considered agro-economically important. Several factors contribute to the presence of mycotoxins in food, such as climatic conditions, pest infestation, and poor harvest and storage practices. Exposure to mycotoxins, which occurs mostly by ingestion, leads to various diseases, such as mycotoxicoses and mycoses that may eventually result in death. In light of this, this review of relevant literature focuses on mycotoxin contamination, as well as various methods for the prevention and control of their prevalence, to avert its debilitating consequences on human health. Clear evidence of mycotoxin contamination is present in Africa, and it was therefore recommended that adequate prevention and control of these toxic substances in our food system should be encouraged and that appropriate measures must be taken to ensure food safety as well as the enhanced or long-lifespan of the African populace. Governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations should tailor the limited resources available to tackle mycotoxin prevalence, as these will offer the best prospects for successful development of a sustainable food system in Africa.

Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Their Consequences on Human Health

Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo,Abiodun Olusola Omotayo,Mulunda Mwanza,Olubukola Oluranti Babalola 한국독성학회 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.1

Mycotoxin contamination is a global phenomenon and causes a wide array of negative effects and other complications. This study focused on commonly found mycotoxins in Africa and the possible means of prevention or reduction of their contaminating effects. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of mold and fungi; they are generally toxic to living organisms. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified thus far, with some, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, and patulin, considered agro-economically important. Several factors contribute to the presence of mycotoxins in food, such as climatic conditions, pest infestation, and poor harvest and storage practices. Exposure to mycotoxins, which occurs mostly by ingestion, leads to various diseases, such as mycotoxicoses and mycoses that may eventually result in death. In light of this, this review of relevant literature focuses on mycotoxin contamination, as well as various methods for the prevention and control of their prevalence, to avert its debilitating consequences on human health. Clear evidence of mycotoxin contamination is present in Africa, and it was therefore recommended that adequate prevention and control of these toxic substances in our food system should be encouraged and that appropriate measures must be taken to ensure food safety as well as the enhanced or long-lifespan of the African populace. Governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations should tailor the limited resources available to tackle mycotoxin prevalence, as these will offer the best prospects for successful development of a sustainable food system in Africa.

Lead exposure-induced changes in hematology and biomarkers of hepatic injury: protective role of Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP> supplement

Omotayo B. Ilesanmi,Esther F. Adeogun,Temitope T. Odewale,Bruno Chikere 환경독성보건학회 2022 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Lead exposure has been linked to health challenges involving multiple organ failure. More than fifty percent of lead present in the human body is accumulated in the liver causing hepatic injury. A major mechanism of lead toxicity is oxidative stress. Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP> is a nutritional supplement with numerous bioactive natural products with detoxifying and antioxidant properties. This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP> dietary supplements against lead-hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Thirty-five healthy animals were divided into five groups of seven each as follows: Group I=control; II=15 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbA); III= 2 mL/kg of Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP>+PbA; IV= 5 mL/kg of Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP>+PbA;V=5 mL/kg of Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP>. Animals were orally treated with Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP> for two days before co-administration with PbA intraperitoneally for 12 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last administration and blood were collected via cardiac puncture and processed for hematological parameters and assessment of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin (ALB). The liver was excised and processed for markers of oxidative stress and histopathological examination. Intraperitoneal administration of 15 mg/kg of PbA caused a significant increase in serum concentration of AST, ALT, while the concentration of ALB was significantly decreased (P<0.001). PbA caused a significant reduction in packed cell volume, hemoglobin while the total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were increased. Oxidative stress was significantly pronounced in the liver of rats exposed to PbA as observed in the high concentration of malonedialdehyde, decreased concentration of glutathione, the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Pretreatment with Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP> was able to significantly prevent the anemic, oxidative damage, and hepatic injury initiated by PbA. Histological examination also corroborated the biochemical results. In conclusion, the study reveals that Trévo<SUP>TM</SUP> is effective in attenuating PbA-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats.

Neuromodulatory activity of trèvo on cyanide-induced neurotoxicity viz neurochemical, antioxidants, cytochrome C oxidase and p53

Ilesanmi Omotayo Babatunde,Ikpesu Thomas 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2021 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.21 No.2

Potassium cyanide (KCN) is a salt that release cyanide upon degradation in living system. Cyanide is a chemical that induced its toxicity and lethal effect through the inhibition of cytochrome C oxidase activity. Trèvo, a phytochemical rich product is majorly used for its antiaging and disease prevention among individuals. We evaluated the potential of trèvo to reverse the biochemical toxicity of cyanide in the brain of male wistar rats. The biochemical changes assessed are- cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), neurochemicals (acetylcholine esterase (ACHE), dopamine and serotonin), and p53, antioxidants (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonedialdehyde (MDA). KCN significantly inhibited the activity of CCO, CAT and SOD, increased the level of p53, AChE and MDA as well as decreased the level of dopamine and serotonin. Early administration of trèvo caused a reversal of all these biochemical at varying degree. Histological results showed that KCN had no observ-able effect on the morphology of the brain. Further work can be done on the effect of trèvo on long-term exposure to KCN.

Data Aggregation and Data Fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Usman Mohammed,Omotayo Oshiga,Jihoon Lee,Jibril Abdullahi Bala 한국디지털콘텐츠학회 2023 The Journal of Contents Computing Vol.5 No.2

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used for a variety of applications, and sensor nodes (SNs) in these networks are employed to gather data. Unfortunately, there is significant data redundancy in the data acquired by these nodes due to overlap in the monitoring region that they cover, resulting in resource wastage. In WSNs, Data Aggregation (DA) and Data Fusion (DF) are utilized to address these issues as well as others such as energy usage, network longevity, and communication time between SNs. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly identify numerous DA and DF approaches, with an emphasis on their mode of operation, strengths, and limitations. The study investigated the various approaches, strategies, and protocols utilized in WSNs for DA and DF, as well as their applications, performance measurements, and implementation issues. This is meant to offer researchers with the insight they need to identify appropriate DA and DF strategies to use in their study. Security, redundancy, and energy usage were identified as three of the most important concerns in DA and DF approaches for WSNs.

Assessment of Anthropometry, Nutritional Compositions and Contribution of School Meals to the Daily Nutrient Requirements of Primary School Children from Rural Communities

Ijarotimi O. Steve,Omotayo S. Amos The Korean Society of Community Nutrition 2006 Journal of community nutrition Vol.8 No.4

The study aims to evaluate the nutritional status and influence of school meal intakes on RDA of primary school children in Akure community, Ondo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 728 primary school children aged between 6 and 15 years. Data were collected using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires. The questionnaires collect information on demographic characteristics and home dietary intake of the subjects. The heights and weights of the children were measured using a standard procedure and height-far-age and weight-far-height z-score were determined. The children's school meal intakes were weighed for 4 days and samples were collected for chemical analysis. The results showed that 37.8% of the children were not wasted, 35.7% mildly wasted, 18.7% moderately wasted and 7.8% severely wasted. Also, 57.8% were not stunted, 29.3% mildly stunted, 11.0% moderately stunted and 1.9% were severely stunted. The subjects' home dietary intakes showed that 73.6% ate starchy food only, 19.9% ate protein based food, while 11.6% and 11.5% consumed fruits/vegetables and snacks to complement home meals respectively. The chemical composition of school meal was energy 379 - 413kcal, moisture content 5.9 -7.3g, carbohydrate 56.5 - 69.4g, fat 4.6 - 12.7g, crude fiber 0.1 - 2.4g, ash content 3.6 - 8.5g and protein 14.9 - 22.3g. The mineral contents were calcium 45.9 - 59.2mg, sodium 5004 - 59.6mg, zinc 2.3 - 3.1mg, magnesium 55.0 - 61.6mg, potassium 55.3 - 69.3mg, copper 0.2 - 0.3 mg, while others 1.3 - 1.9mg, 243 - 659mg and 831 - 9,510mg were iron, phosphorous and vitamin-A respectively. The contribution of school meals to subjects' RDA was within 2.9% and 1540%. In summary, school meal intake contributed positively to the RDA and nutritional status of the school children.

Formation of CaCO3 from calcium sources with different anions in single process of CO2 capture-mineralization

문대현,Arti Murnandari,Omotayo Salawu,이찬우,이원희,김영은,박기태,이지은,Jun Eo,정순관,윤민혜 한국화학공학회 2020 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.37 No.10

The single process CO2 capture-mineralization approach integrates methods of CO2 absorption using aqueous solvents and mineral carbonation technology to not only remove carbon dioxide quickly, but also to simultaneously produce precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). To develop a more sustainable process, it is important to extract calcium from inexpensive raw materials such as industrial by-products. The extractant has a significant effect on the quality of the calcium carbonate produced because it determines the anion paired with the calcium cation. In this work, several calcium sources with different anions (Propionate, Acetate, Nitrate and Chloride) were applied in the single process CO2 capture-mineralization method, and their influence on the polymorph of the obtained CaCO3 was investigated. The CaCO3 produced with inorganic calcium sources predominantly exhibited a calcite structure, while the CaCO3 produced with organic calcium sources had a structure in which vaterite and calcite coexist. This result was in good agreement with our DFT calculations, which indicated the adsorption energy of the organic anions (Propionate and Acetate) were lower than the inorganic anions on the surface of vaterite. Except for chloride with its non-polar nature, in most cases, there was a strong correlation between the polymorph and the adsorption energy calculated for each surface. A mechanism for the polymorph CaCO3 formation in our single process CO2 capture-mineralization method was proposed after observing crystal formation at low concentration.

Biochar in combination with compost reduced Pb uptake and enhanced the growth of maize in lead (Pb)-contaminated soil exposed to drought stress

Sifau Adenike Adejumo,Dorcas Omotayo Arowo,Mary Bosede Ogundiran,Prashant Srivastava 한국작물학회 2020 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.23 No.3

Crops are constantly faced with the challenges of diff erent abiotic stresses on the fi eld. Development of sustainable approach for stress amelioration on crop is pertinent. This study investigated the ameliorative roles of biochar and compost on maize crop simultaneously subjected to drought and heavy metal (Pb) stresses. Metal stress was imposed by growing maize on Pb-contaminated soil while drought stress was imposed by reducing the soil fi eld capacity to 25 and 50%. Four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) of biochar and compost replicated three times as well as their combinations were used. Pb uptake, translocation factors, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes (proline and cysteine), biomass accumulation in stressed maize crop, and post-cropping soil Pb concentration were determined. Combination of stresses reduced biomass accumulation in maize. Biochar in combination with compost, however, enhanced biomass production in stressed maize crop by 50–75% compared to unamended soil (control). Proline accumulation was more under the single stress of heavy metal (100% FC) compared to combined stresses. Unlike proline, combined stresses of Pb and 50% FC enhanced chlorophyll and cysteine accumulation more than single stress. Their concentrations were further increased with amendments compared to control. Pb accumulation in maize crop was more under combined stresses than single stress (100% FC). Compared to other soil amendments, application of biochar alone at 10 t/ha, generally reduced Pb uptake by maize and post-cropping soil Pb concentration. Biochar and compost reduced Pb uptake, and enhanced biomass and osmolyte production in stressed maize crop.

ASSESSMENT OF ANTHROPOMERY, NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS AND CONTRIBUTION OF SCHOOL MEALS TO THE DAILY NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN FROM RURAL COMMUNITIES

O. STEVE IJAROTIMI,S. AMOS OMOTAYO 대한지역사회영양학회 2006 Journal of community nutrition Vol.8 No.4

Antimalarial activity and biochemical effects of saponin‑rich extract of Dianthus basuticus Burtt Davy in Plasmodium berghei‑infected mice

Mikhail Olugbemiro Nafiu,Adeyinka Ismaila Adewuyi,Taoheed Adedeji Abdulsalam,Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2022 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.22 No.3

Saponin extract from Dianthus basuticus (SEDB), was investigated for its anti-malarial activity and biochemical effects in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Thirty mice were divided into six groups of five mice each. The mice in group I (control) were uninfected, while those of groups II–VI were infected intraperitoneally with standard (2 × 107) inoculum of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei (NK65) parasite. Mice in groups I (control) and II (P. berghei-infected) received 0.5 ml of distilled water orally, while those of groups III–VI were treated orally with 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w) chloroquine and 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg b.w of SEDB respectively for four days following the establishment of parasitaemia. Rectal temperature, body weight, percentage parasitaemia, chemosuppression of parasite multiplication, haematological and biochemical parameters were determined. SEBD at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg b.w significantly (p < 0.05) decreased percentage parasitaemia, rectal temperature and increased (p < 0.05) significantly body weight of the animals, and as well suppressed parasite growth and multiplication particularly at 150 mg/kg. SEDB at all doses restored altered haematological parameters, distortions of the liver and kidney functional indices to normal and increased (p < 0.05) significantly the enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanism. FT-IR analysis of the saponin revealed the existence of aromatic compounds, alcohols, phenols alkyl groups, alkanes, carbonyl compounds and nitro groups. Saponin extract from Dianthus basuticus suppressed malarial parasite by modulation of oxidative stress via fortification of antioxidant defence mechanism and thus suggested it as source of promising alternative antimalarial.