THE INTEGRATION OF COMPONENTS OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY

Marchant,Eric W 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

Fire safety systems in large buildings are likely to be complex and may be designed independently of other systems. This means that the interactions and interfaces between the fire safety systems and between the environmental control systems and the fire safety systems may not be carried out properly. Many large, recent buildings have many technological component systems that are used for the control of the environment within the building. Because of the "special" nature of the fire safety systems there is little consideration is given to the possibility systems with a dual function. However, many of the functions of fire safety systems are extensions of systems that provide the day to day control over the internal environment. The present world-wide trend towards the establishment of performance codes, and regulations, will enable the functional design of all systems and thereby allow closer integration of the "ordinary" and "special" systems. Some aspects of the functional and performance characteristics of systems in buildings are introduced and discussed. Special reference is made to the contributions of the systems to the minimisation of fire damage.e minimisation of fire damage.

Serous and Recurrent Otitis Media : Pharmacological or Surgical

Marchant, Colin D.,Collison, L.M. Medical Publications Korea 1988 Medical Progress Vol.10 No.3

Antarctic Marine Microorganisms and Climate Change: Impacts and Feedbacks

Marchant Harvey J.,Davidson Andrew T.,Wright Simon W. Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2001 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.23 No.4

Global climate change will alter many such properties of the Southern Ocean as temperature, circulation, stratification, and sea-ice extent. Such changes are likely to influence the species composition and activity of Antarctic marine microorganisms (protists and bacteria) which playa major role in deter-mining the concentration of atmospheric $CO_2$ and producing precursors of cloud condensation nuclei. Direct impacts of climate change on Antarctic marine microorganisms have been determined for very few species. Increasing water temperature would be expected to result in a southward spread of pelagic cyanobacteria, coccolithophorids and others. Growth rates of many species would be expected to increase slightly but nutrient limitation, especially micronutrients, is likely to result in a negligible increase in biomass. The extent of habitats would be reduced for those organisms presently living close to the upper limit of their thermal tolerance. Increased UVB irradiance is likely to favour the growth of those organisms tolerant of UVB and may change the trophic structure of marine communities. Indirect effects, especially those as a consequence of a diminution of the amount of sea-ice and increased upper ocean stratification, are predicted to lead to a change in species composition and impacts on both trophodynamics and vertical carbon flux.

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in zoo animals from Chile

Paulina Marchant,Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso,Karen Espinoza,Patricio Retamal 대한수의학회 2016 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.17 No.4

Salmonella (S.) enterica and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens. Here, we report the prevalence of S. enterica and STEC in feces of 316 zoo animals belonging to 61 species from Chile. S. enterica and STEC strains were detected in 7.5% and4.4% of animals, respectively. All Salmonella isolates corresponded to the serotype Enteritidis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the firstreport of S. Enteritidis in the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus), black-capped capuchin (Sapajus apella) and Peruvian pelican (Pelecanusthagus) and the first STEC report in Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii).

The Rise and Fall of “Reg Neg”in the United States

Gary MARCHANT,Lyn GULLEY 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2010 法學論集 Vol.14 No.3

Under the Administration Procedure Act (APA), regulatory agencies are required to go through notice-and-comment rulemaking in promulgating regulations, and then subject its final regulation to judicial review if one or more party seeks to challenge the rule. This federal rulemaking procedure caused delays, costs and inefficiencies, and eventually resulted in the “ossification” of rulemaking. Negotiated rulemaking entered the limelight in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a promising alternative to conventional rulemaking procedures for federal agencies to address the ossification problem. Negotiated rulemaking is based on the idea that it would be more efficient and productive to have the parties seek to reach a consensus up front and forego all the subsequent dispute. Congress adopted the Negotiated Rulemaking Act (NRA) in 1990 that supported and outlined the process for agencies that opt to use it. The flaw of the conventional rulemaking procedure is that it is slow, inconvenient and time-consuming. Regulatory negotiation was expected to provide a more efficient, streamlined regulatory process that would produce better rules faster, and the rules would be subject to less litigation. However, it did not revolutionize regulation for the better, or even have a substantial impact, as it was expected. In addition, both of The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Department roteducation (DOe) reported some failure cases. It means that regulatory negotiation may not work as theoretically expected. Several conditions are required for regulatory negotiation to be effective. First, all affected interest must have an opportunity to participate in the rule formulation process. Second, not only must all interested parties participate in the negotiations, they must negotiate in good faith. Third, the issue should be ready and appropriate for negotiation meaning that the subject matter have to be sufficiently developed and narrow enough in scope that the parties can realistically resolve it. If these prerequisites for successful negotiation are met, regulatory negotiation may still be an opportunity for agencies to slightly improve the slow, expensive, and ineffective conventional system of regulation. 전통적인 연방 규칙제정과정은 행정절차법에 따라, 행정청이 고지와 의견제출을 거쳐서 규칙을 제정하고, 이해당사자가 그 규칙을 다투는 경우 사법심사에 붙여진다. 이러한 연방 규칙제정과정은 지연, 비용 그리고 비효율성을 초래하여 결국에는 규칙제정의 경직화를 가져왔다. 1980년대 말부터 1990년대 초, 협상에 의한 규칙제정이 전통적인 규칙제정절차에 대한 대안으로 조명받기 시작했다. 협상에 의한 규칙제정은 당사자들에게 미리 합의를 도출하여 차후에 분쟁이 없도록 하는 것이 더 효율적이라는 생각에 기반하고 있다. 1990년에는 협상에 의한 규칙제정법을 제정하여 규제협상에 대해 합법성을 부여하였고, 그 활용이 장려되었다. 전통적인 규칙제정시스템의 결점은 느리고 번거로우며 시간이 많이 들 뿐더러 남소를 유발한다는 것이다. 규제협상은 더 좋은 규칙을 더 빨리 제정하고 그러한 규칙이 더 적은 소송으로 이어 지도록 할 것이라는 기대를 받았다. 그러나 실제로 규제협상은 규칙제정에 소요되는 시간을 절약하지 못했고, 제기되는 소송의 비율을 감소시키지도 못했다. 또한 행정청에 의한 활용도가 매우 낮았다. 규제협상에 적극적이었던 연방 행정청인 환경보호청(EPA)과 교육부(DOE)도 규제협상이 실패한 사례들을 남겼다. 규제협상은 현실에서 이론상 기대했던 대로 작동하지 않을 수 있는 것이다. 협상에 의한 규칙제정이 효력을 발휘하려면, 몇 가지 조건이 충족되어야 한다. 첫째, 모든 이해당사자에게 규칙 도출과정에 참여할 수 있는 기회를 보장하여야 한다. 둘째, 모든 이해 당사자들은 협상에 선의로 참여해야 한다. 셋째, 협상에 적합한 쟁점이 미리 준비되어 있어야 한다. 이러한 전제조건들이 충족된다면, 규제협상은 전통적인 규제시스템에 대한 대안이 될 수 있을 것이다.

Regulatory Analysis in the United States

Gary E. Marchant 한국공법학회 2009 公法硏究 Vol.38 No.1-1

Over the past thirty years, every U.S. president, from both political parties, has supported regulatory analysis of major agency regulations by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) within the White House Office of Management & Budget (OMB). Although there have been relatively minor revisions of the presidential Executive Orders mandating such regulatory review over the years, the central thrust of the Executive Orders has remained relatively constant. Notwithstanding this apparent bipartisan support of regulatory analysis, the role of regulatory analysis has been controversial because of the legal status of the Executive Orders which are subsidiary to the organic statutes under which agencies regulate. Many of those regulatory statutes do not permit consideration of the types of economic factors evaluated in regulatory analysis, creating an inherent tension that has spawned much of the controversy about regulatory analysis in the United States. This paper traces the history of regulatory analysis in the U.S. from 1980 to the present, and evaluates the tension between regulatory analysis and organic statutes that has limited the effectiveness of, and increased the controversy over, regulatory analysis.

Regulatory Analysis in the United States: Underlying Tensions and Contested Legitimacy

Gary E. Marchant 한국공법학회 2009 공법연구 Vol.38 No.1

Over the past thirty years, every U.S. president, from both political parties, has supported regulatory analysis of major agency regulations by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) within the White House Office of Management & Budget (OMB). Although there have been relatively minor revisions of the presidential Executive Orders mandating such regulatory review over the years, the central thrust of the Executive Orders has remained relatively constant. Notwithstanding this apparent bipartisan support of regulatory analysis, the role of regulatory analysis has been controversial because of the legal status of the Executive Orders which are subsidiary to the organic statutes under which agencies regulate. Many of those regulatory statutes do not permit consideration of the types of economic factors evaluated in regulatory analysis, creating an inherent tension that has spawned much of the controversy about regulatory analysis in the United States. This paper traces the history of regulatory analysis in the U.S. from 1980 to the present, and evaluates the tension between regulatory analysis and organic statutes that has limited the effectiveness of, and increased the controversy over, regulatory analysis.

미국에서의 규제분석 : 근본적 긴장관계와 정당성 논의

Gary E. Marchant 한국공법학회 2009 公法硏究 Vol.38 No.1-1

과거 30년간 그 소속 정당을 불문하고 연방대통령들은 백악관 관리예산처(OMB) 내 정보규제관리국(OIRA)이 주요행정기관의 규제에 관한 규제분석을 실시하는 것을 모두 지지하였다. 그러한 규제심사(regulatory review)를 명하는 대통령 행정명령(Executive Order)에 대하여 그 동안 미미한 수준의 개정이 있기는 하였지만, 행정명령의 핵심적인 부분은 여전히 유지되고 있다. 이처럼 규제분석에 대한 초당파적인 지지에도 불구하고 규제분석의 역할은 늘 논쟁을 야기할 수밖에 없었다.이는 행정기관을 규율하는 조직법(organic statutes)에 대하여 행정명령이 갖는 부차적인 법적 지위 때문이다. 대부분의 규제관련 제정법들은 규제분석에서 산출된 경제적 요인을 고려하도록 허용하지 않지만, 이로 인해 미국에서의 규제분석은 논쟁을 야기할 수밖에 없는 근원적인 긴장관계를 형성하고 있다. 이 글은 1980년에서 현재에 이르기까지 미국의 규제분석 역사를 추적한다. 또한 규제분석의 효과를 제한하고 그에 관한 논쟁을 증대시켜온 규제분석과 조직법 사이에 놓인 긴장관계를 분석한다.

Technology Innovation Policy at the Local Level:

Gary E. Marchant 한국지방자치법학회 2016 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.16 No.2

Technology innovation is a key driver of economic and employment growth in advanced industrial economics such as the United States and the Republic of Korea. Traditionally, technology innovation policy was the primary responsibility of the national government. ln the past few decades, there has been a dramatic shift in technology innovation in the United States from an emphasis on the national govemment and large national corporations to local and regional government initiatives and small and medium sized businesses. Four innovation policy initiatives helped to explain and shape this shift to local and regional technology innovation: (i) the 1980 Bayh-D이 e Act; (ii) the Smal1 Business Tnnovation Research (SBTR) Program; (iii) the promotion of technology c1usters; and (iv) the creation of science and technology research parks. Together, these policy initiatives have helped to make U.S. technology innovation both more localized and more dynamic .

Indeterminate lupus anticoagulant results: Prevalence and clinical significance

Khaldoun Alkayed,Kandice Kottke-Marchant 대한혈액학회 2011 Blood Research Vol.46 No.4

Background :Reports of indeterminate lupus anticoagulant (LAC) results are common; however, no published data on their prevalence or clinical significance are available. We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with indeterminate LAC. Methods :We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and serologic characteristics of 256 unselected patients with LAC results. Results :Indeterminate results were observed in 32.7% of LAC profiles that were least frequent (25.4%) when activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was normal, most frequent (39.8%) when aPTT was elevated, and were observed in 35% of patients taking warfarin. The final indeterminate LAC cohort included 65 patients with a mean follow-up of 18 months. Malignancy and autoimmune disease were present in 29% and 25% of patients, respectively. The most common thrombotic events were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (28%), cerebral ischemic stroke (14%) and pulmonary embolism (14%). Patients with indeterminate results were more likely to be men, older, and with a history of DVT, superficial thrombosis, or myocardial infarction than patients with negative tests (N=106). Concurrent warfarin therapy was more prevalent in the indeterminate group, but was not statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis, none of the variables showed statistical significance. During follow-up, 10 of 16 patients with indeterminate results showed change in classification upon retesting. Conclusion :Patients with indeterminate LAC results were common, and their clinical characteristics differed from those with negative results. There is a need for a prospective study of the clinical history of patients with indeterminate LAC results.