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- 저자 : Gary E. Marchant (검색결과 4 건)
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Technology Innovation Policy at the Local Level:
Gary E. Marchant 한국지방자치법학회 2016 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.16 No.2
Technology innovation is a key driver of economic and employment growth in advanced industrial economics such as the United States and the Republic of Korea. Traditionally, technology innovation policy was the primary responsibility of the national government. ln the past few decades, there has been a dramatic shift in technology innovation in the United States from an emphasis on the national govemment and large national corporations to local and regional government initiatives and small and medium sized businesses. Four innovation policy initiatives helped to explain and shape this shift to local and regional technology innovation: (i) the 1980 Bayh-D이 e Act; (ii) the Smal1 Business Tnnovation Research (SBTR) Program; (iii) the promotion of technology c1usters; and (iv) the creation of science and technology research parks. Together, these policy initiatives have helped to make U.S. technology innovation both more localized and more dynamic .
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Regulatory Analysis in the United States
Gary E. Marchant 한국공법학회 2009 公法硏究 Vol.38 No.1-1
Over the past thirty years, every U.S. president, from both political parties, has supported regulatory analysis of major agency regulations by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) within the White House Office of Management & Budget (OMB). Although there have been relatively minor revisions of the presidential Executive Orders mandating such regulatory review over the years, the central thrust of the Executive Orders has remained relatively constant. Notwithstanding this apparent bipartisan support of regulatory analysis, the role of regulatory analysis has been controversial because of the legal status of the Executive Orders which are subsidiary to the organic statutes under which agencies regulate. Many of those regulatory statutes do not permit consideration of the types of economic factors evaluated in regulatory analysis, creating an inherent tension that has spawned much of the controversy about regulatory analysis in the United States. This paper traces the history of regulatory analysis in the U.S. from 1980 to the present, and evaluates the tension between regulatory analysis and organic statutes that has limited the effectiveness of, and increased the controversy over, regulatory analysis.
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Gary E. Marchant 한국공법학회 2009 公法硏究 Vol.38 No.1-1
과거 30년간 그 소속 정당을 불문하고 연방대통령들은 백악관 관리예산처(OMB) 내 정보규제관리국(OIRA)이 주요행정기관의 규제에 관한 규제분석을 실시하는 것을 모두 지지하였다. 그러한 규제심사(regulatory review)를 명하는 대통령 행정명령(Executive Order)에 대하여 그 동안 미미한 수준의 개정이 있기는 하였지만, 행정명령의 핵심적인 부분은 여전히 유지되고 있다. 이처럼 규제분석에 대한 초당파적인 지지에도 불구하고 규제분석의 역할은 늘 논쟁을 야기할 수밖에 없었다.이는 행정기관을 규율하는 조직법(organic statutes)에 대하여 행정명령이 갖는 부차적인 법적 지위 때문이다. 대부분의 규제관련 제정법들은 규제분석에서 산출된 경제적 요인을 고려하도록 허용하지 않지만, 이로 인해 미국에서의 규제분석은 논쟁을 야기할 수밖에 없는 근원적인 긴장관계를 형성하고 있다. 이 글은 1980년에서 현재에 이르기까지 미국의 규제분석 역사를 추적한다. 또한 규제분석의 효과를 제한하고 그에 관한 논쟁을 증대시켜온 규제분석과 조직법 사이에 놓인 긴장관계를 분석한다.
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Regulatory Analysis in the United States: Underlying Tensions and Contested Legitimacy
Gary E. Marchant 한국공법학회 2009 공법연구 Vol.38 No.1
Over the past thirty years, every U.S. president, from both political parties, has supported regulatory analysis of major agency regulations by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) within the White House Office of Management & Budget (OMB). Although there have been relatively minor revisions of the presidential Executive Orders mandating such regulatory review over the years, the central thrust of the Executive Orders has remained relatively constant. Notwithstanding this apparent bipartisan support of regulatory analysis, the role of regulatory analysis has been controversial because of the legal status of the Executive Orders which are subsidiary to the organic statutes under which agencies regulate. Many of those regulatory statutes do not permit consideration of the types of economic factors evaluated in regulatory analysis, creating an inherent tension that has spawned much of the controversy about regulatory analysis in the United States. This paper traces the history of regulatory analysis in the U.S. from 1980 to the present, and evaluates the tension between regulatory analysis and organic statutes that has limited the effectiveness of, and increased the controversy over, regulatory analysis.
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