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Square arrays of holes and dots patterned from a linear ABC triblock terpolymer.
Choi, Hong Kyoon,Gwyther, Jessica,Manners, Ian,Ross, Caroline A American Chemical Society 2012 ACS NANO Vol.6 No.9
<P>Microphase separation of a polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-polyferrocenylsilane (PI-b-PS-b-PFS) triblock terpolymer film during chloroform solvent-annealing formed a 44 nm period square-symmetry array of alternating PI and PFS cylinders in a PS matrix. This nanostructure was converted to either a positive pattern of posts or a negative pattern of holes with tunable diameter by oxygen reactive ion etching or by surface reconstruction in a solvent, respectively, and coexisting post and hole patterns were also formed. Square arrays of silicon posts, pits, and inverted pyramids were fabricated by pattern transfer from the triblock terpolymer film into silicon substrates. The morphology of the triblock terpolymer film varied with the chloroform vapor pressure during solvent annealing, which was explained by selective swelling of the PI block at high vapor pressures. This triblock terpolymer system provides a convenient block copolymer lithography process for generation of nanoscale posts or holes with square symmetry.</P>
Way, Heather M.,Birch, Robert G.,Manners, John M. The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2011 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.5 No.4
This study tested the relative and combined efficacy of ShPx2 and ShPAL transgenes by comparing Nicotiana tabacum hybrids with enhanced levels of $_L$-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and cationic peroxidase (Prx) activity with transgenic parental lines that overexpress either transgene. The PAL/Prx hybrids expressed both transgenes driven by the 35S CaMV promoter, and leaf PAL and Prx enzyme activities were similar to those of the relevant transgenic parent and seven- to tenfold higher than nontransgenic controls. Lignin levels in the PAL/Prx hybrids were higher than the PAL parent and nontransgenic controls, but not significantly higher than the Prx parent. All transgenic plants showed increased resistance to the necrotrophs Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae and Cercospora nicotianae compared to nontransgenic controls, with a preponderance of smaller lesion categories produced in Prx-expressing lines. However, the PAL/Prx hybrids showed no significant increase in resistance to either pathogen relative to the Prx parental line. These data indicate that, in tobacco, the PAL and Prx transgenes do not act additively in disease resistance. Stacking with Prx did not prevent a visible growth inhibition from PAL overexpression. Practical use of ShPAL will likely require more sophisticated developmental control, and we conclude that ShPx2 is a preferred candidate for development as a resistance transgene.
Large-Area Nanosquare Arrays from Shear-Aligned Block Copolymer Thin Films
Kim, So Youn,Nunns, Adam,Gwyther, Jessica,Davis, Raleigh L.,Manners, Ian,Chaikin, Paul M.,Register, Richard A. American Chemical Society 2014 NANO LETTERS Vol.14 No.10
<P>While block copolymer lithography has been broadly applied as a bottom-up patterning technique, only a few nanopattern symmetries, such as hexagonally packed dots or parallel stripes, can be produced by spontaneous self-assembly of simple diblock copolymers; even a simple square packing has heretofore required more intricate macromolecular architectures or nanoscale substrate prepatterning. In this study, we demonstrate that square, rectangular, and rhombic arrays can be created via shear-alignment of distinct layers of cylinder-forming block copolymers, coupled with cross-linking of the layers using ultraviolet light. Furthermore, these block copolymer arrays can in turn be used as templates to fabricate dense, substrate-supported arrays of nanostructures comprising a wide variety of elements: deep (>50 nm) nanowells, nanoposts, and thin metal nanodots (3 nm thick, 35 nm pitch) are all demonstrated.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2014/nalefd.2014.14.issue-10/nl502416b/production/images/medium/nl-2014-02416b_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl502416b'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Self-assembly of dendron-helical polypeptide copolymers: organogels and lyotropic liquid crystals
Kim, Kyoung Taek,Park, Chiyoung,Kim, Chulhee,Winnik, Mitchell A.,Manners, Ian Royal Society of Chemistry 2006 Chemical communications Vol.2006 No.13
<P>New macromolecular self-assembling building blocks, dendron-helical polypeptide copolymers, have been synthesized; these materials possess a well-defined 3-D shape and self-assemble in solution to form nanoribbon and lyotropic liquid crystalline phases.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>New macromolecular self-assembling building blocks, dendron-helical polypeptide copolymers, have been synthesized. These materials possess a well-defined 3-D shape and self-assemble in solution to form nanoribbon and lyotropic liquid crystalline phases. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b516625j'> </P>
I'll Be a Bit Late -- Packet Reordering in Mobile Networks
Lennart Schulte,Alexander Zimmermann,Puneeth Nanjundaswamy,Lars Eggert,Jukka Manner 한국통신학회 2017 Journal of communications and networks Vol.19 No.6
Data transfer in mobile networks has increased significantlyover the past years, and the capacity of these networkshas grown accordingly. Due to their different set of characteristicscompared to wired networks, they have also received attentionfrom end-to-end developers on transport and application level. However, there exists no research on packet reordering in modernmobile networks, and how a transport layer should be designed tocope with it. In this paper we discuss how to measure packet reorderingin mobile networks with the help of transmission controlprotocol (TCP). Our analysis in Finnish mobile networks showsthat reordering characteristics depend heavily on the operator, butis present in all tested networks, and negatively impacts TCP whennot handled. We find that both number of reorderings in a connectionand the extent of the reordering is influenced by the sendingrate. Additionally, we present the framework for a reorderingprevention algorithm which takes into account the findings by automaticallyadapting to the current sending rate.