http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Ritter, Joseph K.,Owens, Ida S.,Negishi, Masahiko,Nagata, Kiyoshi,Sheen, Yhun Y.,Gillette, James R.,Sasame, Henry A. 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1991 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.2 No.-
We have isolated a cDNA clone, Nah-2, encoding the cytochrome P-450^Nah(naphthalene hydroxylase) from a mouse lung λZAP cDNA library using anti-cytochrome P-450^Nah IgG as a probe. This same antibody selectively blocked[Nagata, K.,Martin, B. M., Gillette, J. R., & Sasame, H. A.(1990) Drug Metab. Dispos. 18, 557-564] the cytochrome P-450 in mouse lung microsomes that catalyzed the conversion of naphthalene to (1R,2S)- naphthalene 1,2-oxide, which has been postulated as a causative agent in the naphthalene-induced tissue-specific necrosis of Clara cells in mouse lung. The toxic effect is seen in mouse and not in rat. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 491 amino acids with a molecular mass of 50 kDa. Northern blot analysis with an Nah-2specific probe revealed that the mRNA is expressed in a species-and tissue-specific manner, present only in mouse lung and liver and not in that of rat. The mRNA encoding Nah-2 is constitutively expressed and is not induced by either phenobarbital, pyrazole, pregnenolone 16∂-carbonitrile, or 3-methylcholanthrene. Comparative amino acid sequence analyses with other documented members of the P-450 gene superfamily revealed that this encoded protein is in the IIF subfamily. To analyze its substrate specificity, the cDNA was inserted into the vector, pAAH5, and expressed in the Saccharonyces cerevisiae strain, AH_22. The presence of cytochrome P-450_Nah in the micreosomes isolated from transformed cell and analyzed by Western blot was confirmed by immunocomplexing product with anti-cytochrome P450_Nah IgG. Furthermore, activity toward naphthalene in the microsomes from the transformed cells established that this clone encodes a naphthalene hydroxylase. Like lung microsomes and purified and reconstituted cytochrome P450_Nah, transformed yeast microsomes convert naphthalene primarily to the trans-(1R)-hydroxy-(2R)-glutathionyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene conjugate, a stable form of the putative toxicant(1R,2S) oxide in the presence of glutathione and a mixture of glutathione S-transferases. Results of immunochemical studies support a role of this cytochrome P-450 in lung toxicity in mice exposed to high doses of naphthalene.
The Role of Customer Values in Increasing Tourist Satisfaction in Gianyar Regency, Bali, Indonesia
Ida Bagus CEMPENA,Ida Ayu Sri BRAHMAYANTI,Erwin Dyah ASTAWINETU,Feliks Anggia B. K. PANJAITAN,Ida Ayu Nuh KARTINI,Hotman PANJAITAN 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.8
Customer value has long been believed to be a direct trigger for increased tourist satisfaction, but as a mediating variable, it still needs to be proven further. This paper aims to examine the causal relationship between research variables, as well as to examine the role of customer value as a mediating variable in the relationship between service quality, brand quality, tourism products, customer value, and tourist satisfaction with tourists’ objects. The population is tourists who visit tourist sites/destinations in the Gianyar Regency on the island of Bali, Indonesia, and the sample size is 270 respondents, selected through random sampling. Structural equation modeling (SEM), a multivariate statistical analysis technique, is used to analyze the causal relationships between variables. The results show that the model is accepted, and customer value is proven to be a positive mediating variable. The results also show that service quality, brand quality, and tourism products have an effect on customer value. This provides insight into the practical implications for tourism managers to increase the brand quality of tourist attractions as well as increase the professionalism and quality of tour guide services. This, in turn, will increase customer value and increase tourist satisfaction.
Tanaka, K.,Nagaoka, K.,Murakami, S.,Takahashi, H.,Osakabe, M.,Yokoyama, M.,Seki, R.,Michael, C.A.,Yamaguchi, H.,Suzuki, C.,Shimizu, A.,Tokuzawa, T.,Yoshinuma, M.,Akiyama, T.,Ida, K.,Yamada, I.,Yasuhar IOP 2017 Nuclear fusion Vol.57 No.11
<P>Surveys of the ion and electron heat transports of neutral beam (NB) heating plasma were carried out by power balance analysis in He and H rich plasma at LHD. Collisionality was scanned by changing density and heating power. The characteristics of the transport vary depending on collisionality. In low collisionality, with low density and high heating power, an ion internal transport barrier (ITB) was formed. The ion heat conductivity (<I>χ</I> <SUB>i</SUB>) is lower than electron heat conductivity (<I>χ</I> <SUB>e</SUB>) in the core region at <I>ρ</I> < 0.7. On the other hand, in high collisionality, with high density and low heating power, <I>χ</I> <SUB>i</SUB> is higher than <I>χ</I> <SUB>e</SUB> across the entire range of plasma. These different confinement regimes are associated with different fluctuation characteristics. In ion ITB, fluctuation has a peak at <I>ρ</I> = 0.7, and in normal confinement, fluctuation has a peak at <I>ρ</I> = 1.0. The two confinement modes change gradually depending on the collisionality. Scans of concentration ratio between He and H were also performed. The ion confinement improvements were investigated using gyro-Bohm normalization, taking account of the effective mass and charge. The concentration ratio affected the normalized <I>χ</I> <SUB>i</SUB> only in the edge region (<I>ρ</I> ~ 1.0). This indicates ion species effects vary depending on collisionality. Turbulence was modulated by the fast ion loss instability. The modulation of turbulence is higher in H rich than in He rich plasma.</P>
Hysteresis and fast timescales in transport relations of toroidal plasmas
Itoh, K.,Itoh, S.-I.,Ida, K.,Inagaki, S.,Kamada, Y.,Kamiya, K.,Dong, J.Q.,Hidalgo, C.,Evans, T.,Ko, W.H.,Park, H.,Tokuzawa, T.,Kubo, S.,Kobayashi, T.,Kosuga, Y.,Sasaki, M.,Yun, G.S.,Song, S.D.,Kasuya, International Atomic Energy Agency 2017 Nuclear fusion Vol.57 No.10
<P>This article assesses current understanding of hysteresis in transport relations, and its impact on the field. The rapid changes of fluxes compared to slow changes of plasma parameters are overviewed for both core and edge plasmas. The modulation ECH experiment is explained, in which the heating power cycles on-and-off periodically, revealing hysteresis and fast changes in the gradient–flux relation. The key finding is that hystereses were observed simultaneously in both the the gradient–flux and gradient–fluctuation relations. Hysteresis with rapid timescale exists in the channels of energy, electron and impurity densities, and plausibly in momentum. Advanced methods of data analysis are explained. Transport hysteresis can be studied by observing the higher harmonics of temperature perturbation <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\delta T_{\rm m}$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/10/102021/nfaa796aieqn001.gif'/> in heating modulation experiments. The hysteresis introduces the term <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\delta T_{\rm m}$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/10/102021/nfaa796aieqn002.gif'/>, which depends on the harmonic number <I>m</I> in an algebraic manner (not exponential decay). Next, the causes of hysteresis and its fast timescale are discussed. The nonlocal-in-space coupling works here, but does not suffice. One mechanism for ‘the heating heats turbulence’ is that the external source <I>S</I> in phase space for heating has its fluctuation in turbulent plasma. This coupling can induce the direct input of heating power into fluctuations. The height of the jump in transport hysteresis is smaller for heavier hydrogen isotopes, and could be one of the origins of isotope effects on confinement. Finally, the impacts of transport hysteresis on the control system are assessed. Control systems must be designed so as to protect the system from sudden plasma loss.</P>
Ritter, Joseph K.,Chen, Fan,Sheen, Yhun Y.,Lubet, Ronald A.,Owens, Ida S. 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1992 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.3 No.-
Two human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA clones, HLUG25[Jackson, M. R., et al.(1987) Biochem. J. 242 58-5881-588] and UDPGT_h-2 [Ritter, J.K.,et al.(1990). J Biol. Chem. 266, 7900-7906] have previously been shown to encode isozymes active in the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) and certain estrogen derivatives (estriols and 3,4-catechol estrogens), respetively. Here we report that the UDPGT_h-2-enconded isoform (udpgt_h-2) and the HLUG25-encoded isoform (udpgt_h-1) have parallel aglycon specificities. Following expression in COS-1 cells, each isoform metabolized three types of dihydroxy-or trihydroxy-substituted ring structures, in cluding the 3,4-catechol estrogen (4-hydroxyestrone), estriol and 17-epiestriol, and HDCA, but the udpgt_h-2 isozyme is 100-fold more efficient than udpgt_h-1 udpgt_h-1 and udpgt_h-2 are 86% identical oerall (76 differences out of 528 amino acids), including 55 differences in the first 300 amino acids of the amino terminus, a domain which confers isoform substrate specificity. The data indicate that a high level of conservation in the amino terminus is not required for the preservation of substrate seletivity. Analysis of glucuronidation activity encoded by UDPGT_h-1/udpgt_h-2 chimeric cDNA_s constructed at their ommon restriction sites, SacI (codon 297.,NcoI(codon 385), and HhaI (codon 469), showed that nine amino acids between residues 385 and 469 are important for catalytic efficiency, suggesting that this region represents a domain which is critial for catalysis but distinct from that responsible for aglycon selection. In parallel with the existence of liver and kidney microsomal HDCA glucuronosyl transferase activity, mRNA coding for udpgt_h-2 is expressed in liver and kidney, whereas that for udpgt_h-1 expressed only in the liver. These data indicate that udpgt_h-2 is a primary isoform responsible for the detoxification of the bile salt intermediate as well as the active estrogen intermediates.
Toroidal rotation profile structure in KSTAR L-mode plasmas with mixed heating by NBI and ECH
Shi, Y.J.,Ko, S.H.,Kwon, J.M.,Ko, W.H.,Diamond, P.H.,Yi, S.,Ida, K.,Lee, K.D.,Jeong, J.H.,Seo, S.H.,Hahn, S.H.,Yoon, S.W.,Bae, Y.S.,Terzolo, L.,Yun, G.S.,Bitter, M.,Hill, K. IOP 2016 Nuclear fusion Vol.56 No.1
<P>The structure of the toroidal rotation profile with mixed heating by neutral beam injection (NBI) and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) has been investigated in KSTAR L-mode plasmas. ECH with varying resonance layer positions was used for heating a mix control. The experimental results show that ECH causes a counter-current rotation increment both for off-axis and on-axis ECH heating. For L-mode plasmas, off-axis ECH produces larger counter-current rotation than on-axis ECH. Analysis of ion heat and momentum transport for the ECH L-mode plasmas shows that the electron temperature gradient is the main reason for the degradation of ion heat confinement and also the main driving force for the non-diffusive momentum flux. As a possible mechanism for the counter-current intrinsic torque with ECH, the transition of the turbulence mode from ion temperature gradient (ITG) to the trapped electron mode (TEM) with the resulting sign change of turbulence driven residual stress is suggested. A linear gyro-kinetic analysis shows the ITG → TEM transition occurs in a localized region during ECH injection, and the trend of TEM excitation is consistent with the observed macroscopic trend of the toroidal rotation.</P>
Plasma-Confinement Physics Study in Compact Helical System
stoichi Okamura,A. Fujisawa,A. Shimizu,C. Takahashi,C. Suzuki,H. Iguchi,H. Nakano,H. Matsushita,K. Nagaoka,K. Matsuo,K. Ida,K. Toi,K. Nakamura,K. Matsuoka,M. Yoshinuma,M. Isobe,M. Takeuchi,R. Ikeda,S. 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III
In a CHS experiment, various types of transport barrier have been studied. An internal transport barrier (ITB) for electrons in a stellarator was first found in CHS, and the ITB for improved ion confinement was also found. H-mode (edge transport barrier) study in CHS showed many common features in transition to tokamak experiments, although the magnetic surface quantities are very different. Discharges with a combination of ETB and ITB were also found. Two heavy ion beam diagnostics in CHS showed a new direct measurement of zonal flow structure in toroidal confinement. The relation between the fluctuation and the transport barrier was also studied.