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London 2012: changing delivery patterns in response to the impact of the Games on traffic flows
Michael Browne,Julian Allen,Ian Wainwright,Andrew Palmer,Ian Williams 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2014 도시과학국제저널 Vol.18 No.2
The paper addresses road freight transport operations during the London Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012. It presents work carried out prior to the Games to understand pre-Games patterns of freight deliveries in London (for both light and heavy goods vehicles) and the results of modelling work carried out to assess the likely impacts of the Games road restrictions on freight operations. The modelling results indicated that increases in total hours travelled carrying out collection and delivery work would range from 1.4% to 11.4% in the six sectors considered. The results suggested increases in hours travelled in excess of 3.5% in four of the six sectors modelled. The possible actions that could be taken by organizations to reduce these negative impacts were also modelled and the results indicated that such actions would help to mitigate the impact of the road restrictions imposed on operators during the Games. The actual impacts of the 2012 Games on transport both in general terms and specifically in terms of freight transport are also discussed, together with the success of the actions taken by Transport for London (TfL) to help the road freight industry. The potential freight transport legacy of the London 2012 Games in terms of achieving more sustainable urban freight transport is considered and the steps being taken by TfL to help ensure that such a legacy can be realized are discussed. Such steps include policy-makers continuing to collaborate closely with the freight industry through the ‘London Freight Forum’, and TfL's efforts to encourage and support companies revising their delivery and collection times to the off-peak; improving freight planning in the design and management of TfL-funded road schemes; electronic provision of traffic information by TfL to the freight industry, and the further development of freight journey planning tools.
Sasha Browning,Stephanie Holland,Ian Wellwood,Belinda Bilney 대한파킨슨병및이상운동질환학회 2023 Journal Of Movement Disorders Vol.16 No.3
To systematically review and critically evaluate literature on spatiotemporal gait deviations in individuals with premanifest and manifest Huntington’s Disease (HD) in comparison with healthy cohorts.
Light metal hydrides - Potential hydrogen storage materials
Hayley Woolf,Ian Brown,Mark Bowden 한국물리학회 2008 Current Applied Physics Vol.8 No.3,4
Light metal nitride phases Li3BN2 and Mg 3BN3 have been synthesised as potential hydrogen storage materials. The formation pro-cesses using boron nitride and amorphous boron have been compared, showing that boron extracts nitrogen from the Li3N and Mg 3N2reactant phases and not from the nitrogen gas. This rate limiting solid state reaction is the rst in a three step reaction sequence to formthese ternary nitrides. The sensitivity of the reactions to low levels of impurity oxygen in the ow gas caused us to develop a closed reac-tion system methodology using nickel foil capsules.
Microstructure development and properties of alumina-Ti aluminide interpenetrating composites
Ching Zen Han,Ian W.M. Brown,D.L. Zhang 한국물리학회 2006 Current Applied Physics Vol.6 No.3
Interpenetrating phase Al2O3Ti3Al composites have been fabricated by reaction sintering of 2 and 4-h discus milled composite pow-ders containing Al and TiO2 using controlled heat-treatment in non-oxidizing atmospheres. Pressureless sintering and hot pressing of thepowders has been carried out under vacuum and argon at temperatures between 1278.C and 1500 .C and a heating rate of 5.C/min.pressing compared to pressureless sintering.The microstructure development and mechanical properties of dense Al2O3Ti3Al composites fabricated by hot pressing of AlTiO2powder blends were examined. Fully dense microstructures could be achieved by hot pressing at 1387.C under vacuum. An increase ofVickers hardness was observed with increasing temperature, which can be attributed to the increase of density and the decrease in the2O3particle size and porosity level. Fracture toughness of 6.3 ± 0.8 MPa m1/2 and Vickers hardness of 13.6 ± 0.4 GPa were achieved forthe fully dense composite produced by hot pressing discus milled powder.
The thermal decomposition of ammonia borane: A potential hydrogen storage material
Mark Bowden,Tom Autrey,Ian Brown,Martin Ryan 한국물리학회 2008 Current Applied Physics Vol.8 No.3,4
One equivalent of hydrogen gas is evolved from ammonia borane (NH3BH3) when it is heated above 70.C. The initial stages of thisprocess have been examined using TG/DSC, optical microscopy, and high temperature X-ray diraction. Two exothermic events havefringence. The products are believed to be a more mobile form of NH3BH3 and the diammoniate of diborane ([NH3BH2NH 3]+[BH4]. ).These products subsequently react in the second exothermic stage to generate hydrogen.
Hill, Sarah C.,Lee, Youn-Jeong,Song, Byung-Min,Kang, Hyun-Mi,Lee, Eun-Kyoung,Hanna, Amanda,Gilbert, Marius,Brown, Ian H.,Pybus, Oliver G. Elsevier Science 2015 INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol.34 No.-
<▼1><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>•<P>Phylogeographic analyses of H5N8, including 49 new sequences from South Korea.</P>•<P>H5N8 movement was mostly among areas dense in wild and domestic ducks.</P>•<P>New viral introductions to South Korea occurred at time of wild bird migration.</P>•<P>H5N8 epidemiology is shaped by wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density.</P>•<P>H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times.</P></P></▼1><▼2><P>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses threaten human and animal health yet their emergence is poorly understood, partly because sampling of the HPAI Asian-origin H5N1 lineage immediately after its identification in 1996 was comparatively sparse. The discovery of a novel H5N8 virus in 2013 provides a new opportunity to investigate HPAI emergence in greater detail. Here we investigate the origin and transmission of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea, the second country to report the new strain. We reconstruct viral spread using phylogeographic methods and interpret the results in the context of ecological data on poultry density, overwintering wild bird numbers, and bird migration patterns. Our results indicate that wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density were important to H5N8 epidemiology. Specifically, we infer that H5N8 entered the Republic of Korea via Jeonbuk province, then spread rapidly among western provinces where densities of overwintering waterfowl and domestic ducks are higher, yet rarely persisted in eastern regions. The common ancestor of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea was estimated to have arrived during the peak of inward migration of overwintering birds. Recent virus isolations likely represent re-introductions via bird migration from an as-yet unsampled reservoir. Based on the limited data from outside the Republic of Korea, our data suggest that H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times from this reservoir, most likely carried by wild migrating birds.</P></▼2>