Hip Hop Culture, Subculture, and the Social and Cultural Implications

Sabrina Gerke(게르케 사브리나),Seon-Gi Baek(백선기) 한국콘텐츠학회 2017 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.17 No.6

일반적으로 사람들은 자신들이 갖는 국적에 따라 분류되지만, 각 개인의 문화적 경향은 반드시 자신들이 속한 국적에 의해 결정되지 않는다. 오히려 하나의 문화적 배경을 가진 사람이라 하더라도 자신이 속한 하위문화에 따라 자신의 정체성과 다양성이 형성된다. 본 연구는 힙합 장르 노래에 대한 분석을 통해 미국, 독일, 한국의 하위문화적 속성을 밝혔다. 이를 위해 음원 판매액과 힙합의 역사에 관한 기존 연구를 토대로 각 국가에서 힙합이라는 장르가 출현한 시점 및 2016년의 가장 인기 있었던 노래를 각각 한 곡씩 총 여섯곡을 선정해 기호학적으로 분석했다. 국가별 힙합의 초기 및 현재 모습에 대한 비교 분석결과, 흥미롭게도 힙합은 대상에 대한 묘사에 있어 점점 유사해져 가는 동시에, 더욱 개인주의적 경향을 띠고 있음을 공통적으로 지니고 있다. 그러나 세부적인 측면에서 각 국가 간 차이가 발견되었다. 미국 힙합에서는 대표적으로 아메리칸 드림(American Dream)에 대한 열망이 드러났으며, 독일의 힙합에서는 과도한 남성성 이미지가 강조되었다. 한편, 한국 힙합은 보다 일상적인 생각과 이야기를 중심으로 전개되는 양상을 띠었다. 나아가 비록 사회 비판의 도구로서 힙합이 갖는 중요도가 점차 감소하고는 있지만, 여전히 힙합은 강력한 문화적 반항이자 새로운 도전의 상징으로 인식되고 있다. People are most commonly divided by their nationality, but that does not mean they share the same culture. Even for people from one cultural background, subcultures play an important role for diversity and identity, and popular music is one way to express them. This study analyzed 6 songs of the Hip Hop genre from the US, Germany and South Korea, with one song each from the time of first emergence of the term ‘Hip Hop’ and one song each from 2016, selected on the basis of popularity indicated by music record sales and specialist literature on the history of Hip Hop. Through semiotic analysis of early and recent Hip Hop in each country, the changes in popular Hip Hop over time were examined. The results of this study show that through standardization, Hip Hop in the three countries has superficially become more similar and more focused on the individual, but on a detailed level shows significant differences: while U.S. Hip Hop refers to the American Dream, German Hip Hop displays an extreme image of masculinity, and Korean Hip Hop deals with private thoughts. Although popular Hip Hop nowadays does not explicitly exercise social criticism it is still ascribed the symbolic significance of a rebellious and revolutionary cultural practice that can be used to criticize and change culture as well as society.

제 6 회 국제은행 경영학적 관점에서 본 서독에서의 금융부문의 자율화

월프강게르케(Woifgang Gerke) 한독경상학회 1988 經商論叢 Vol.6 No.-

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The Velvet Family of Fungal Regulators Contains a DNA-Binding Domain Structurally Similar to NF-κB

Ahmed, Yasar Luqman,Gerke, Jennifer,Park, Hee-Soo,Bayram, Ö,zgü,r,Neumann, Piotr,Ni, Min,Dickmanns, Achim,Kim, Sun Chang,Yu, Jae-Hyuk,Braus, Gerhard H.,Ficner, Ralf Public Library of Science 2013 PLoS biology Vol.11 No.12

<P>Morphological development of fungi and their combined production of secondary metabolites are both acting in defence and protection. These processes are mainly coordinated by <I>velvet</I> regulators, which contain a yet functionally and structurally uncharacterized <I>velvet</I> domain. Here we demonstrate that the <I>velvet</I> domain of VosA is a novel DNA-binding motif that specifically recognizes an 11-nucleotide consensus sequence consisting of two motifs in the promoters of key developmental regulatory genes. The crystal structure analysis of the VosA <I>velvet</I> domain revealed an unforeseen structural similarity with the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the mammalian transcription factor NF-κB. Based on this structural similarity several conserved amino acid residues present in all <I>velvet</I> domains have been identified and shown to be essential for the DNA binding ability of VosA. The <I>velvet</I> domain is also involved in dimer formation as seen in the solved crystal structures of the VosA homodimer and the VosA-VelB heterodimer. These findings suggest that defence mechanisms of both fungi and animals might be governed by structurally related DNA-binding transcription factors.</P><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>In many fungi, developmental processes and the synthesis of nonessential chemicals (secondary metabolites) are regulated by various external stimuli, such as light. Although fungi employ them for defensive purposes, secondary metabolites range from useful antibiotics to powerful toxins, so understanding the molecular processes that regulate their synthesis is of particular interest to us. In the mold <I>Aspergillus nidulans</I> the main regulators of these processes are the so-called “<I>velvet</I>” proteins VeA, VelB, and VosA, which share a 150-amino acid region known as the <I>velvet</I> domain. <I>Velvet</I> proteins interact with each other, alone (“homodimers”), in various combinations (“heterodimers”), and also with other proteins, but the molecular mechanism by which these proteins exert their regulatory function has been unclear. In this work we show that <I>velvet</I> proteins form a family of fungus-specific transcription factors that directly bind to target DNA, even though analysis of their amino acid sequence does not reveal any known DNA-binding domains or motifs. We determined the three-dimensional structure of the VosA-VosA homodimer and the VosA-VelB heterodimer and found that the structure of the <I>velvet</I> domain is strongly reminiscent of the N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain found in the mammalian transcription factor NFκB-p50, despite the very low sequence similarity. We propose that, like NFκB, various homo- or heterodimers of <I>velvet</I> proteins modulate gene expression to drive development and defensive pathways in fungi.</P>

Interactions of Family History of Breast Cancer with Radiotherapy in Relation to the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence

Danmeng Li,Volker Mai,Travis Gerke,Susan Mengel Pinney,Lusine Yaghjyan 한국유방암학회 2017 Journal of breast cancer Vol.20 No.4

Purpose: We examined associations between a family history of breast cancer and the risk of breast cancer recurrence in women who received or did not receive radiotherapy. Methods: Our study included 2,440 women enrolled in the Breast Cancer Registry of Greater Cincinnati. Information on breast cancer risk factors, including detailed family history of breast cancer, characteristics of the primary tumor, treatment received, and recurrence status was collected at baseline and via updates. Associations between a family history of breast cancer and the risk of breast cancer recurrence were examined separately in women treated with and without radiotherapy using survival analysis. Results: Over an average follow-up time of 8.78 years, we found no associations between a family history of breast cancer and the risk of breast cancer recurrence among women with a history of ra diotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75–1.23). Among women who did not receive radiotherapy, the total number of relatives with breast cancer was positively associated with the risk of breast cancer recurrence (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00–1.47). We found no interactions of radiotherapy with family history (p-interaction >0.05). Conclusion: Radiotherapy for a primary breast cancer in women with a family history of breast cancer does not increase risk of breast cancer recurrence. If these findings are replicated in future studies, the results may translate into an important health message for breast cancer survivors with a family history of breast cancer.

Evaluation of Breast Animation Deformity following Pre- and Subpectoral Direct-to- Implant Breast Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Diana L. Dyrberg,Camilla Bille,Vibeke Koudahl,Oke Gerke,Jens A. Sørensen,Jørn B. Thomsen 대한성형외과학회 2022 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.49 No.5

Background The incidence of breast animation deformity (BAD) is reported to be substantial after direct-to-implant breast reconstruction with subpectoral implant placement. It has, however, never been examined if BAD can occur following prepectoral implant placement. Our primary aim was to compare the incidence and degree of BAD after direct-to-implant breast reconstruction using either subpectoral or prepectoral implant placement. Secondary aim of this study was to assess and compare the level of pain between sub- and prepectoral reconstructed women. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, patients were allocated to reconstruction by either subpectoral or prepectoral implant placement in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines. The degree of BAD was assessed by the “Nipple, Surrounding skin, Entire breast (NSE)” grading scale 12 months after surgery. The level of postoperative pain was assessed on a numerical pain rating scale. Results We found a significant difference in the degree of BAD favoring patients in the prepectoral group (23.8 vs. 100%, p<0.0001; mean NSE grading scale score: 0.4 vs. 3.6, p<0.0001). The subpectoral reconstructed group reported higher levels of pain on the three subsequent days after surgery. No significant difference in pain levels could be found at 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion The incidence and degree of BAD was significantly lower in women reconstructed by prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction. Unexpectedly, we found mild degrees of BAD in the prepectoral group. When assessing BAD, distortion can be challenging to discern from rippling.

LaeA Control of Velvet Family Regulatory Proteins for Light-Dependent Development and Fungal Cell-Type Specificity

Sarikaya Bayram, Ö,zlem,Bayram, Ö,zgü,r,Valerius, Oliver,Park, Hee Soo,Irniger, Stefan,Gerke, Jennifer,Ni, Min,Han, Kap-Hoon,Yu, Jae-Hyuk,Braus, Gerhard H. Public Library of Science 2010 PLoS genetics Vol.6 No.12

<▼1><P>VeA is the founding member of the velvet superfamily of fungal regulatory proteins. This protein is involved in light response and coordinates sexual reproduction and secondary metabolism in <I>Aspergillus nidulans</I>. In the dark, VeA bridges VelB and LaeA to form the VelB-VeA-LaeA (velvet) complex. The VeA-like protein VelB is another developmental regulator, and LaeA has been known as global regulator of secondary metabolism. In this study, we show that VelB forms a second light-regulated developmental complex together with VosA, another member of the velvet family, which represses asexual development. LaeA plays a key role, not only in secondary metabolism, but also in directing formation of the VelB-VosA and VelB-VeA-LaeA complexes. LaeA controls VeA modification and protein levels and possesses additional developmental functions. The <I>laeA</I> null mutant results in constitutive sexual differentiation, indicating that LaeA plays a pivotal role in inhibiting sexual development in response to light. Moreover, the absence of LaeA results in the formation of significantly smaller fruiting bodies. This is due to the lack of a specific globose cell type (Hülle cells), which nurse the young fruiting body during development. This suggests that LaeA controls Hülle cells. In summary, LaeA plays a dynamic role in fungal morphological and chemical development, and it controls expression, interactions, and modification of the velvet regulators.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Numerous fungi have the potential to infect immunocompromised patients or to contaminate and spoil our nutrients. They represent an increasing danger that threatens public health and agriculture. This requires improved understanding of fungal growth, development, dissemination of spores, and mycotoxin production. We have discovered two related fungal specific protein complexes that provide a molecular link among spore formation, fungal development, and secondary metabolite production. The subunit allocation of both complexes depends on each other, and they share a common subunit. These complexes comprise three related and in fungi conserved proteins of the velvet family that function in concert with a known regulator of secondary metabolism, LaeA. This protein controls the formation of both complexes but is only a part of the trimeric complex. We found that this regulator of secondary metabolism also possesses several developmental control functions in gene expression. These protein complexes discovered in the fungal model system <I>Aspergillus nidulans</I> are conserved in fungal pathogens where they might provide novel insights for understanding growth, development, and interaction with their respective hosts.</P></▼2>

Experience with Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Achalasia and Spastic Esophageal Motility Disorders at a Tertiary U.S. Center

Maen Masadeh,Peter Nau,Subhash Chandra,Jagpal Klair,John Keech,Kalpaj Parekh,Rami El Abiad,Henning Gerke 대한소화기내시경학회 2020 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.53 No.3

Background/Aims: Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel procedure for the treatment of achalasia and spastic esophagealdisorders. Experience with POEM is limited, but its reported outcomes are excellent. It is deemed safe even for patients with priorinterventions. Methods: This retrospective review included patients who underwent POEM at a tertiary US center. POEM was performed in amultidisciplinary approach by advanced endoscopists and foregut surgeons. Clinical success was defined as a post-POEM Eckardt score ≤3. Results: A total of 125 patients were included. Median follow-up period was 18 months (interquartile range, 10–22 months). Clinicalsuccess was achieved in 92% of patients and persisted at 12 months in 88% of patients. Mucosal barrier failure (MBF) occurred in7 patients, 2 of whom required surgical intervention. MBF was more common in patients with prior laparoscopic Heller myotomy (19%vs. 3%, p=0.015). MBF requiring surgical intervention occurred early in the learning curve. Conclusions: POEM is safe and effective in the treatment of achalasia and spastic esophageal disorders even after failed priorinterventions.

Modified Endoscopic Ultrasound Needle to Obtain Histological Core Tissue Samples: A Retrospective Analysis

Munish Ashat,Kaartik Soota,Jagpal S. Klair,Sarika Gupta,Chris Jensen,Arvind R. Murali,Randhir Jesudoss,Rami El Abiad,Henning Gerke 대한소화기내시경학회 2020 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.53 No.4

Background/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration is very effective for providing specimens forcytological evaluation. However, the ability to provide sufficient tissue for histological evaluation has been challenging due to thetechnical limitations of dedicated core biopsy needles. Recently, a modified EUS needle has been introduced to obtain tissue coresamples for histological analysis. We aimed to determine (1) its ability to obtain specimens for histological assessment and (2) thediagnostic accuracy of EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) using this needle. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive cases of FNB using modified EUS needles for 342 lesions in 303 patients. Thecytology and histological specimens were analyzed. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated. Results: Adequate cytological and histological assessment was possible in 293/342 (86%) and 264/342 (77%) lesions, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of the cytological specimen was 294/342 (86%) versus 254/342 (74%) for the histological specimen (p<0.01). Diagnostic accuracy of the combined cytological and histological assessment was 323/342 (94.4%), which was significantly higher thanthat of both histology alone (p<0.001) and cytology alone (p=0.001). Conclusions: EUS-FNB with the modified EUS needle provided histologic tissue cores in the majority of cases and achieved excellentdiagnostic accuracy with few needle passes.

Adaptive Video-Dissolve Detection Method Based on Correlation Between Two Scenes

Jong-Un Won,Yun-Su Chung,Jae-Gerk Choi,Kil-Houm Park 대한전자공학회 2002 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2002 No.7