秦郡研究述略

凡國棟(Fan Guodong) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2011 아시아연구 Vol.- No.12

秦은 郡縣制度가 점차 확대ㆍ완비되는 시기로 郡縣制度의 확립은 중국의 역사와 사회 발전에 매우 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 그러나 많은 史籍記載의 缺略으로 인해 秦郡설치의 구체적인 정황과 내용은 漢代에 이르러서도 상세하게 알 수 없다. 비록 역대 많은 학자들이 秦郡에 대해 연구 하였지만 아직까지도 뚜렷한 결론을 내리지 못하고 있다. 최근 발굴된 簡牘과 封泥등 출토자료가 계속 공포됨에 따라 秦郡설치와 같은 전통적인 과제들이 점차 새롭게 조명해야할 계기를 맞이하게 되었다. 이와같은 배경 하에 본 문에서는 지금까지 學界에서의 秦郡설치와 관련된 연구 성과를 상세하게 탐색하고 살펴봄으로써, 이 문제 해결의 推動역할을 하고자 한다. 全文은 본 과제의 연구 과정을 세 단계로 나누어, 선배 학자들의 秦郡설치 연구 방법과 연구 성과를 총결하고, 관련되는 결론과 연구 성과에 대해 상세한 평가를 하였다. 첫 번째 부분에서는 秦郡문제가 대두되게 된 계기를 소개하고, 秦郡문제에 대한 分岐의 원인을 『史記』에서 秦36郡의 郡名을 확실히 기록하지 않은 상황에서, 『漢志』, 『續漢志』, 『集解』, 『晉志』 등에서는 이 문제에 대해 서로 다른 演繹하였기 때문이라고 지적하였다. 두 번째 부분에서는 乾嘉이후부터 20세기 이전까지 많은 학자들이 秦郡문제에 대한 끊임없이 노력한 성과에 대해 소개하고, 이 시기 연구의 세 가지 특징을 지적하였다. 첫째, 토론에 참여한 학자들의 수가 많았고 토론 열기는 뜨거웠다. 가장 먼저 토론에 참여한 陳芳續선생부터 1940년대까지 “總其大成”한 譚其驤선생에 이르기까지 토론에 참가한 학자의 수는 20명 이상에 달하였다. 그 중 錢大昕, 洪亮吉, 姚鼐, 談泰(階平) 등 4人은 書箚형식으로 반복하여 論駁하며 토론의 열기를 더하였다. 둘째, 乾嘉學派의 考據學방법은 그 영향이 깊어, 3세기를 거치는 동안 매 학자들이 지속적 토론을 통해 연구를 꾸준히 발전시켰다. 셋째, 연구 방법에 있어서 裴駰의 舊說에서 탈피하여 가장 오래된 문헌기록을 직접 분석하였다. 辛德勇선생은 “『史記』, 『漢書』 및 『水經注』 중의 零散된 史料들을 상세히 검토하여, 소위 ‘秦郡’이 확실히 秦이 所有한 것인지에 대해 일일이 검증하였고, 그들의 설치 연대를 확정함으로써 秦始皇26년 이전에 秦人들이 이미 郡들을 설치하였는지에 대해 확정하였다”라고 총결하였다. 이를 바탕으로 秦郡연구는 전대미문의 성취를 가져왔고, 秦郡연구의 황금기를 이루었다. 지속적인 토론을 거쳐 학계에서는 일부 공감대를 형성하였으나 최종적인 결론을 보지는 못하였다. 세 번째 부분에서는 문헌이 계속 출토되는 상황에서 학계의 이 문제에 대한 연구 상황, 즉 한편으로 사람들의 秦郡에 대한 인식이 과거에 비해 더욱 깊어졌고, 다른 한편으로 학계에서 秦郡의 관련 문제에 대해 체계적인 총결과 정리하기 시작하였으며 더 나아가 秦의 行政區域地理관련 저서 집필을 시도하기 시작하였다는 것을 소개 하였다. Qin Dynasty weighs heavily on the formation and generalization of the Prefectures and Counties System of China, the establishment of which influences deeply on the evolution of Chinese history and society. However, due to the lack of necessary historical documents, the specific state of the Qin Prefectures is unclear since Han Dynasty, although the issue has been disputed for thousands of years. In recent decades, the successive publications of excavated bamboo strip and sealing clay manuscripts offers great materials for this issue’s re-study. In order to make it much clearer for further research, this paper lists and divides all of the former studies into three parts according to their times, and summarizes and reviews them one by one in detail. The first part points out that the dispute occurred by reason of the lack of the 36 prefecture names in Shiji 史記, leading to a series of different interpretations in later documents such as Hanzhi 漢志, Xuhanzhi 續漢志, Jijie 集解, and Jinzhi 晉志. The second part introduces the studies on this issue from the Qianlong and Jiaqing Period in Qing Dynasty to early 20th century, indicates three characteristics of the study. First, a great number of scholars involved in the discussion, arguing with each other hotly. From the earliest researcher Chen Fangji陳芳績to the latest summarist Prof. Tan Qixiang in 1940s, more than 20 scholars involved in the discussion. Among them, Qian Daxin錢大昕, Hong Liangji洪亮吉, Yao Nai 姚鼐and Tan Tai談泰disputed with each other repeatedly through letters, from which it could be read how hot the dispute was. Second, the study method of the School in Qianlong and Jiaqing Period, i.e. the Textual Criticism Method, influenced the following scholars profoundly in the next three centuries, since they were discussing the issue continuously and making it clearer and clearer. Third, scholars adopted a study method of ignoring Pei Yin’s裴駰 view and analyzing the earliest document directly in their research. As Mr. Xin Deyong辛德勇said: “Try to collect and analyze all related materials recorded in Shiji 史記, Hanshu 漢書, Shuijingzhu 水經注and so forth, in order to verify whether all of the so-called prefectures were set in Qin Dynasty or not.” On the background of this, the study of Qin prefectures made unprecedented achievements, and this period is also called the golden age of the study. Unfortunately, however, the dispute still lasts. The third part is about the study situation of the issue from then on. Nowadays, following with the publications of more and more excavated documents, the acknowledge to the Qin Prefectures are becoming much clearer, so that scholars are trying to sum up all of the former discussions systematically, in an attempt to finish works on the administrative geography of Qin Dynasty.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a P38-Like Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase from Echinococcus granulosus

Guodong Lu,Jing Li,Chuanshan Zhang,Liang Li,Xiaojuan Bi,Chaowang Li,Jinliang Fan,Xiaomei Lu,Dominique A. Vuitton,Hao Wen,Renyong Lin 대한기생충학열대의학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.54 No.6

Comparative analysis biochar and compost-induced degradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in soils

He, Lizhi,Fan, Shiliang,Mü,ller, Karin,Wang, Hailong,Che, Lei,Xu, Song,Song, Zhaoliang,Yuan, Guodong,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Ok, Yong Sik,Bolan, Nanthi S. Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.625 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In recent years, biochar has been extensively studied as a sorbent for immobilizing contaminants and minimizing their bioavailability in soils. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the interactions between biochar and compost in soils and their impact on degradation of organic contaminants. In the present study, soils with high organic carbon content (HOC) and low organic carbon content (LOC) were spiked with 100mg·kg<SUP>−1</SUP> di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) amended with biochar derived from dead pigs, bamboo, and composted sheep manure. The soils were thereafter incubated for 112days at 25°C and periodically sampled for monitoring DEHP concentrations. Degradation of DEHP was described by a logistic model. Results showed that the initial degradation rates were slow, but accelerated after 14days of incubation. The DEHP degradation rates were higher in the HOC soils than in the LOC soils over the incubation period. The half-lives of DEHP were shorter in the LOC soils treated with pig biochar, and bamboo/pig biochar plus compost than in the untreated soil. However, there was no significant difference in the half-lives of DEHP in the HOC control and treated soils. The differential effects of soil amendments on DEHP degradation between LOC and HOC soils could be explained by the properties of the organic amendments, soil pH and the organic carbon contents of the soils.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) degraded faster in high organic matter soil. </LI> <LI> DEHP half-life declined in low organic matter soil amended with biochar and compost. </LI> <LI> Biochar had no effect on DEHP half-life in high organic matter soil. </LI> <LI> DEHP degradation accelerated after 2weeks incubation. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Influence of Initial Damage Degree on the Degradation of Concrete Under Sulfate Attack and Wetting–Drying Cycles

Yujing Lv,Wenhua Zhang,Fan Wu,Huang Li,Yunsheng Zhang,Guodong Xu 한국콘크리트학회 2020 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.14 No.5

The previous researches on the degradation process of concrete under sulfate attack mainly focus on non-damaged concrete. It may lead to an excessive evaluation of the durability of the structure, which is detrimental to the safety of the structure. In this paper, three different damage degrees of concrete specimens with non-damaged (D0) and initial damage of 10% (D₁) and 20% (D₂) were prefabricated and subjected to sulfate attack and wetting–drying cycles. With the increase of sulfate attack cycles (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cycles), the changes in mass loss, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, and the stress–strain curve were studied. The results show that the mass of the D0 specimen had been increasing continuously before 150 sulfate attack cycles. The mass of D₁ and D₂ had been increasing before 60 cycles, and decreasing after 60 cycles. At 150 cycles, the mass loss of D0, D₁, D₂ were − 1.054%, 0.29% and 3.20%, respectively. The relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME) of D0 specimen increases continuously before 90 sulfate attack cycles. After 90 cycles, the RDME gradually decreases. However, for D₁ and D₂ specimens, the RDME began to decrease after 30 cycles. The damage degree has an obvious influence on the compressive strength and elastic modulus. For the D0 specimen, the compressive strength and elastic modulus increased continuously before 90 cycles and decreased after 90 cycles. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of D₁ and D₂ specimens began to decrease after 30 cycles. The stress–strain curves of concrete with different initial damage degrees were established, and the fitting results were good. Finally, based on the analysis of experimental data, the degradation mechanism of concrete with initial damage under the sulfate wetting–drying cycle was discussed.

Investigation on crack propagation properties of flange-stiffened plate structure in a sleeve

Qinglin Lian,Huaji Wang,Xiaowei Ren,Xiaochen Fan,Dingshi Li,Jinbiao Zhao,Long Ju,Guodong Zhang 대한기계학회 2021 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.35 No.11

A 3D FE model has been developed to investigate the crack propagation properties of flange-stiffened plate structure in a sleeve used for loading transition, according to practical observations of the crack morphology. The stress intensity factor (SIF) was applied to analyze the crack propagation properties along crack tip in different positions of the sleeve;simulation models including either one crack or multiple cracks were studied. Results showed that crack formation had insignificant influence on the structural effective stress and deformation variations. The faces of the crack formed at the bolt hole edge were opened, meanwhile the crack possessed the highest potential to grow, while cracks in the connecting fillet between flange and stiffened plate and the flange mounting interface were less likely to propagate. Compared with the one-crack model, when multiple cracks co-existed there were limited changes on the crack respective propagation properties.

Maintaining Drosha expression with Cdk5 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic strategy for early intervention after TBI

Huang Lu,Xia Li,Nie Tiejian,Cui Bozhou,Lu Jianjun,Lu Fangfang,Fan Feiyan,Ren Dongni,Lu Yuan,Gao Guodong,Yang Qian 생화학분자생물학회 2024 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.56 No.-

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in adults. The pathological process of TBI involves a multifactorial cascade in which kinases have been proven contribute to interactions between relevant factors and amplification of signaling cascades. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a promising kinase that has been implicated in various brain disorders, including TBI. However, the mechanism by which Cdk5 induces neuronal damage remains unclear. Here, we show for the first time that Drosha, a key enzyme in microRNA biogenesis, is a pivotal substrate of abnormally activated Cdk5. Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation decreases Drosha expression and exacerbates nerve injury in TBI. We proved that maintaining Drosha expression via the administration of repurposed Cdk5 inhibitors that were previously studied in clinical trials is a promising approach for the early treatment of TBI. Together, our work identifies Drosha as a novel target for neuroprotective strategies after TBI and suggests Cdk5-mediated regulation of Drosha expression as a potential therapeutic strategy for early TBI intervention.

FACILE SOLVOTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF MESOSTRUCTURED CHITOSAN-COATED Fe 3 O 4 NANOPARTICLES AND ITS FURTHER MODIFICATION WITH FOLIC ACID FOR IMPROVING TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY

MAO SHEN,CHENGLIN WU,WENPING JIA,CHENGHONG LI,ZHILI ZHANG,YANGMIN JIN,GUODONG FAN,CAIPING LIN 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2014 NANO Vol.9 No.7

Mesostructured chitosan-coated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (CS-coated Fe 3 O 4 NPs) were synthesizedby a facile one-step solvothermal method via using chitosan as a surface-modi¯cation agent. Subsequently, the surfaces of CS-coated Fe 3 O 4 NPs were successfully conjugated with folic acid(FA) molecules to obtain FA – CS-coated Fe 3 O 4 NPs for improving targeted drug delivery. Themorphology, chemical component and magnetic property of as-prepared composite nanoparticleswere characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray di®raction (XRD),dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM), transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magne-tometer (VSM). Furthermore, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model drug was encap-sulated for investigating drug release pattern in vitro. The results show that the magnetizationsaturation value of FA – CS-coated Fe 3 O 4 NPs was about 28.5 emu/g, exhibiting super-paramagnetic properties and mesostructure. DOX could be loaded to FA – CS-coated Fe 3 O 4 NPswith high capacity about 27.9%, and the release rate of DOX could be adjusted by the pH value. This work demonstrates that the prepared magnetic nanoparticles have potential applications inthe treatment of cancer as targeting drug delivery carriers.