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홍성화 ( Sunghwa Hong ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2015 사총 Vol.86 No.-
Although fiscal policy in early Ming Dynasty based on spot goods, the issue of the currency is inevitable for government. It was hard to issue the currency massively due to the inflexible fiscal policy in Ming Dynasty. So they had chosen ‘Baochao(寶抄)’ which costs less comparatively as the currency. But ‘Baochao(寶抄)’ was vulnerable to excessive issue with less values in possession and could not function as the currency as time went by. The Ming Dynasty also acknowledged the issue of ‘privately issued coins(私 錢)’ seriously. As officials also suggested proposals through merchandised order, inducing ‘Pu-hang(鋪行)’ into system is outstanding but the most striking thing is that they suggested to let it go in private currency market unlike the current common sense and prefer less discussion on ‘monetary regime(錢法)’ in the government, regarding the discussions on ‘monetary regime(錢法)’ as a troubleshooter for public attention of people. Even though providing enough ‘government issued coins(制錢)’ would be desirable, it was difficult with finance situation in Ming Dynasty. In terms of this, it could not help issuing different coins in various qualities with diverse financial conditions. It means that ‘government issued coins(制錢)’ could not guarantee a good quality of coins. For example, Chongzen Tongbao(崇禎通寶) with mixed kinds in quality separately seemed not that good coins to use. Meanwhile ‘privately issued coins(私錢)’ had almost same quality of government issued coin. Like this, as issue of coins in Ming Dynasty was not enough, most commercial transaction happened inside through silver greatly contributed to increasing the flexibility of commercial transaction. That is, incorporation into silver-economy had a lot of side effects. As silver was handy, wealth in a region moved to another region easily, entailing imbalance between regions and classes. In other words, the mobility of silver had been maximizing and gap between the rich and the poor had deepened in the late Ming Dynasty. Further to this, not going smoothly of silver-flux in Chongzhen reign caused serious social issues.
조선시대 순조, 고종 년간의 자수·금박 활옷에 대한 연구
명유석 ( Myoung Yoo-suk ),홍성화 ( Hong Sunghwa ),김영란 ( Kim Yeong Ran ) 한국동양예술학회 2016 동양예술 Vol.32 No.-
This study tries to find out the origin, significance and style of pattern by examining gold leaf and embroidery Hwarot which have the unique pattern, color, texture. First Hwarot was made for the wedding of Princess Bokon, second daughter of Soonjo (23rd King of Joseon Dynasty). Second Hwarot is in the collection of the Field Museum, Chicago. (Relic No. 33157) The sketch of embroidery for Hwarot used at the wedding of Princess Deokon (1822-1844), which is similar to above two, will also be examined. Patterns of the gold leaf and embroidery Hwarot symbolize a good fortune, a stipend, a long life, authority, and idleness, which were highly appreciated in Confucian ideology. Most patterns can be categorized into Gilsangmun. They were in a fashion through several era and dynasties. For example, embroidery designs such as hwasokmun (花束紋 - the pattern of a bunch of flowers) are very characteristic. Hwasokmun is a pattern of two or three flowers, which seem to be from the same root or clouds. Such design composition can be also found in patterns of clothes, hyungbae (embroidered insignia on the breast and the back of an official robe), and fabrics from Dingling (定陵, a tomb of the Wanli Emperor, Ming Dynasty). Its origin seems to be a Jeoljimun (折枝紋, the pattern of chopped branches) in the Hwajohwa (花鳥畵). Hwajohwa was prevalent in the garden of palace Song and Ming Dynasty. Hwasokmun developed into Payeonmun (把蓮紋) in the blue and white ware which was popular in Qing Dynasty. Special royal craft technique was used for making gold leaf embroidery crafts. Ordinary people could not use gold leaf embroidery because gold leaf was produced by striking pure gold. The technique of Cheopkkeum (貼金, fixing gold leaf on texture) is lost. Nowadays, craftsmen just paste gold leaf on texture. Sticking patterns on the clothes is the final step in the process of gold leaf embroidery. Various types of embroidery needlework have developed from four types of technology system. In this gold leaf embroidered Hwarot, characteristics of palace embroidery is conspicuous. It is prominent to use both color thread and gold thread. It is also prominent to use soksil. Moreover, the effect of jarisu and jaryeonsu are outstanding. Specifically, Jingeomsu embroidery needlework, a method which divides space horizontally/vertically and then sews gold thread, is the best palace embroidery. It expresses abundance of the beauty of color with a silk thread which sheds a dim glow. Gold leaf and embroidery Hwarot is the record of life culture in the palace during 19th century Joseon. The style of Hwarot can be applied to develop creative items in fashion, architecture, design, craft industry. It can also be succeeded to new cultural items for the world market. This study can be expanded to a comparative study on symbolism, origin, original technology and changes of patterns used in royal wedding costume throughout the world.
듀얼 모드 하이브리드 자동차의 모드 변환시 토크 변화 저감을 위한 제어 알고리즘에 대한 연구
최월선(Woulsun Choi),강재영(Jaeyoung Kang),홍성화(Sunghwa Hong),김현수(Hyunsoo Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5
In this study, mode change characteristics of a dual mode power split type hybrid electric vehicle were investigated, and a control algorithm was proposed to minimize the torque variation of the output shaft during the mode change. To analyze the transient characteristics during mode change, dynamic models for the planetary gear, engine, motor-generator, battery and vehicle were established, and a performance simulator for the dual mode power split transmission hybrid electric vehicle was developed. The simulator was used for the mode changes : EV mode → input split mode, input split mode → compound split mode. In the control algorithm, the MG1 torque was controlled to minimize the torque variation of the output shaft for the mode change from the EV mode to the input split mode. For the mode change from the input split mode to the compound split mode, the engine was controlled by the motor torque together with the slip control of the clutch/brake to reduce the speed difference between both clutch side and thereby reduce the torque variation of the output shaft.
미국 사학계의 청대 후기사 연구 ― 『케임브리지 중국사』 10권을 중심으로 ―
洪成和 ( Hong¸ Sung-hwa ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.55
The Cambridge History of China. Volume 10: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part I. is the first book in the series and as the touchstone. This book’s writers were composed of people who have a school relationship with editor John King Fairbank. It is no exaggeration to say that this volume was also mainly based on Fairbank’s “impact-response” approach. The most striking part is on the Christianity in the last chapter 11. My opinion is that the description of Christianity in China as last chapter is quite intentional, and it can be said that it is very doubtful whether it is worth the Christianity as a chapter during late Qing Dynasty. As you can see from the regional distribution in the volume, Joseph Fletcher, who specialist on Central Eurasia, writes three chapters out of the 12 chapters, and was an unusually high proportion of Central Asia. The one of characters was description based on the perspective of Central Asia. In this volume, the perspective of Fletcher as part of the history of Central Eurasia and Fairbank as an emphasis on Western influence was completely heterogeneous and collision. It is believed that this volume could be defined as a pioneering work at the time and a work that reveals various conflicts of view.