19세기 후반 중국인 쿨리 해외이주의 개념과 방식

정영구 명청사학회 2017 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.48

A study about Coolie trade have been studied by lots of Chinese emigration researcher, and many achievement were published. But unexpectedly very basic problem have not yet solved. The biggest question lying before this subject defines a concept and range of coolie trade. Some nonchinese researchers as P. C. Cambell assured that coolie trade occurred from 1845 to 1874, and another emigrations except it were voluntary emigrations even if sometimes there were illegal activities. On the other hand, lots of Chinese researchers classified almost Chinese emigrations like coolie trade, southeast asia emigrations and the Atlantic emigrations in second half of 19C, as involuntary emigrations. By the way in the Chinese researchers, there are three group. One marks coolie trade and southeast emigrations down as involuntary emigrations, the other marks coolie trade and the Atlantic emigrations down as involuntary emigrations, another marks all down as involuntary emigrations. Therefore we need a definite concept about Chinese emigration at this period. To do this, we have to defines term of piggy(猪仔) and coolie(苦力). Wu feng-bin(吳鳳斌) assured that they were same term but Peng jia-li(彭家禮) assert that they were definitely different things. And coolie that means Chinese labour in English was translate into piggy(猪仔), coolie(苦力), new passenger(新客) and contract labour(契約華工) that have different means in a cultural area of Chinese character. Besides, the terms what explain coolie, ‘Contract Labour’ and ‘Indentured Labour’ sometimes were used different meaning in a cultural area of Chinese character. Thus if term and concept of it were not defined, studies of Chinese emigration in 19C would meet with a difficulty. This research considers publications about coolie, classifies Chinese emigration, and defined concept and form of Chinese coolie emigration in 19th century.

沈壽官家의 기억, 그 변화와 활용

정영구 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2021 東洋學 Vol.0 No.82

The Japanese ShimSoogwan is one of the most famous potters in Korea. In particular, he kept his Korean name and tradition for 400 years and became one of the best ceramic masters in the world. As Simsoogwan family was recognized as a symbol of national spirit or patriotism, the Simsoogwan Pottery Pavilion was established in Namwon and Cheongsong. However, there are some controversies in academia because the story about the Simsoogwan family is not a historical fact. However, the lack of historical record makes it difficult to clearly determine the authenticity. Rather than jumping into this controversy, I analyzed the memories of the Shimsoogwan family through historical newspaper materials and looked at the changes in their memories. Through this, I looked at how the Shimsoogwan family started and how its roots were made. It also shed light on the aspect that the memory of Shimsoogwan family was used as a logic of ‘Korea and Japan are One policy(內鮮一體)’ in Japanese colonial era and again as a symbol of national spirit in Korea. And finally, I looked at the process of memory fixing due to the contents of the novel and recalled the publicity and danger that the descriptions recorded in the public exhibition hall had. 일본인 심수관은 한국에서 가장 유명한 도예가 중 한 명이다. 특히 400년 동안 타향살이를 하면서도 한국 이름과 전통을 지키며 세계 최고의 도자기 명인 중 한 명이 되었다는 점에서 국민들의 큰 관심과 애정을 받는 다. 심수관가가 민족정신이나 애국심의 상징으로 인식되면서 남원과 청송에 심수관 도예전시관이 건립되었다. 이러한 세간의 관심을 반영하여 학계에서도 심수관 가문에 대한 적지 않은 연구가 진행되었다. 그 결과 심수관의 행적 중 대부분이 검증된 역사적 사실이 아니라고 판명되었지만 여전히 심수관 가문의 인기는 사그라들 지 않는다. 아마도 이를 증명할 결정적인 자료가 없어서 정확한 진위여부를 판명하기 힘들기 때문일 것이다. 본고에서는 충분한 선행연구가 존재하는 이 논란에는 뛰어들지 않았다. 새롭게 밝혀진 결정적인 증거없이 단편적인 시각만으로 이 논쟁에 참여하는 것은 그다지 큰 의미가 없다고 생각하기 때문이다. 그 대신 1910년대 부터 출간된 신문자료를 통해 심수관 일가에 대한 기억들을 분석하고 그 기억이 변화하는 양상을 검토하였다. 그리고 이를 통해 심수관 가문이 어떻게 시작되었고 그 뿌리가 어떻게 만들어졌는지를 살펴보았다. 그 과정에 서 심수관가에 전승되어오던 기억이 일제강점기에는 내선일체의 논리로, 해방 이후에는 한국 민족정신의 상징으로 사용되었다는 점을 조명하였다. 그리고 마지막으 소설의 내용으로 인해 기억이 변화되는 과정을 살펴보고 공립 박물관에 기록된 서술이 가지고 있는 공공성과 위험성을 제고했다.

唐代 인도제당법의 전래와 중국의 전통 제당기술 : 敦煌文書 『Pelliot Chinois 3303V°』의 분석을 중심으로

정영구 효원사학회 2016 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.50

貞觀年間에 인도의 中天竺에서 선진제당법인 熬糖法이 중국에 전래되었다. 그런데 이 熬糖法을 구체적으로 기술한 문헌은 현재 남아있지 않다. 현존하는 문헌사료 중 중국의 제당법을 상세히 기록한 가장 이른 시기의 문헌은 『糖霜譜』인데, 이 『糖霜譜』는 남송초기에 저술된 것이라서 인도의 熬糖法이 전래된 시기와 시간적으로 상당한 거리가 있다. 돈황문서 『Pelliot Chinois 3303』의 背面에는 인도의 제당법이 서술되어있다. 이 사료는 唐末五代時期에 저술된 것으로 보인다. 이를 분석하면 貞觀年間에 전래된 熬糖法에서 남송시기에 저술된 『糖霜譜』의 제당법으로 발전하는 양상을 추정해볼 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 아울러 원대에 저술된 『農桑輯要』를 『P.3303』, 『糖霜譜』와 함께 놓고 대조, 분석한다면 인도의 제당법이 중국의 제당법에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지를 고찰할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. How long Chinese have been eating sugar? The origin of Chinese sugarcane technology has two ways, the Han model and the Tang model. Recently a large number of researcher recognizes Tang model. According to Xintangshu, Tang had entered into friendly relations with one country of India in 647, and ran with India"s sugarcane technology, aotangfa(熬糖法). In existing Chinese agricultural books, a little books describes sugarcane technology, Tangshuangpu(Song), Nongsangjiyao(yuan), Tiankongkaiwu(Ming), Guangdongxinyu and nanyuebizhi(Qing), local papers, Zhinashengbiequazhi (Minguo), etc. Incidentally, the Dunhuang manuscript P.3303V° recorded of sugarcane technology that had been, in all probability, introduced from India to China. It was known to everybody by JiXianLin in 1982. This research attempted to compere P.3303V° with Tangshuangpu, Nongsangjiyao, and Tiankongkaiwu. As a result, The method of pressure, boiling, and crystallize in P.3303V° was dissimilar to Tangshuangpu"s, but it was unexpectedly not dissimilar to Nongsangjiyao. If the sugarcane technology what had recorded at P.3303V° was used in China universally, the Chinese sugarcane technology development aspect could divide two way. One is southern style, aotangfa(熬糖法)-Tangshuangpu-Tiankongkaiwu. The other is northern style, aotangfa(熬糖法)-「p.3303」-Nongsangjiyao-Tiankongkaiwu.

청말민초 중국 흑설탕시장과 설탕소비경향

정영구 중국근현대사학회 2019 중국근현대사연구 Vol.84 No.-

In modernizing period, as distinct question from the Chinese white sugar, Chinese brown sugar was not removed from the sugar market until the early 1920s and competed with foreign brown sugar. The reason why Chinese brown sugar was able to compete with foreign brown sugar was not in foreign sugar but in the production, distribution and consumption structure of Chinese brown sugar. And ‘Chinese palate’ also served as one of the main reasons. In this article, I classified and analyzed the foreign brown sugar imports from 1902 to 1930 by time and country of origin, and inquired into the main factor that influenced the trading patterns of brown sugar during this period. Then I examined whether the Chinese palate acted as the main factor that determines the trade. This was confirmed by the preceding study, which analyzed the trading status of Chinese brown sugar during this period, but to analyze foreign brown sugar have a not inconsiderable value in the verification dimension of the preceding study, because the claim of the preceding study should be reflected in the transaction status of foreign brown sugar, which was the rival of Chinese brown sugar. To analyze this effectively, the time was divided between 1909 and 1910 and 1923 between 1924. In contrast to this, this article described the consumption patterns of Chinese sugar. This is related to the consumption trend, so it may feel alienated from the main narrative. However, we applied the trend of sugar consumption to the sugar trade situation because we believe that it is a desirable direction for future economic history studies to be described in response to cultural history research. I think this attempt is worth a try, even if this makes this article somewhat less complete. Through these two attempts, It is dernier aims that look at how Chinese consumption of brown sugar proceeded through the trading patterns of the brown sugar market in China during this period.

개항과 전통시장— 1880년대 이전 중국의 설탕시장 —

정영구 중국근현대사학회 2017 중국근현대사연구 Vol.76 No.-

Whole Chinese open ports economic bloc was not incorporated into Modern world system at once. It took a long time and took on distinct characteristics in each bloc. Such a tendency was also applicable in sugar market. Then what did Chinese sugar market look like? Most export ports were located in Canton and Fujian, Most import ports were located in Jiangnan region and north China in modernizing period. Incidentally those area were hinterlands of open port that opened relatively early and they closely correlated with foreigner and costal trades. If that is the case, Chinese sugar market would have a change before 1880s when Chinese economy began to go into Modern world system and it might be different from traditional market. In other word, although Chinese sugar market that was connected stream of Chinese economy had a big change in 1890s, it was not lead only because of a impact of Modern world system, and was not rapidly went along. It was gradually made by a interaction of a internal and external factor. On this report, I reviewed coastal/foreigner sugar trade between open ports though Maritime Report. I had four categories about sugar, Chinese brown sugar, Chinese white sugar, Foreigner brown sugar, Foreigner white sugar. And I checked this period Chinese sugar trade, compared with traditional sugar trade, researched a change in Chinese sugar market before 1880s.

기호품의 수입과 도시문화의 변화 ― 청말민초 상하이의 정백당·커피 수입액 변화를 중심으로 ―

정영구 동양사학회 2022 동양사학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.1

개항장경제권과 근대세계체제

鄭榮九(정영구) 중국근현대사학회 2017 중국근현대사연구 Vol.74 No.-

The Chinese sugar industry encountered a serious crisis in 1890s. first of all, Chinese government had lost Taiwan what is a major sugar production region in consequence of the Sino-Japanese War. The second, Bean-cakes of the northeastern provinces started export to Japan, and domestic supply was reduced. due to this, Chinese Sugar"s production cost was risen suddenly. Because bean-cakes were widely used in sugarcane cultivation. The third, a lot of foreign sugar got into competition with Chinese sugar at home and abroad. Therefore, many researcher of Chinese sugar paid attention to Chinese market in 1890s. In particularly, Christian Daniels took note of Chinese sugar industry"s international status from 1893 to 1900 when is deficit conversion period. meanwhile, Chinese market in 1890s also received attention by Chinese economic historian. They supposed Chinese market in this period was not a organic shapes, but assembly of several broad market, open-port economic region, and they were incorporated into modern world system on a each different aspect. In this context I reviewed Chinese sugar trade in 1890s. It did not take the focus on world trade, but domestic trade. Through this, I have considered that various shape of Chinese sugar market. For example, how to foreign sugar penetrate into Chinese market, what change happened in Chinese sugar market, and why a lot of foreign sugar imported in this period suddenly. Finally I confirmed that Chines sugar market was incorporated into modern world system in 1890s, by each of open-port economic region in different time, in different aspect.

개항장경제권과 근대세계체제 ― 1890년대 중국 설탕시장의 변화 ―

정영구 중국근현대사학회 2017 중국근현대사연구 Vol.74 No.-

The Chinese sugar industry encountered a serious crisis in 1890s. first of all, Chinese government had lost Taiwan what is a major sugar production region in consequence of the Sino-Japanese War. The second, Bean-cakes of the northeastern provinces started export to Japan, and domestic supply was reduced. due to this, Chinese Sugar's production cost was risen suddenly. Because bean-cakes were widely used in sugarcane cultivation. The third, a lot of foreign sugar got into competition with Chinese sugar at home and abroad. Therefore, many researcher of Chinese sugar paid attention to Chinese market in 1890s. In particularly, Christian Daniels took note of Chinese sugar industry's international status from 1893 to 1900 when is deficit conversion period. meanwhile, Chinese market in 1890s also received attention by Chinese economic historian. They supposed Chinese market in this period was not a organic shapes, but assembly of several broad market, open-port economic region, and they were incorporated into modern world system on a each different aspect. In this context I reviewed Chinese sugar trade in 1890s. It did not take the focus on world trade, but domestic trade. Through this, I have considered that various shape of Chinese sugar market. For example, how to foreign sugar penetrate into Chinese market, what change happened in Chinese sugar market, and why a lot of foreign sugar imported in this period suddenly. Finally I confirmed that Chines sugar market was incorporated into modern world system in 1890s, by each of open-port economic region in different time, in different aspect.

東北工程에서 文化工程으로 : 韓中 文化分爭의 성격

정영구 중국사학회 2023 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.143

In a historical point of view, Korea and China are very close. From the time when history was recorded to the present, Korea and China have had a great influence on each other, and it’s traces clearly remain in their history and culture. Although the two countries were in different situations in the early modern period, China was still one of the countries that accounted for the largest proportion to Korea. The diplomatic relations between Korea and China, which took place in 1992, was a clear indicator that the two countries could develop into a closer relationship. Most people expected a strong cultural exchanges between the two countries. Because the two countries have many historical and cultural commonalities. However, cultural disputes is taking place between the two countries. Similar cultures and histories, which were expected to have a positive effect, rather spread to ownership disputes, hindering cultural exchanges between the two countries. In this article, while reviewing cultural exchanges for about 30 years after diplomatic relations between Korea and China, I would like to examine why cultural exchanges between Korea and China have turned into cultural disputes. To this end, First of all, we will look at China's Northeast Project(東北工程). Next, we will review the Korean wave(韓流) and so-called China's Cultural Northeast Project(文化工程). Finally, the goal is to diagnose and predict cultural exchanges between Korea and China. 역사적으로 보면 한국과 중국은 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 역사가 기록된 시점부터 현재까지 한국과 중국은 서로 지대한 영향을 주고 받았다. 그 흔적이 우리의 역사와 문화에 뚜렷히 남아있다. 비록 근대이행기를 지나면서 두 나라가 각각 서로 다른 상황에 처했기 때문에 그 이전만큼 많은 영향을 주고 받지 못했지만, 여전히 한국의 입장에서 중국은 매우 큰 비중을 차지하는 외국 중에 하나였다. 1992년에 성사된 한중수교는 두 나라가 더욱 밀접한 관계로 발전할 수 있는 하나의 뚜렷한 지표였다. 대부분의 사람들은 두 나라의 문화교류가 매우 왕성하게 진행될 것으로 예상했다. 왜냐하면 두 나라는 역사적, 문화적인 공통분모를 많이 가지고 있기 때문이었다. 그러나 현재 두 나라 사이에는 BTS논란, 블랙핑크의 판다논란, 아리랑의 유네스코 등재논란, 한복, 김치 등 한국전통 문화의 중국원류 주장논란 등 문화분쟁이 한창 벌어지고 있다. 순작용을 할 것이라고 여겼던 유사한 문화와 역사가 오히려 소유권 분쟁으로 번지면서 두 나라의 문화교류를 저해한 것이다. 이 글에서는 한중수교 이후 약 30년간 문화교류를 검토하면서 왜 한국과 중국 사이의 문화교류가 문화분쟁으로 변하였는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위해 우선 동북공정을 살펴보고, 한류와 소위 ‘문화공정’을 검토함으로써 최종적으로 한중 문화교류에 존재하는 걸림돌을 제시하는 것을 목표로 한다.

전통 한과류의 종류와 제조방법

정영구 충남대학교 농과대학 2000 논문집 Vol.- No.6

엿강정은 여러가지 곡식이나 견관류를 알갱이가 작은 것은 그대로 큰 것은 잘게 부수어 꿀이나 엿을 넣고 끓여 버무려서 그릇에 쏟아 식힌다음 먹기 좋고 보기좋가 여러가지 모양으로 썬것이다