서비스기업의 경영성과에 영향을 미치는 시장전략 요인에 관한 연구 - PIMS데이타 활용을 중심으로 -

이윤보(Kim Yoon-Bo),정헌수(Jung Heon-Soo),김종열(Kim Jong-Youl) 한국상품학회 2003 商品學硏究 Vol.- No.29

This research collected variables on 44 firms belonging to the service industry among firms listed on the Korean stock exchange. The service variables was surveyed with a questionnaire. Based on these, we set up performance and strategic variables with an empirical analysis and also set up a hypothesis to identify PIMS principles. We examined the goodness-of-fit by Multiple Regression Model and found PIMS market rule and regulation with impact analysis. Together, we drew up a Par report by selecting sample firms and applied it to be able to used in the industry field. Three important findings & possibilities that became clear in this research are as follows: First, we think that it is possible to use a PIMS variable which is used in the United States by a variable and PIMS model based on this has considerable explanation power. In ROI model, using 18 Strategic Variables, explained R²=0.69, and in CF model, using 11 Strategic Variables. explained R²=0.45. Second, 4 major determinants of ROI(Investment Intensity, relative market share, real market growth, and relative marketing expenses) that Abell & Hammond presented, appeared as positive correlation with the exception of marketing expenses. In addition, 2 major determinant of CF(relative market share, investment intensity) also appeared as positive correlation. This goes along with the PIMS theory too. Particularly, BCG model<chart 4-34> consisted with real market growth & relative market share, among 4 part side, introduction stage & decline stage showed CF like BCG theory, but the growth stage CF appeared slightly better than the maturity stage. Third, we utilized CF as PIMS performance variable for the first time in the country and together introduced a Par ROI report & Par CF report for the first time. In the Par report, by contrasting Actual ROI & CF to average ROI & CF, individual company's evaluation became possible.

친환경농산물의 구매요인이 재구매의사에 미치는 영향

임해진(Hae-Jin Lim),이윤보(Yoon-Bo Lee),김윤두(Youn-Doo Kim) 한국산업경제학회 2013 산업경제연구 Vol.26 No.6

가계의 소득확대와 식품에 대한 안정성 요구가 증대됨에 따라 친환경농산물에 대한 관심이 크게 증가하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 친환경농산물의 구매요인인 인지도, 건강관심도, 환경관심도가 친환경농산물 재구매의사에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였으며, 친환경농산물의 신뢰도가 구매요인과 재구매의사 간 매개효과를 하는지 확인하고자 하였다. 특히, 자녀의 친환경학교급식 경험여부를 간접경험이라 정의하고 이러한 간접경험이 친환경농산물 구매에 통계적 유의성을 나타내는지 확인하고자 하였다. 분석결과 친환경농산물 인지도 및 환경관심도는 재구매의사에 긍정적인(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 친환경농산물의 신뢰도가 이들 간 매개효과로써 역할을 하고 있었다. 반면, 건강관심도는 선행연구의 결과와 달리 친환경농산물 재구매의사에 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났으며 이는 최근 친환경농산물에 대한 불신 및 불안전성이 제기되는 사건들이 빈번히 발생함으로써 건강관심도가 높은 집단이 보다 민감하게 받아들인 결과에서 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 자녀를 통해 친환경학교급식을 간접경험한 집단은 그렇지 못한 집단에 비해 상대적으로 재구매의사가 높게 나타나 유의적 차이가 검증되었다. Due to increase in household income and demand for food safety, attention given to environmentally-friendly agricultural products has augmented. Thus, this research has attempted to analyze the impact that levels of awareness, health concern, and environment concern, which are reasons for purchasing environmentally-friendly agricultural products, have on intent to re-purchase them; also, it aimed to confirm whether the reliability of environmentally-friendly agricultural products acts as a mediator between reason for initial purchasing and intent to re-purchase. Moreover, defining children"s environmentally-friendly school lunch experience as indirect experience for the parents, the research strived to identify whether such indirect experience poses any statistical significance on purchasing environmentally-friendly agricultural products. The analysis showed that the levels of awareness and environmental concern on environmentally-friendly agricultural products have positive influence on intent to re-purchase them, their reliability acting as a mediator between them. However, contrary to the results of the preceding research, level of health concern appeared to have little significance on intent to re-purchase environmentally-friendly agricultural products; the reason for this is presumed to be sensitive reaction from the health-conscious group due to recently recurrent events that suggest mistrust and unsafety of environmentally-friendly agricultural products. Furthermore, the group who had indirect experience through their children"s environmentally-friendly school lunch displayed greater intent to re-purchase the products, confirming a significant difference.

일반 논문 : 창업이 고용변화에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이동주 ( Dong Joo Lee ),이윤보 ( Yoon Bo Lee ),김종운 ( Jong Woon Kim ) 한국중소기업학회 2011 中小企業硏究 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 창업이 고용에 단기, 중기, 장기에 걸쳐 미치는 영향력과 업종 및 기술수준에 따른 영향력 차이를 실증하였다. 사업체기초통계자료를 통해 시군구별 창업률을 파악하고 2년 간 고용변화율간의 관계를 Almon 다항시차방법을 통해 추정하였다. 분석결과 창업은 10년에 걸쳐 고용변화에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 구미의 선행연구결과와 같이 직접효과-대체효과-유인효과의 3단계를 거치는 것으로 나타났다. 업종별 분석에서는 제조업보다 지식 서비스업 창업의 고용창출력이 높았다. 지식서비스업 창업은 직접고용효과가 큰 반면 제조업 창업은 장기 유인효과가 크게 나타나 양 업종의 균형성장이 바람직하다고 볼 수 있다. 기술수준별 영향력을 비교해 보면, 고기술 제조업 창업의 경우 예상과는 달리 고용감소에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유발효과가 장기적으로 나타나 분석기간이 충분하지 못한데 기인한다. 중기술 제조업 창업은 고용증가에 기여하고 있으나 저기술 제조업 창업은 그렇지 못하였다. 전반적으로 일자리 창출을 위한 정부의 노력에도 불구하고 창업을 통한 고용창출의 활력이 선진국에 비해 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 창업을 통한 일자리 창출은 창업기업의 수적 증가로 이루어지지 않는다. 창업의 질과 혁신성, 시장경쟁과 시장선택의 효율성이 더 큰 역할을 담당한다. 창업을 통해 신규 일자리가 창출되고 산업의 구조가 고도화되며, 경제가 성장하기 위해서는 경제전반의 체질전환이 필요하다. 본 연구는 창업을 통한 경제활력 회복은 창업활성화 정책만으로 달성하기 어렵다는 점을 시사해주고 있다. Many policy makers as well as scholars believe that stimulating new firm formation is a promising way to achieve economic growth since existing firms are not creating a lot of jobs. So, developing countries, including South Korea, tend to implement government policies to boost new start-ups through industrial policy programs such as tax exemptions, employment subsidies, and streamlining start-up procedures. However, the empirical evidence concerning the effects of new firm formation on economic development is far from being entirely clear. We still do not have sufficient proof or knowledge about the ways in which new firm formation shapes employment changes and what time period it takes until the effects become visible in empirical data. This paper analyzes the short-term, medium-term and long-term effects of business start-ups on employment, and compares the degrees of the effects depending on the startup businesses` types of industries and levels of technologies. We calculate startup rates using the data from the Report on the Census on Basic Characteristics of Korean Enterprises by the Korean government (Korean Statistical Office), and estimate the relationship between the "start-up rates" and the rates of employment changes, using Almon polynomial lag procedure, which may reduce the multicollinearity problem using a lag distributed model. To decide the adequate length of lags, we use not only the Residual Mean Square, F-values, adjusted R2, and the Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) but also likelihood ratio tests. We do the homoskedasticity test and find that the data have heteroskedasticity. So, we use Huber-White Robust regression, which is known to correct the heteroskedasticity problem. Scholars usually use the "start-up rates" meaning one of the two approaches: the ecological approach (business stock approach) and the labor market approach. We use the latter approach which defines the start-up rate as the number of workers divided by the number of start-up businesses, as Garofoli (1994) suggests, from 1995 to 2006. In the process of analysis, we control for the population density of 2006, lagged dependent variable, and spatial autocorrelation. The population density of regions may have a high correlation with various characteristics of the regions including their development levels, labor quantities, and wage levels. The lagged independent variable is included because of the possible reversed causality that a high employment rate may cause a high start-up rate. The spatial autocorrelation variable is included because a change in the start-up rate of a region may interact with that of adjacent regions. We have observed that there are positive effects of business start-ups on employments for 1 to 10 years, which have three steps of the "direct effect," the "replacement effect," and the "inducement effect" like previous analyses such as Fritsch and Muller (2004). The effects of new business formation on employment changes over time in Korea show a wave ("S") pattern, which is similar to the analysis on Germany (Fritsch and Muller, 2004), the United Kingdom (van Stel and Storey, 2004), Spain (Arauzo-Carod, Liviano-Solis and Marin-Bofarull, 2008), Portugal (Baptisa, Escaria, and Madrugo, 2008), South Korea`s 7 major cities (Lee, 2009), and 21 OECD countries (Carree and Thurik, 2008). The direct effect from t to t-1 time periods increases the employment rate by 0.320%p, the replacement effect from t-2 to t-6 years decreases the employment rate by 0.396%p, and the inducement effect from t-7 to t-10 years increases the employment rate by 0.139%p. The direct effect is larger than the inducement effect in Korea, and the indirect effect period is longer than that of the previously studied countries. Taking the 3 effects altogether, start-ups increases the employment rate by 0.062%p, which means one unit of new start-up out of 1,000 employees increases the employment rate by 0.062%p for 10 years. The regression results have the adjusted R2 of 0.179. We have also shown that there are differences in the effects and the effecting periods among industries. Hospitality industries have a direct effect of 0.307%p, an indirect effect of -0.501%p, and an inducement effect of 0.224%p, and the overall effect is 0.029, which is the smallest in all industries due to the frequent entries and exits. Manufacturing industries show a direct effect of 1.276%p, an indirect effect of -2.677%p, and an inducement effect of 1.450%p, and the overall effect is 0.048%p, while the knowledge-based service industries have a direct effect of 3.170%p, an indirect effect of -3.229%p, and an inducement effect of 1.081%p, and its overall effect is 1.022%p, where there are the most pronounced ups and downs among the 3 categories. The analysis shows that the effect of start-ups on the employment rate is larger in the knowledge-based service sectors than in manufacturing ones, where the former has a stronger direct effect, while the latter has a stronger inducement effect. In addition, service sectors, such as hospitality industries, show a strong short-term job creation effect, meaning that start-ups in knowledge-based industries have the largest effect on the employment rate at least for 10 years, while start-ups in manufacturing industries may have a larger effect for longer than a 10 year period because of the lingering technology spillover effects. Therefore, we believe that balanced startup promotion strategies between types of industries are desirable for continuous job creation and economic growth. In addition, the paper analyzes that the effects of startups on the employment rate according to the level of technologies. The overall effects of start-ups of the high-, medium-, and low-technology sectors on the employment rate are -0.351%p, 0.982%p, and -0.208%p, respectively. The high technology manufacturing sectors have negative effects on the employment rate, which is contrary to our expectation, and which is probably because the time-horizon for the analysis is only 10 years and not long enough to catch the entire effect. Medium technology manufacturing start-ups, however, contribute a net increase of job creation due possibly to the shorter period of waiting time for mass production, while low technology start-ups do not. The analysis shows that not the number of startups but the quality of start-ups matters, meaning that high and innovative technology startups have an important effect on the market efficiency and overall job creation. The results also suggest that building the infrastructure for risk-taking for innovative start-ups can contribute economic growth through economic restructuring and hence the enhanced competitiveness. The paper analyzes the effect of start-ups for only 10 years, so a more general conclusion can be drawn for a longer time effect. In addition, we have not controlled for possible regional characteristics, which may have significant effects on the employment rate. Scholars could make a significant contribution to start-ups` job creation effects for further studies by considering demographic, industrial, environmental differences into analysis, using fixed effect or random effect models.

서울시 중소기업 정책방안에 관한 연구

이윤보,김종렬,이동주 한국중소기업학회 2001 中小企業硏究 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 문헌고찰을 중심으로 서울시의 중소·벤처기업의 현황, 현행 서울시 중소기업 정책을 고찰하고 향후 서울시 중소기업 정책의 추진방안에 관해 고찰하였다. 현재 서울시는 탈공업화로 제조업의 기반이 약화되고 있을 뿐 아니라 고급 노동력의 탈서울 경향이 두드러지고 있다. 이에 서울시는 산업정책국, 서울산업진흥재단, 서울신용보증재단, 서울지방중소기업청 등을 중심으로 서울형신산업의 육성, 중소기업의 육성 지원강화, 유통산업의 진흥 등을 통해 서울시 중소·벤처기업의 육성에 주력하고 있다. 서울시가 지식경제시대로의 원활한 적응을 추구하면서 중소·벤처기업 중심의 산업구조로 전환함과 동시에 디지털 격차에 의해 발생하는 중소기업 문제의 해결하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 방향으로 서울시 중소기업의 정책이 추진되어야 할 것이다. 첫째, 서울시의 비전과 장기계획, 국가의 중소기업 정책, 주변 지역의 경제정책, 지역간 연계성 등을 고려하여 서울시 중소기업정책의 비전과 목표가 명확히 설정되어야 한다. 둘째, 정책실시주체간의 역할 분담을 통해 효율적인 정책실시를 추구하여햐 한다. 셋째, 성장 가능성이 큰 중소·벤처기업에 선별적으로 지원할 필요성이 있으며, 개별정책목적에 따라 유연하게 정책대상을 설정하여야 한다. 결론적으로 향후 서울시 중소기업정책의 주요방향은 단기적으로는 경제구조의 변화에 따른 중소기업의 경영안정이며 장기적으로는 산업구조의 고도화, 중소기업의 지식집약화, 중소기업간의 디지털 격차 완화, 벤처기업의 육성이라 할 수 있다. This paper is an effort to examine theoretically the policy for Seoul's SMEs with the aim of assessing the aim of assessing the important current policies, the organizational mechanism supporting them, and the main variables that have been shown to influence the status and growth of them. The Seoul Municipal Government allocates budget for fostering the Seoul Model New Knowledge Industry including the venture capital business, animation and fashion industries. And the efforts will be made to secure the city's industrial competitiveness including attracting IT businesses into the Digital Media City, and supporting promising small and medium-sized companies. In addition, the City of Seoul has been actively providing support and assistance for so-called 'Seoul-type industries' which are non-polluting and considered to be particularly suitable for the geographic conditions of Seoul. They include culture-related industries like fashion, design, and animation, and information and communications-related ones like software and multimedia. It is important raise SMEs and venture business in the future, so that the objective of The Seoul Municipal Government's policy must be restructuring of industry structure, the growth of knowledge-intensive SMEs, the mitigation of digital divided of SMEs, and the supporting and assistance for venture business.