중국의 자원수출제한조치와 WTO 규칙 부합성에 관한 분석

유예리(Yoo Ye Ri) 한국무역상무학회 2008 貿易商務硏究 Vol.38 No.-

  China"s 「Foreign Trade law」16.4 revised in 2004 like「Foreign Trade law」16.2 in 1994 is still stipulated resource restriction to protect domestic resources and it does not satisfy the introduction of article 20 and section (g) of GATT 1994. Through an interpretation of related regulations and China-EU cokes dispute, the paper points out that China"s 「Foreign Trade law」16.4 has no validity of the introduction of article 20 and section (g) of GATT 1994. Comparing China"s 「Foreign Trade law」16.4 to GATT 1994 20(g), China"s 「Foreign Trade law」 16.4 does not include important conditions of GATT 1994 20 introduction such as not being arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination and disguised restriction on international trade. For example, based upon China"s 「Foreign Trade law」, if she restricts or prohibits important natural resources that Korea mainly relies on China, it will effects not only trade between two countries but also our lives and securities. Hence, it is highly time to analyze China"s the Validity of the China"s Resource Export-Quota Restrictive Measures under the GATT/WTO. In the process of resolving China-EU cokes dispute in 2004, ministry of Commerce of China shows well its characteristics of dispute settlement and also we can find out EU"s logical countermeasures. Therefore, because of the high possibility of disputes between Korea and China in the area of natural resources, Korea needs to pay attention to the China"s resource protecting policies, and if it violates GATT 1994 20 introduction and (g), we should consider to sue China to WTO. The paper believes that it will play an important role as an aggressive demand and effect on amendment of China"s 「Foreign Trade law」 in the long term.

시진핑(習近平) 집권 1기의 경제입법정책 전망과 시사점

유예리 ( Ye Ri Yoo ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2013 法學硏究 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구는 시진핑체제의 경제입법정책을 전망하기에 앞서 먼저 지난 후진타오체제 10년 의 경제입법정책을 살펴본다. 후진타오 집권 1기 (2003-2007) 와 집권 2기 (2008-2012) 의 경제정책에는 약간의 차이를 보이긴 하였다. 즉 중국의 개혁개방 정책 수립 후 중국 정부 가 꾸준히 양적성장을 추진한 결과 집권 1기의 경제정책은 “빠른” 성장에 초점을 두고 있는 반면, 집권 2기의 경제정책은 “좋은” 성장에 초점을 두고 있다. 집권 1기의 양적 성장 정책은 빈부격차, 수출불균형으로 인한 무역상대국과의 마찰, 에너지 과소비 등의 문제를 양산하게 되었고, 집권 2기에는 집권 1기와 그 전 정권의 성장정책에 의하여 노출된 그러 한 문제들을 점차적으로 해결하기 위하여 성장을 하되 질적으로 성장하자는 경제정책에 초점을 두었다. 하지만 실제로 그러한 집권 1, 2기의 경제정책의 차이가 입법에 명확하게 구분되어 반영된 것은 아니고, 이상의 문제들은 중국의 개혁개방정책이후 지속적으로 나타났던 입법과제였기 때문에 후진타오 집권 l, 2기에 지속적이고 점차적으로 꾸준히 반영 되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 시진핑 집권 l기의 경제 분야 입법정책은 비록 후진타오 체제가 여러 문제들을 해결하려고 노력했고, 그러한 노력이 입법에도 반영되기 하였지만, 아직까지 많은 문제들이 여전 히 해결되지 않은 상태에 있기 때문에 후진타오 집권 2기의 경제정책과 입법정책의 연장 선이라고 예상된다. 그 이유에 대해서는 여러 가지가 고려되어야 하는데 하나는 시진핑을 위주로 한 주요경제정책 결정체제인 공산당 상무위원회의 성격이 중도 보수라는 점이고, 다른 하나는 l2차 5개년 규획이 후진타오 주도하에 2011년에 결징됐기 때문에 시진핑 집 권 l기는 이 전 정책을 계승하면서 변화를 모색하는 시기가 될 가능성이 높다. l8차 당대회 업무보고에서도 후진타오는 사회주의 시장경제체제의 완비와 경제발전방식 의 전환에 박차를 가해아 한다면시 구체적으로 첫째, 경제체제개혁의 심화, 둘째, 혁신을 통한 발전 추진, 셋째. 경제구조의 전략적 조정, 넷째, 도시와 농촌의 통합 발전, 다섯째, 개방형경제의 수준 향상을 언급하였다. 후진타오. 체제가 해결하려고 했던 많은 문제들이 아직까지 여전히 해결되지 않은 채 남아있고, 후진타오가 제시한 중국경제가 나아가야할 방향과 정책기조는 시진핑 집권 l기의 경제정책과 입법정책의 과제로 남아 향후 시진핑 시대애도 계속해서 유지가 될 것으로 보여 진다. 특히 중국 경제가 안정적 성장세를 유지 하여 왔으나 구조적 모순, 양적 경제발전, 노동시장 불안 등의 문제점이 상존하기 때문에, 소득분배 및 민생문제 해결을 최우선 과제로 삼을 것으로 보여 진다. This paper shows economic legislation policy of the first term in the Xijinping era. However this analysis should be based on Hujintao`s economic legislation policy before it prospects Xijinping era`s economic legislation policy. In the area of economic legislation policy, there are some differences between the first (2003-2007) and second (2008-2012) term of Hujintao. The first term of Hujintao, its economic legislation policy focused on “fast” growth, on the other hand, the second term on “good” growth. The first term`s qualitative growth produced problems such as rich-poor gap, trade conflicts, energy over consumption etc.. And the second term focused on qualitative growth to resolve such problems shown in the first five years. However, in fact, the first and second term were not clearly separated and reflected in the law. Such problems have been tasks for legislation since China`s reform and opening up and they have been constantly and continuously reflected on the law in the Hujintao era. The first term of Xijinping is going to still try to resolve those problems which so Hujintao administration did. Hence this paper expects that economic legislation policy of the first term of Xijinping will be similar to Hujintao`s. There are several reasons that should be considered, and first of all, a standing committee of the Communist party which makes a decision of the economic policy has a conservative-centrist. And the other reason is that 12.5 plan was decided in 2011 under Hujintao administration. Therefore it is high possibility that the first term of Xijinping will succeed Hujintao`s economic legislation policy and progressively take a change. At the 18th report of the Communist party, Hujintao emphasized three points; first, intensifying economic system, second, developing through renovation. Thirdly adjusting economic structure, fourthly, balancing urban and city, and lastly improving economic system standards. Those problems in the Hujintao era are not resolved yet, and direction of the future economy that Hujintao suggested will be continued in the Xijinping`s era as well. Especially distribution of income, problems concerning public welfare will be the most important area of the Xijinping first era`s economic legislation policy.

중국 GMO 법률 운영체계 및 관리정책의 문제에 관한 연구

유예리(Yoo Ye Ri) 한국무역상무학회 2008 貿易商務硏究 Vol.39 No.-

  The paper analyzes GMO legal system and the problems of its management in China and their suggestions to Korea. GMO has been arising as a principal alternative of grain while grain prices continue to climb. Although there has been concerns about GMO imported from China, it is true that we have not studied on China"s legal system and the problems of its management in China. The paper believes that when Chinese government does not manage GMO primarily, we have a high possibility that China"s GMO food will access to Korean market at any time, and threaten our health and safety. Hence, it is highly time to analyze how legally China treats GMO and what the problems of its management are.<BR>  The paper found out problems of China"s GMO management in three ways. Firstly, GMO legal system of China is confused and it has limitation of effectiveness. China has no regulations like "a law" to regulate GMO and regulations which exists now are not easy to apply in substance. Secondly, China has no administrative strictness to manage GMO. For example, the regulation which ministry of agriculture in China promulgated in March of 2002 started to use partially since 2003, 7. Thirdly, China, as a nation that administration superiors to, market does not do its roll to control GMO. It relates to the low concerns and care of Chines people about GMO. The paper shows suggestions and countermeasures according to problems of China"s GMO management.

한-중 자유무역협정(KCFTA)의 중국 국내법상 지위에 관한 고찰

유예리 ( Ye Ri Yoo ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2012 法學硏究 Vol.20 No.3

중국의 유전자원 및 전통지식에 대한 지식재산권적 보호제도의 TRIPS협정과의 합치성에 관한 연구

유예리(Yoo, Ye Ri) 한국국제경제법학회 2013 국제경제법연구 Vol.11 No.2

중국은 다양한 유전자원을 보유한 개발도상국들과 입장을 같이 하면서 유전자원 이용에 대한 이익공유를 주장하고 있다. 유전자원을 둘러싸고 선진국과 개발도상국간, 우리나라와 중국 간에도 첨예한 갈등과 분쟁이 예상된다. 중국은 유전자원의 이용에 대한 공평한 이익공유를 현실적으로 이행하기 위하여 유전자원의 출처공개를 도입함으로써 TRIPS협정을 포함하여 관련 특허제도를 수정할 필요가 있다고 주장하고 있다. 중국의 이러한 입장은 「특허법」개정에 반영되어 있다. 중국이 개정한 「특허법」에서는 유전자원에 의존하여 특허발명을 신청하는 자는 직접출처와 원시출처를 공개해야하며, 그 구체적인 방안으로 《유전자원출처공개등기표》를 작성하도록 하고, 이를 위반할 경우에는 특허 거절 및 무효사유가 될 수 있도록 규정한 것은 시사하는 바가 크다. 즉 중국도 다른 개발도상국처럼 유전자원의 접근과 이익공유가 효과적으로 집행되지 위해서는 유전자원 출처공개의 특허요건화가 필요하다고 주장하고 이를 법적 구속력이 있는 국제레짐으로 해결하도록 요구하고 있는 것이다. 하지만 중국의 ABS 국제레짐에 대응한 법제에는 첫째, 중국의 유전자원 정의규정에는 파생물이 포함되어 있지 않다. 둘째, 유전자원 관련 전통지식에 관한 규정의 부재(不在)이다. 셋째, 중국은 유전자원 보호에 관하여 유전자원 제공국의 입장이지만, 유전자원 이용국의 입장이 반영되어 있지 않다는 문제점이 있다. 우리나라는 「생물다양성 보전 및 이용에 관한 법률」을 제정하여 “생물자원의 이익공유에 필요한 사항을 따로 법률로 제정한다” 고 규정함으로써 생물자원과 관련하여 기본적인 시책만을 규정하고 주요 현안인 유전자원의 이익공유는 아직 국제적 논의가 충분하지 않아 새로운 입법과제로 미룬 상황이다. 2011년 9월 20일 나고야의정서에 서명한 우리나라는 유전자원 이용국의 입장임을 명확히 인지하고 유전자원과 유전자원 관련 전통지식에 대한 정의 등이 법안에 반영되어야 할 것이다. Developing countries including China has taken a position that fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilization of genetic resources is necessary. It is expected that there would cause acute disputes between and among developed countries or developing countries regarding genetic resources. China has maintained her opinion that benefit sharing of genetic resources can be implemented by introducing disclosure requirement in patent system including revising WTO TRIPS. China’s stand was reflected in her revised Patent Law. China’s Patent Law inserted new provisions that applicants who applied to patented invention based on genetic resources should disclose direct source and origin source, fill in 《Genetic Resources Source Disclose Registration Card》and their violation could be rejected or invalid. Namely, China like other developing countries has asserted disclosure requirement needed in patent, and they believe this problem would be resolved by international regime. However China’s ABS related legislation shows some weak points; firstly, Chinese genetic resources definition does not include derivatives. secondly, there is no provisions in the China’s Patent Law regarding Traditional Knowledge associated with genetic resources. Thirdly, China’s ABS related legislation only reflects position of Country providing genetic resources although China also could be a Country using genetic resources. Korea also postponed ABS Law while international discussion has been continuing. Korea which signed Nagoya Protocol on September 2011 should clearly recognize its position as a country using genetic resources and some issues such as derivatives or traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources should be reflected in the future ABS Law.

Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) 기반 Torsade Metric Score (TMS)를 이용한 TdP 발생 약물의 위험군 분류 성능 평가

윤승현 ( Seung-hyun Yoon ),남유리 ( Yu Ri Nam ),강현수 ( Hyun-su Kang ),정다운 ( Da Un Jeong ),유예담 ( Ye Dam Yoo ),임기무 ( Ki-moo Lim ),박성준 ( Seong-jun Park ),김배환 ( Bae-hwan Kim ),김기석 ( Ki-suk Kim ) 한국동물실험대체법학회 2021 동물실험대체법학회지 Vol.15 No.1

For the assessment of cardiotoxicity and Torsade de Pointes (TdP), a fatal arrhythmic symptom, ICH S7B and E14 guidelines were presented. However, focusing on hERG block, which are essential determinants of arrhythmic risk, may unexpectedly limit drug development by increasing the risk of drugs that are actually non-toxic. To compensate for these problems, the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmic Assay (CiPA) project was proposed. In this study, based on the CiPA project and previous studies, the nine drugs were tested using in vitro multiple ion channel screening on both temperature conditions (room temperature and 37℃). Using the in vitro results, in silico computer simulation was performed based on the O'Hara-Rudy human ventricular myocyte model, and same as the CiPA project obtained a new biomarker, qNet. The in silico computer simulation was performed using 2000 samples of IC₅₀ values extracted by R code. The nine test drugs were associated with cardiotoxicity and TdP, and were selected by the CiPA project and previous studies. Furthermore, as in previous studies, Torsade Metic Score (TMS), the mean qNet value averaged across 1-4 × Cmax, and the threshold was calculated. As a result, the nine tested drugs using the TMS were well plotted by the risk categories and the threshold was able to well classify the risk categories by grade on both temperature conditions. In particular, the threshold 2 value confirmed to significant difference depending on the temperature conditions. The range of threshold narrowed at 37℃, which can be considered as having the ability to distinguish more finely. It shows the correlation with the CiPA project’s validity that a study should be tested at a physiological temperature of 3 7℃. In this study, using the method proposed by the CiPA project, it was possible to predict the risk groups of drugs more accurately, which could be presented as a new paradigm in the cardiotoxicity assessment.

형질전환 벼 현탁세포 배양에서 혼합효율과 조정배지가 hCTLA4Ig 생산에 미치는 영향

최홍열(Hong-Yeol Choi),박준용(Jun-Yong Park),남형진(Hyung-Jin Nam),공미경(Mi-Kyung Gong),유예리(Ye-Ri Yoo),김동일(Dong-Il Kim) 한국생물공학회 2015 KSBB Journal Vol.30 No.6

Transgenic rice cells using RAmy3D promoter can provide high productivity, and the production of recombinant protein is induced by sugar starvation. In this system, productivity was reduced during the scale-up processes. To ensure the influences of shear stress and oxygen transfer rate, working volume and mixing performances were investigated under various agitation speeds and working volumes. In addition, inoculation methods including suspended cells and filtered cells were compared. Working volumes and shaking speeds were 300, 450 mL and 80, 120 rpm, respectively. Hydrodynamic environment of each condition was measured numerically like mixing time and kLa. Good mixing performance and high shear stress were measured at high agitation speed and low volume. The highest level of hCTLA4Ig was 30.7 mg/L at 120 rpm, 300 mL. When conditioned medium was used for inoculation, increased cell growth was noticed during the day 0~4 and decreased slower than filtered cells. Compared with filtered cells, the maximum hCTLA4Ig level reached 37.8 mg/L at 120 rpm, 300 mL and lower protease activity level was observed. In conclusion mixing performance is critical factor for productivity and conditioned medium can have a positive effect on damaged cells caused by hydrodynamic shear stress.

임부의 연령에 따른 보완대체요법에 관한 인식 태도 경험 비교 연구

김연진,김지연,노경민,신혜리,유예지,이지민,장희조,정아인,최소정,강숙정,이향연,민혜영 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2016 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.50

Purpose: This study aims to test if the age of pregnant women affects the perception, experience, and attitude towards complementary alternative therapy (CAT), by investigating the perception, experience, and attitude of pregnant women under the age of 35, and above 35 (Advanced Maternal Age). The study will 1) find the general characteristics of pregnant women under and over the age of 35 2) compare the perception, behavior, and experience of pregnant women under and over the age of 35, and 3) find the comparison of the perception, behavior, and experience according to the general characteristics of pregnant women under and over the age of 35. Method: The subjects of this study are composed of 44 women under the age of 35 and 44 women above the age of 35, totaling 88 pregnant women visiting midwiferies, obstetrics and gynecology, and baby fairs in Seoul and Gyeong-Gi area. Data for this study was collected from November 28, 2015 to January 6, 2016 for 40 days. The collected data analyzed mean, standard deviation, t test, ANOVA, and chi-square by using SPSS 23.0. Result Results show that there is a significant difference in the perception, attitude, and experience of the two-sample groups in the use of CAT. The question of “what is most necessary when applying CAT in a hospital clinical environment” for the perception criteria came out with the results of t=9.980, p<.05. For the attitude, results showed that the answers of pregnant women under the age of 35 displayed a more positive attitude towards CAT. (t=2.421, p<.05) Lastly, in the experience section, pregnant women under the age of 35 showed more CAT use than the other sample group. Conclusion Results have shown that there is a difference in the perception, behavior, and experience between the two sample groups. Therefore further research on the efficacy and the adverse effects of CAT needs to be done.