張家山漢簡 〈二年律令〉 傅律(354簡-366簡)

유영아(劉英雅) 한국목간학회 2011 목간과 문자 Vol.8 No.-

張家山漢簡 『二年律令』 「傅律」은 국가가 稅役부과 대상을 파악하고 장부에 등재하기 위하여 대상자를 정의하는 ‘傅’의 기준과 절차를 규정한 것이다. 특히 그 규제의 기준이 爵級에 의하여 차등으로 적용되는 것이 많았다. 354簡에서 357簡까지는 爵級에 따라 ?米의 지급, 授杖, 免老, 晥老에 도달하는 연령을 달리 규정하고 있다. 358簡은 簡이 둘로 나누어져 있고 글자가 결여된 곳이 있기는 하지만 5인이상의 子가 낳아서 그들이 일정한 연령에 도달할 경우 父가 免老가 되는데, 그 연령이 父爵 혹은 爵에 의해 규정된다. 359簡-365簡에서는 有爵子의 後者(爵계승자)를 제외한 子들에게 父爵에 비해 일정등급 체감된 爵을 사여하고 인원에 제한을 두었다. 또한 父의 爵級과 본인의 爵級에 따라 각각 상이한 傅의 연령을 규정하여 爵 4級 不更 이하 및 無爵者인 경우 子가 傅되는 연령은 20세였고, 20세이상 24세까지는 父爵과 본인 爵에 따라 우대 받았다. 한편 ‘傅’의 대상을 연령 이외에 장애와 신장을 기준으로 분류하였으며, 父의 家業이 세습되는 職責인 경우에도 ‘傅’의 연령이 정해진 것으로 보인다.

漢代 北方지역에 나타난 縣城의 置廢

유영아(劉英雅) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2016 역사문화연구 Vol.57 No.-

縣城은 秦漢의 郡縣化•集權化되는 과정에서 國家의 政治勸力이 침투하는 가장末端의 行政組織이다. 이는 商周시대 이후 點在되어 있던 都市國家가 秦漢시기領域支配의 단계로 점차 擴大되어 가는 과정 속에서 勸力이 집중되는 장소는 城郭集落인 縣城이 중심이 된다는 것을 의미한다. 그렇기 때문에 縣城이 어떻게 존재하느냐를 고찰하는 것은 國家勸力이 어떻게 관철되었는지를 보여주는 지표가된다. 縣城이 어떠한 발생과정을 거쳐서 성립하였는가에 관한 연구 중에서 木村正雄이 제시한 연구방법을 이용하여 前漢과 後漢의 현성의 위치를 비교하였다.단 기존 木村正雄은 縣이 位置하는 지역의 立地條件과 生産體制의 관계에 注目하여 廢縣의 상황을 설명하고 있었다면 여기서는 縣의 置廢가 지역에 나타난 공통되거나 혹은 다른 경향을 찾아보고자 하였다. 그 방법은 後漢 初에도 縣城으로서유지되고 있는 상황에 주의하면서 後漢初期 혼란으로 인하여 縣城이 省廢되는 상황이 있었지만 여전히 폐지되지 않고 유지되는 縣城 혹은 그것을 유지시키도록하는 상황이 있었다고 할 수 있다.그 결과 北方邊郡은 비록 많은 廢縣이 이루어졌지만 漢王朝는 그 지역을 경영하기 위한 노력을 포기하지는 않았다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 前•後漢의 郡治의 移動 상황을 보면 많은 郡들이 남쪽으로 후퇴하였지만 北地郡과 朔方郡은西北방향으로 옮겨서 여전히 오아시스 灌漑 경영을 유지하고자 하였으며 匈奴와의 전략에서 중요한 역할을 했던 전략적인 교통로가 단절되고 都尉에 의한 방어선이 무너지는 곳도 있었지만 內徙된 郡을 經營하기 위해서 都尉의 治所를 둔 縣城을 배치하는 노력도 계속되었다고 할 수 있다. 縣城是秦漢時期郡縣化•集權化形成過程中體現國家政治權利的最末端行政組織。這意味著自商周時代以後以點分佈的城市或國家在向秦漢時期的領域支配階段擴大的過程中作為城郭集落的縣城成為其擴大的中心。因此考察縣城的存在形態是可以體現國家權利貫徹方式的標誌。關於縣城經歷怎樣的發展過程而成立的各項研究中,木村正雄提出過一系列的研究方法,本文將利用該研究方法,對前後漢的縣城位置進行比較。木村正雄的研究中,重點在於說明設立縣城該區域的立地條件與生產體制的關係,而本文將試圖尋找縣城置廢區域所體現的共同點或不同的傾向。本文研究方法旨在於觀察後漢初期縣城維持的情況,以證明後漢初期由於政局動蕩,省廢的縣城以及維持如前的縣城或試圖維持的縣城的存在。研究結果表明,雖然北方邊郡地域的廢縣比較多,但是依然可以發現漢王朝對該地域並未放棄對經營該地域做出了努力的事實。對於前•後漢郡治移動情況的研究結果表明,許多郡雖然向南退移,但是北地郡與朔方郡向西北方向的遷移表明,漢王朝統治者試圖維持對綠洲灌溉的經營。並且在對匈奴的戰略中,雖然起到過重要作用的戰略性交通要道被阻斷以及依靠都尉府建立的防線部分淪陷,但是為了經營內徙郡城,漢王朝統治者依然做出過設立都尉治所(都尉府)縣城的努力。

第二次 바티칸 公議會 文獻에 나타난 良心과 倫理的 眞理

劉永道(유영도) 광주가톨릭대학교 신학연구소 1995 神學展望 Vol.- No.110

How do Host Genetic Factors Affect Gut Microbiome in the Development of Atopic Dermatitis?

유영 대한천식알레르기학회 2021 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.13 No.3

자신을 이기는 사람

유영 사회발전연구소 1987 한국인 Vol.6 No.8

시의 기능과 실체

유영 韓國批評文學會 1990 批評文學 Vol.- No.4

主體性理念의 文藝學的 硏究

柳玲 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1974 人文科學 Vol.31 No.-

One's subjectivistic idea bears a great relationship to life in society and human historical development. This is especially so in a country such as Korea due to the fact that she has experienced a loss of that idea. Milton, with whom the investigator has dealt, treats this problem exhaustively in his epic. First Milton's age underwent unprecedented turmoil, and in searching for a subjectivistic idea, an important right of man, by discovering freedom and establishing a democracy, the citizens of England participated in searching out the dignity of man and expanding the idea in every aspect of life: society, religion, politics. In this whirlpool of his age, Milton wielded his pen for man's freedom and subjectivity from his college days, struggling constantly for them throughout his life in every imaginable aspect. Even after he was appointed as Cromwell's secretary, Milton endeavoured to emphasize man's subjectivity in family, society, religion, and politics. And in that noted problem of freedom of speech, he placed an emphasis upon publicizing all public opinions and having all individuals judge them. In his particular, the idea and action of subjectivity are expressed with concentration. First of all, in view of his creative attitude, the motive of his epic, Paradise Lost itself is based upon English subjectivity and Miltionic subjectivity. Therefore, in the form of poetry, he abandoned rhyme, declaring that he would use his own form by calling upon Christian muses. Thereby he created his own genre by introducing the past form of the epic, and innovating it with his own form. In its contents as well, he quotes his own interpretation of The Bible, which resulted in his being regarded as a heretic. He revised the relationships of God, creation, and the view of the material world, In short, he created his own subjectivistic world In the aspect of his soul, this is more true. In considering the negative idea of subjectivity, Satan's motive for revolt is caused by his excessive desire for subjectivistic idea! In considering the cause of failue, Milton manitains that the consciousness of that idea has not been damaged in any deghee Whatsoever. Besides, he presents the philosophy of subjectivistic idea in that everything can be overcome by the possession of subjectivity. On the other hand, in the positive idea of subjectivity, God has Adam and Eve decide on everything as their subjectivistic ideas dictate. In the original sin and the expulsion from the Garden, also, the actions are initiated not by outside compulsion buy by their subjectivistic decisions. Besides, Milton appealingly delineates the salvation of mankind as also made effective by his own effort and endeavor. Last but not in the least, in his view of Paradise, he presents a surprising idea. Paradise does not exist in any objectivism, but it is created by an individual in his own subjectivism. This is his major premise, by which alone he portrays the eternal problem of mankind. Milton's subjectivism indicates a problem to our modern world, when we are experiencing the trifleness of man and the loss of subjectivity to an extreme extent. His subjectivistic idea brings us to realize the fruitlessness of the flunkeyism of Koreans and of the unconditional introdnction of foreign cultures. For establishing our subjectivistic idea and thereby creating our own spiritual culture and literature ‘Milton’s view of subjectivism brings us to reflect upon ourselves.

集賢殿의 運營과 思想的 傾向 : 性理學 理解를 中心으로

유영옥 부산대학교 사학회 1994 釜大史學 Vol.18 No.-

Walt Whitman의 詩世界

柳玲 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1962 人文科學 Vol.7 No.-

Much still remains to throw light on the stages leading to the formation of free verse, a type that may safely be attributed to Whitman. This paper probes for clues into the family background, growth and adult experience of Whitman in contexts of social environment and intellectual climate. Leaves of Grass, which was first printed in 1855 failed to draw immediate attention. It was through Emerson and Rosetti that the poem finally received recognition. The poem had been revised repeatedly before it assumed final form in its eighth edition of 1891. In his preface Whitman stated that this poem was not simply a declaration of intellectual independence, it was intended to point up the new type of man to emerge from the "Democratic Vistas" of the 19th century. It is a search for one's self, for one's relationship to society based on equality of the sexes. A scientific attitude is asserting itself: the soul and the flesh, good and bad, alike come under equal scrutiny; sex is discussed independent of convention. Parallel with such universal approaches is his firm hold on individuality and respect for American tradition. To establish a monument of free verse for himself he broke with the tradition of rhyme and meter and thus opened up the way for the symbolists and imagists.

전천후 무궁화-무돌 선생 수연의 노래-

유영 한글학회 1986 한글 Vol.- No.194